In lieu of an abstract, here is a brief excerpt of the content:THE POLITICAL PHILOSOPHIES OF AQUINAS AND AWOLOW0 1 FRANCIS I. 0GUNMODEDE Semlnary of SS. Peter and Paul Ibadan, Nigeria Introduction W:HAT POSSIBLE connection is there between the hought of Aquinas and that of Awolowo? We must first observe a sharp difference in personality and approach to politics between the two men. Obafemi Awolowo ( 1909-87) was a recent Nigerian philosopher and politician whose works on politics include The (...) People's Republic (1968) and Thoughts on the Nigerian Constitution ( 1970), among others.2 St. Thomas, on the other hand, was a medieval Italian priest who, because of his intensive academic pursuits and religious calling, did not engage in practical politics. In fact, it has been said that St. Thomas was the greatest philosopher that ever lived after Plato and Aristotle, but one without a political theory. This opinion is drawn from the fact that he has left no complete work on politics to which we can turn as we do to the Politics of Aristotle or to the Social Contract of Rousseau. Thomas never completed his Commentary on the Politics of Aristotle or his treatise De Regimine Principum (De regno). There is another good reason to say that St. Thomas does not provide his readers with an adequate political doctrine. This is 1 This is an adaptation of an original lecture titled "Elements of St. Thomas's Politics in Awolowo's Social Philosophy" given to mark Aquinas Day at the Dominican Institute of Philosophy, Ibadan, Nigeria on January 28, 1989. 2 For other works and writings by Awolowo, see F. Ogunmodede, Obafemi Awolowo's Socio-Political Philosophy (Rome, 1986), pp. 269-272. 265 266 FRANCIS I. OGUNMODEDE his " essentially theoretical " 3 approach to the study of politics. Aquinas's political reflections did not arise from any practical issue. The impact of philosophy was the determining factor. His views on state and government were part of a philosophical system. The approach of Awolowo to politics is quite different. It is empirical and practical. For, as D'Entreves says, modern man, unlike his medieval counterpart, has " become so entangled in particulars, in the practical side of politics, that it is only with an effort that we can be brought to realize the existence of the more general issues which lie behind our immediate predicament." 4 Nevertheless, one can relate the political thought of both men. History is already filled with cases of scientific discoveries made at the same time by men in different places without any prior knowledge of one another's achievements. For instance, the controversy over the discovery of calculus was resolved by crediting both Newton and Leibniz with the discovery at the same time, each in his own country. Perhaps we can add that fundamental ideas about man and society can be shared, because of their universal nature, by people in different ages, places, and circumstances. This is the basis for the present comparison of Awolowo 's and St. Thomas's socio-political philosophies. This position is favored by the fact that, whichever way one looks at it, both have a political theory, a set of propositions systematically related to one another in such a way and manner that it is meaningful and realistic for us to talk of a "theory." Perhaps the contribution of this paper is to demonstrate that Awolowo and Aquinas do share many basic ideas and concepts about reality, about religion, and especially about polity. This view is supported by the fact that, even though Awolowo wrote no treatise on metaphysics,5 as Aquinas did, he nonetheless built on sound 3 A. P. D'Entreves, Aquinas: Selected Political Writings (Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1959), p. viii. 4 Ibid. 5 Unfortunately, Awolowo died before he could write works setting out his metaphysics systematically. But he gave a very long interview to Dr. Makinde of the 0.A.U., Ile-Ife, just before he died. This gives some insight into his AQUINAS AND AWOLOWO 267 fundamental postulates and principles which are metaphysical in nature in his thinking about politics.6 Now, there are many approaches and methods in the study of any political theorist. According to B. J. Dudley, " we can concern ourselves with the sort of assumptions... (shrink)

This study applied psychographic segmentation theory to explore the psychological type profile of 1082 visitors to four cathedrals (three in England and one in Wales) and to set this profile alongside the published national normative data. Data provided by the Francis Psychological Type Scales demonstrated that among cathedral visitors there were more introverts (60%), sensing types (72%) and judging types (80%), with a balance between thinking types (49%) and feeling types (51%). Comparisons with the population norms demonstrated that extraverts (...) and perceiving types were significantly underrepresented among visitors to these four cathedrals. The implications of these findings are discussed for enhancing the visitor experience of those currently visiting and for attracting those psychological types currently less likely to visit. CONTRIBUTION: Situated within the science of cathedral studies, this article demonstrates (by means of applying psychographic segmentation theory and gathering data from four cathedrals) that extraverts and perceiving types were significantly under-represented among cathedral visitors. These data are important for understanding limitations on the reach of cathedrals within the wider community. (shrink)

The argument contained in The End of History and the Last Man consists of an empirical part and a normative part: critics have confused the two and their proper relationship. The assertion that we have reached the "end of history" is not a statement about the empirical condition of the world, but a normative argument concerning the justice or adequacy of liberal democratic political institutions. The normative judgment is critically dependent on empirical evidence concerning, for example, the workability of capitalist (...) and socialist economic systems, but ultimately rests on supra-empirical grounds. The empirical part concerns whether there is something like the Hegelian-Marxist concept of History as a coherent, directional evolution of human societies taken as a whole. The answer to this is yes, and lies in the phenomenon of economic modernization based on the directional unfolding of modern natural science. The latter has unified mankind to an unprecedented degree, and gives us a basis for believing that there will be a gradual spread of democratic capitalist institutions over time. This empirical conclusion, however, does no more than give us hope that there is a progressive character to world history, and does not prove the normative case. The normative grounding of modern liberal democracy has indeed been put in jeopardy by the philosophical "crisis of modernity" inaugurated by Nietzsche and Heidegger. Contemporary postmodernist critiques of the possibility of such a grounding have not, however, adequately come to terms with the destructive consequences of their views for liberal democratic societies. This aporia, discussed most seriously in the Strauss-Kojève debate, is the central intellectual issue of our age. (shrink)

Excerpt from Talks on Wrote This In The discussion of the doctrine of Concentration presented in this book is the outcome of work done in the Cook County Normal School. In 1883 I resigned my position as one of the Supervisors of the Boston schools in order to come into closer range and con tact with children's minds. The work done in Quincy was a slight beginning of something far better. About the Publisher Forgotten Books publishes hundreds of thousands of (...) rare and classic books. Find more at www.forgottenbooks.com This book is a reproduction of an important historical work. Forgotten Books uses state-of-the-art technology to digitally reconstruct the work, preserving the original format whilst repairing imperfections present in the aged copy. In rare cases, an imperfection in the original, such as a blemish or missing page, may be replicated in our edition. We do, however, repair the vast majority of imperfections successfully; any imperfections that remain are intentionally left to preserve the state of such historical works. (shrink)

Précédant le discours systématiquement développé qu'est la Logique de la philosophie, une substantielle introduction cherche dans une réflexion anthropologique la condition première et l'envoi le plus décisif de l'entreprise philosophante. Toujours pris dans la dualité essentielle de la raison et de la violence, l'homme s'appuie d'abord sur une sécurité communautaire idéalisée avant de chercher un recours dans des constructions ontologiques dont la fragilité objective ne pourra cependant pas résister à l'émergence d'une " condition " moderne vouée à l'épreuve de sa (...) finitude radicale. Prior to the systematically developed discourse which is the Logic of Philosophy, a substantial introduction seeks the first condition and the most decisive start of the undertaking of philosophy in an anthropological reflection. Being always caught in the essential duality of reason and violence, man first leans on an idealised communalistic security before having recourse to ontological constructions, the objective fragility of which, however, cannot resist the emergence of a modern " condition " destined for the test of its radical finiteness. (shrink)

Soucieuse d’articuler le concret phénoménologique de la vie et la rigueur éthique de l’altérité, la pensée de Levinas passe de l’extériorité impérative du Visage (TI) à son inscription obsessionnelle dans une subjectivité tout entière à l’accusatif (AE). Ne pouvant échapper sans équivoque au règne de l’archè, elle s’engage dans des dédits critiques sans fin : entre la précédence du fini et la préséance de l’infini, le discours philosophique se tient ici résolument dans la douleur et l’ambiguïté inévitables de l’expression.

Abordée dès 1948 avec la conférence sur « Parole et Silence », la question du langage et de son sens parcourt l’ensemble des inédits d’Emmanuel Levinas avant d’être reprise de manière magistrale dans Totalité et Infini. On tente de montrer ici la systématicité paradoxale d’analyses qui ne dégagent l’originalité signifiante de l’appel et de la réponse que sur fond de séparation psychique et de cohésion culturelle : issue de l’obligation de répondre à autrui, la responsabilité des sujets parlants est également (...) vouée à répondre du monde, de la civilisation et de l’histoire dans lesquels elle s’inscrit. Dès cette époque, Levinas apparaît en quête d’un discours dont la cohérence s’ouvre à l’accueil de ce qui lui interdit toute clôture. (shrink)

La declarada admiración de Levinas por el pensamiento de Heidegger no excluye explícitos y fundamentales elementos de diferenciación y crítica que el autor examina a lo largo de las tres partes del presente artículo. En la primera parte se expone la relación de Levinas a Heidegger en términos de un progresivo alejamiento que busca el significado de la experiencia ontológica no profundizando en ella sino saliendo de ella gracias a la irrupción metafísica del rostro humano y que pretende también subordinar (...) la idea del Ser a la del Bien o del Infinito (¿judíos?). La segunda parte presenta críticamente la caracterización de Levinas de la "cerrazón" del Dasein heideggeriano, cuya interrogación por el Ser lo mantendría dentro de sus propios horizontes, lo que le impediría abrirse efectivamente a la alteridad del otro hombre excluyendo así toda posible ética y cayendo en una suerte de "barbarie del ser". La tercera parte pretende mostrar -desde el suelo común de la fenomenología husserliana- algunas diferencias imborrables entre ambos autores, pese a que, hasta en su distancia extrema el "pastor del ser" y el "vigilante del otro" puedan invitamos a un pensamiento renovado de la responsabilidad del hombre como núcleo más profundo de su humanidad. El acento en la diferencia (ontológica) o en la alteridad (humana) tiene, sin embargo, consecuencias muy diferentes en los contenidos éticos y políticos de tal exigencia a la responsabilidad. (shrink)

« Point tournant du devenir philosophique », la catégorie de Dieu joue un rôle char­nière dans la rigueur logique et la pertinence historique du discours weilien. Ce qui surgit avec elle, en effet, c’est la nouveauté anthropologique d’une liberté qui se montre « sous la forme du sentiment ». Les reprises théologiques ne parviennent pas à donner un langage qui soit en accord avec la tension inhérente à cette expérience, cependant que les philoso­phies modernes ne se l’approprient que sous un (...) mode inadéquat qui interdit à la réflexion de se saisir elle-même. La vraie compréhension finale de ce parcours ne se trouve pas dans les souverainetés opposées de l’Absolu et du Fini, mais dans la juste articulation de la raison et de la liberté, au cœur d’une concrétude historique s’offrant à une formalisation sensée. Est-il possible, cependant, de penser autrement l’actualisation raisonnable des ressources traditionnelles du discours cohérent? (shrink)

Pour relever le défi de l’irruption dans notre modernité d’une violence radicale, il faut, selon Éric Weil, inscrire la cohérence des discours dans l’espace premier du langage et de sa négativité créatrice. S’il est possible, alors, de procéder à une mise en ordre logique des divers types d’intelligibilité élaborés dans l’histoire, c’est en subordonnant l’ensemble de ces catégories concrètes aux deux catégories formelles du sens et de la sagesse, de la compréhension et de la vie selon la compréhension. La philosophie (...) se comprend ainsi dans le tout de la réalité qui se révèle en elle : sa systématicité dialogique a pour corollaire une ouverture sans réserve à l’extériorité du monde et de l’histoire. Cette transcendance dans l’immanence, à l’épreuve de la relativité de la condition, est-elle susceptible de rencontrer et d’accueillir l’attestation religieuse d’une transcendance absolue? C’est la question que l’on se risque à poser pour finir. In order to face the challenge of the irruption in our modernity of a radical violence, one must, according to Eric Weil, inscribe the coherence of discourses into the primary space of language and of its creative negativity. If it is possible, then, to proceed to put in logical order diverse types of intelligibility elaborated through history, it has to be by subordinating the whole of those concrete categories under the two formal categories of meaning and wisdom, of comprehension and of life in accordance with comprehension. Philosophy is thus understood within the whole of reality that reveals itself in it ; its systematic dialogical character has as a corollary an unreserved opening to the external character of the world and of history. Is this transcendence in immanence, while being proof resistant to the relativity of the condition, able to meet and receive the religious testimony of an absolute transcendence? Such is the question that is risked at the end. (shrink)

La philosophie ici perçue comme exigence de se mouvoir dans un espace d'intelligibilité commune ouvert par les Grecs, mais en l'éveillant ou la rendant disponible à ce qui l'appelle sans qu'elle ne puisse le maîtriser : l'infini. F. Guibal avec Levinas exprime que la raison vaut comme langage et responsabilité métaphysique.

On tente ici de retracer le chemin, d’existence et de pensée, qui devait amener Franz Rosenzweig au chef-d’œuvre qu’est L’Étoile de la Rédemption. Un premier temps est sous le signe d’un « retour » au judaïsme, où distance est prise à l’égard des « tentations » hégélienne et chrétienne. Vient alors le débat décisif de 1916 avec Franz Rosenstock, où l’amitié rend possible la probité intellectuelle et spirituelle d’un parler-vrai entre un envoyé soucieux d’histoire et un témoin de l’Éternel. Dans (...) une époque divisée entre des nations se disputant la maîtrise du monde et le retrait d’un peuple élu voué à un jugement eschatologique, est-il possible de penser une articulation faisant droit tout ensemble aux existences singulières, à leurs traditions respectives et à leur confrontation signifiante? Là est le défi que devait tenter de relever L’Étoile de la Rédemption. (shrink)

Pas de parole vraie qui ne soit à la fois provoquée et adressée, mais pas non plus d'inspiration authentique qui n'ait à s'éprouver en s'articulant et en se traduisant, telle est sans doute la double et unique conviction de fond qui préside aux essais de ce livre. La libre réflexion interrogative du philosophe y va donc de pair avec une écoute herméneutique attentive à des textes où se signifient des venues imprévisibles de l'inconnu. Les Ecritures bibliques se trouvent ainsi relues (...) comme des témoignages d'histoire et d'expérience où les visitations de la transcendance divine ne s'attestent jamais qu'à travers ce qu'en éprouvent et en traduisent des sujets humains, envoyés les uns aux autres. La parole vive ne cesse de renaître, en nous et entre nous, d'un souffle qui la suscite, la porte et la relance, mais dont elle n'est pas la mesure. (shrink)

Two cohorts of teachers working full‐time in Church of England voluntary‐aided and voluntary‐controlled first, primary and middle schools within the Diocese of St Edmundsbury and Ipswich were invited to complete a questionnaire concerned with teaching styles in 1982 and again in 1996. The data demonstrate a significant shift toward placing greater value on traditional teaching styles between 1982 and 1996.

Un admirable récit-reportage (1938) où l'auteur, qui a pris part à la guerre civile espagnole dans les rangs des milices anarchistes du POUM, raconte la lutte anti-franquiste mais aussi et surtout l'annihilation du POUM par les communistes espagnols. De ces événements devaient surgir le pessimisme de Orwell et sa hantise du totalitarisme, traits marquants de la suite de son oeuvre (##La ferme des animaux##, ##1984##).

Of the philosophers in recent times who have striven to heal this rupture between head and heart perhaps none has caught the fancy or stirred the hopes of the American philosophical community as Alfred North Whitehead has. But since the master started this task too late in life, it was left to his disciples to complete his work. And of those disciples who have continued the master's healing in theology, perhaps none has been so energetic or resourceful as Professor Charles (...) Hartshorne. While Professor Hartshorne has usually practised this therapy alone and unaided, he has on one notable occasion enlisted the aid both of another contemporary theological therapist, Professor William L. Reese, and also of most of the great philosophers in history. The fruit of this collaboration, Philosophers Speak of God, while not adding anything essentially novel to Professor Hartshorne's earlier work, presents the physician not only as an isolated laboratory researcher but also, with Professor Reese's help, in the process of actually confronting and healing his patients. Hence this book is an especially interesting and valuable case study of one type of contemporary attempt to cure theological schizophrenia. Theological therapists are to be found among scientists as well as among philosophers, moreover, for even in science the intellect does not- succeed in quieting the restless heart until it finds the God for which that restless heart seeks. Going "through the world with a reverent attitude yet an almost total absence of doctrine or belief--with a religious heart and a skeptical head... is," as we are told in a recent book representing this theological therapy from the point of view of a scientist--a biologist and natural historian--Alexander F. Skutch's The Quest of the Divine, "a most unsatisfactory way to live.". (shrink)