Araştırmanın amacı İmam Hatip Lisesi (İHL) öğrencilerinin meslek dersleri öğretmenlerinin yeterliklerine yönelik tutumlarını ve bu tutumların cinsiyetlerine, sınıflarına, okullarına, baba mesleklerine, anne mesleklerine, anne-babanın aylık gelirine, Kur’an okuma durumlarına, kitap okuma sıklıklarına, hayatlarının büyük çoğunluğunu geçirdikleri yere göre farklılaşıp farklılaşmadığını tespit edip değerlendirmektir. Araştırma, şu anda İHL’lerde görev yapmakta olan meslek dersleri öğretmenlerine, ilgili yöneticilerine, sorumlu diğer birimlere, ileride İHL’lerde görev yapacak öğretmen adaylarına, bu okullarda görev yapacak öğretmenleri yetiştiren İlahiyat Fakültelerindeki ilgililere ve konuyla ilgili araştırma yapacak akademisyenlere bilimsel katkı (...) sağladığı için önemlidir. Araştırmada nicel yöntem, betimsel ve ilişkisel tarama modeli kullanılmıştır. Araştırmanın çalışma evreni, Afyon ilinde Milli Eğitim Bakanlığı'na bağlı bütün İHL’lerde öğrenim gören öğrencilerdir. Araştırmada evreni temsil edecek şekilde 637 kişilik bir örneklem grubu olasılıklı örnekleme yöntemlerinden evrendeki her bireyin seçilme şansının birbirine eşit olduğu yansız (seçkisiz) örnekleme yöntemine göre seçilmiştir. Ölçeğin geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışmaları yapılmış, araştırmayla ilgili gerekli izinler alınmıştır. Araştırmanın verileri öğrencilerle yüz yüze gerçekleştirilen anket çalışmasıyla toplanmıştır. Araştırmanın verileri SPSS 25.0 paket programı kullanılarak analiz edilmiştir. Araştırmadan elde edilen bulgular araştırmanın hipotezleriyle ilişkilendirilmiştir. İHL öğrencilerinin meslek dersleri öğretmenlerinin yeterliklerine yönelik tutumları ölçeğinin betimsel analiz sonuçları incelendiğinde yeterlik alanlarının bütününe yönelik genel tutumun ortanın biraz üstünde yüksek (x ̅=3,51) olduğu belirlenmiştir. Ölçek genelinde en yüksek katılım (x ̅=4,16) ile “giyim-kuşamlarına ve kişisel bakımlarına dikkat ederler” maddesine, en düşük katılım ise (x ̅=2,87) ile “öğrencilerin duygu ve düşüncelerini önemsemezler” maddesine yöneliktir. İHL öğrencilerinin meslek dersleri öğretmenlerinin yeterliklerine yönelik tutumları sınıflarına, okullarına, ailelerin gelir durumuna ve Kur’an okuma sıklığına göre istatistiksel olarak anlamlı bir farklılık göstermektedir. Öğrencilerin meslek dersleri öğretmenlerinin yeterliklerine yönelik tutumları cinsiyetlerine, baba mesleklerine, anne mesleklerine, kitap okuma sıklığına ve yaşadıkları yere göre anlamlı bir farklılık göstermemektedir. İHL öğrencilerinin meslek dersleri öğretmenlerinin yeterliklerine yönelik tutumları ölçeğinin tüm boyutları arasında anlamlı bir ilişki tespit edilmiştir. Araştırma sonuçları ilgili alan yazında benzer araştırmalarla ilişkilendirilerek tartışılmış, araştırma sonunda öneriler geliştirilmiştir. (shrink)

Çalışmada, Heinz Halm tarafından kaleme alınan; kitabelerden, vakayinamelerden, gazetelerden, sözlü kaynaklardan vesair tarihî kaynaktan yararlanılarak Arap tarihinin anlatıldığı çalışma değerlendirilecektir. “İslam Öncesi Dönemden Günümüze: Araplar” ismiyle Hitit Üniversitesi İlahiyat Fakültesi Araştırma Görevlisi Fahrettin Haliloğlu’nun tercüme ettiği eser, millet varlığı milat öncesi dönemlere uzanan Arapların, tarih boyunca içinden geçtikleri süreçleri ele alma iddiasını taşımaktadır. Bu iddianın varlığı, çalışmanın kritik için seçilmesinin temel nedenini oluşturmaktadır. İslam öncesi dönemden 21. yüzyıla kadar oldukça geniş bir zamanı kapsayan bir çalışmada Arapların tarihinin hangi açılardan ele (...) alındığı önemli olmakla birlikte; söz konusu tarihi akış içerisinde Alman bir araştırmacı gözüyle Hz. Peygamber’in risaletinin ne şekilde işlendiğini ve nasıl yansıtıldığını incelemek, siyer araştırmaları açısından, ayrıca önem kazanmaktadır. Bu çerçevede değerlendirmeye gayret edeceğimiz kitap, “İslam Öncesi Arabistan”, “Arabistan ve İslam”, “10. Yüzyıldan 15. Yüzyıla Kadar Arap Dünyası”, “1500’den 1800’e Kadar Arap Dünyası”, “19. Yüzyıl”, “20. Yüzyılda Devlet Oluşumu ve Bağımsızlık” ve “21. Yüzyılın Başında Arap Dünyası” başlıklarıyla yedi bölümden meydana gelmektedir. (shrink)

As a result of the emergence of Islam on the stage of history and the subsequent conquests, new ornamental elements have entered the Islamic art. Turkish bookbinding art, which started with the Uyghur Turks, has always had a dazzling beauty by affecting the emergence of precious works in Arab and Iranian geographies. The bindings produced from the 9th to the middle of the 13th century were mostly made with geometric or rumi decorations and then there was a transition towards floral (...) patterns. After the Anatolian Seljuks, the Mamluk State and the Karamanid Principality continued the accumulation of Turkish bookbinding art and only after the conquest of Istanbul, the Ottoman binding could create its own style. Floral motifs stylized by Baba Nakkaş a mighty artist who lived in the Fatih Era influenced the decoration understanding of the period and became a highly preferred decoration element in book arts. The motifs of the bindings produced in the 15th century were different from the previous periods as well as the design schemes shemse shapes and leather colors heralded new searches. Bookbinding studies mainly focus on works from the 16th century or later, and it has been observed that academic and artistic works from previous periods are rare. In order to contribute to the studies in this field, researches were carried out in libraries and 3286 manuscripts in the Vahid Pasha Manuscript Library were examined in detail and six bookbindings belonging to the Fatih Period were identified. Bookbindings design was evaluated in terms of composition and technique and compared with the examples in other museums and libraries. (shrink)

It is well-known that Ibn al-Salāh al-Shahrazūrī (d. 643/1245) has an important place in the field of hadith methodology. In this context, it is possible to see Ibn-al Salah’s influence in a large proportion of the hadith terminology. The fact that the term ḥasan was not substantially included in the hadith method studies before Ibn-al Salah and that this concept became widely known in the field after him led to study the contributions of al Salah on the subject of ḥasan (...) hadith and in this regard, his effect on the term ḥasan. As result it was found that authorities such as Shāfiʿī (d. 204/820), ʿAlī b. al-Madīnī (d. 234/848-49), Ahmad b. Hanbal (d. 241/855) used the concept of ḥasan in various meanings before al-Tirmidhī (d. 279/892) who, according to general acceptance, made the term ḥasan famous for its terminological use. However, it is possible to say that ʿAlī b. al-Madīnī was the first to use the terminological meaning of the concept ḥasan. Actually, the fact that Shafii’ used the term ḥasan isnād for an authentic hadith that al-Bukhārī (d. 256/870) and Muslim b. Ḥajjāj (d. 261/875) would later unanimously narrate, and Ahmad b. Hanbal used ḥasan as gharib, is evidence for the unsystematic use of the term in the early periods. Even though, thanks to al-Tirmidhī, an important place was opened for the concept in riwāya literature, there was no serious mention of the term in later hadith methodology. Therefore, it has been seen that hadith scholars considered the term ḥasan within the scope of ṣaḥīḥ or ḍaʻīf hadith, since they accepted the term as an intermediate concept, and for this reason they did not include the term ḥasan among the subjects of hadith methodology until Ibn al-Salāh. An examination of the argument, that one can act upon a ḍaʻīf hadith, would show that ḥasan hadith might have been interpreted within the scope of ḍaʻīf hadith. On the other hand, the fact that some scholars such as Mughulṭāy b. Qilīj (d. 762/1361) state that a hadith would be called ṣaḥīḥ if it is maqbūl with any presumption, and that there is no point in calling such a hadith ḥasan shows that the ḥasan hadith is considered within the scope of ṣaḥīḥ hadith. The fact that hadith methodology scholars did not mention ḥasan hadith before Ibn al-Salāh stems from the ambiguity of the subject. Contrary to his predecessors, Ibn al-Salāh tried to save the term ḥasan from its ambiguity by combining the different specifications put forward by al-Tirmidhī, al-Khaṭṭābī (d. 388/998), and Ibn al-Jawzī (d. 597/1201). The specifications and interpretations of the term presented by Ibn al-Salāh via his meticulous efforts, have also been adopted by his successors. The term ḥasan hadith has gained an important place in the literature of hadith methodology thanks to the views and definitions built on the descriptions and interpretations of Ibn al-Salāh. In this context, while there are those who agree with Ibn al-Salāh’s descriptions and evaluations of the term, there are also those who criticize his remarks on the subject. However, it has been seen that those who criticize Ibn al-Salāh, along with those who follow him, criticized him by following the path drawn by Ibn al-Salāh. Based on this and similar situations, it was concluded that not only the descriptions and comments that Ibn al-Salāh made, but also his style and methods of handling the subject gave direction to the studies on hadith methodology. In addition, it has been observed that the most compact description of the term ḥasan is put forward by Ibn Hajar and today’s studies are predicated on his description. Within this framework, after emphasizing that there are four degrees of maqbūl hadiths, Ibn Hajar defined the two fields, which were covered by two different descriptions of Ibn al-Salāh, as ḥasan li-zatih and lighairih by Ibn al-Ḥajar. (d. 852/1449) By doing so Ibn al-Ḥajar gave the final shape to the ḥasan hadith terms. He also captured the fundamental point where ḥasan hadith differs from the ṣaḥīḥ hadith because the basic point in question, which was not directly stated before, is a slight flaw in the narrator’s grip. At the end of the study, it was concluded that -as al-Dhahabi (d. 748/1348) also stated- it does not seem possible to determine a comprehensive rule that gathers ḥasan hadiths under a single description. Considering the historical context of the term ḥasan, it has been observed that the most effective description of the ḥasan hadith are the terms ḥasan li-zatih and ḥasan lighairih, which were put forward by Ibn Hajar by transforming the dual division mentioned by Ibn al-Salāh into a more understandable form. (shrink)

Fransız düşünce dünyasının önemli isimlerinden Jean Baudrillard’ın simülasyon kuramı, akademik çalışmalarda son dönemlerde dikkate alınmaya başlanmıştır. Simülasyonun temelinde mış gibi yapma söz konusudur. Bu davranış ve düşünce biçimi dinî alanda da oldukça yoğun bir şekilde görülmektedir. Günümüz insanı da günlük yaşamının büyük bölümünde simülasyonu dinî alana taşımıştır. Dinî metinlerin ortaya koyduğu hakikatler, gerçekliğin değişmiş referansları tarafından simüle edilmekte ve din adına bu gerçeklikler yaşanır hale gelmektedir. Jean Baudrillard’ın simülasyon kuramının temelini oluşturan mış gibi yapmanın İslâm düşüncesinde de karşılığının olduğu görülmektedir. (...) Kur’ân ve hadislerde bu davranış biçimine benzer davranışlar gösteren insan tiplerinden bahsedilir. Nasslarda söz konusu bu örnekler riyâ, nifâk ve şirk kavramları üzerinden anlatılır. Bu bağlamda çalışmamızda Baudrillard’ın ortaya koyduğu simülasyon kuramının İslâmî kaynaklarda yer alan riyâ, nifâk ve şirk kavramlarıyla koşut olduğu ortaya konulmaya çalışılmıştır. (shrink)

Felsefe çatısı altında uzun yıllar varlığını sürdüren psikoloji, 1879’da Wundt’un ilk psikoloji laboratuvarını kurmasıyla bağımsız bir disiplin olmuştur. Bu bağımsızlık psikolojinin kavram olarak “ruh bilimi”ni ifade etmesinden dolayı çok arzu ettiği fizik gibi bir bilim dalı olmasına yetmemiştir. Bu nedenle modern psikoloji, ruh kavramının metafizik özelliğinden dolayı onu temel çalışma alanının dışına itmiştir. Modern psikoloji artık “ruh” kavramını “insanın görülebilen ya da ölçülebilen özellikleri “olarak çalışma konusu yapmakla kalmamış, dinî konuları da bilimselliğe aykırı olduğu iddiası ile inceleme alanının dışında tutmuştur. (...) Bu durum, din psikolojisinin temel çalışma konularından olan objektif dinî gerçeklik ve subjektif dinî gerçeklik alanlarının da bilimsel araştırma konusu olamayacağı gerekçesiyle reddedilmesini beraberinde getirmiştir. Objektif dinî gerçeklik, subjektif dinî gerçeklik ve subjektif dinî anlam konularına din psikoloğunun yaklaşım yönteminin tartışıldığı bu çalışmanın iki temel amacı vardır: Birincisi, din psikoloğunun ifade edilmiş olan kavramlara yaklaşım yöntemini tartışmak, ikinci amaç ise din psikolojisi alanında üretilen bilgilerin geçerlilik ve güvenilirliğine katkı sunmaktır. (shrink)

The main purpose of the article is to examine the experiences of students regarding the effect of theological education on their religiosity. The working group consisting of students continuing their education at Akdeniz University Theology Faculty was determined by using criterion sampling. The first criterion was determined as having studied the "Religious Education" course. The second criterion is that the participants were selected from the 3rd and 4th grade students, based on the assumption that they should have studied enough to (...) enable them to make an assessment about theology education. The total number of participants is 54, including 32 girls and 22 boys. The obtained data were analyzed with the descriptive analysis technique. As a result of the analysis of the data, the experiences of the participants regarding the effect of the theology education they studied on their religiosity were collected under three themes. These; those who think that theological education positively affects their religiosity, those who think that theological education negatively affects their religiosity, and those who think that theological education has no purpose related to religiosity. (shrink)

In the Qurʾān, the night which encompass half of human life, is expressed by various concepts. From sunset to sunrise (night), various moments of the time frame are also named with different words and concepts. On the other hand, besides sleep and rest, some worship and actions that are asked to be done at night are also mentioned in the Qur’ānic verses. Also sleep at night and the night itself is mentioned as a proof of Allah and an important blessing (...) for us. When we say “night”, people first think of sleep and rest. However, as it is understood from the Qur’ānic verses, the night should not be seen only as a sleep time and rest time. Such that one of the first commandments to the Prophet Muḥammad was to wake up at night and perform various worship and deeds. Also, it is emphasized in the Qurʾān that night worship and actions influence and leave permanent impacts on human being. In this context, in this study, we tried to identify the concepts and expressions stated in the Qurʾān expressing the night-time or the time slices in it by taking into account the references in the Qur’ānic verses. Moreover, we have also examined worship and actions performed or recommended to do at night. Again, we have researched how the worship and actions performed in the calm and darkness of the night will contribute to human being. Thus, we tried to determine how the Qurʾān addresses the "night" which is the preparation time for the next day and the assessment time of the previous day.Summary: One lives half of his life during the day and the other half at night. However, he plans his daily tasks mostly according to daytime, and spends his nights mostly for sleep and rest. On the other hand, sparing the night completely for sleep and rest means that a long period of life passes passively by. That is why we have decided to do a night-time study that expresses an important time frame for human being. Although there are some ḥadīth about the importance of night worship in the sources, we tried to conduct our research within the framework of the Qur’ānic verses about the night. To determine the meaning and the importance attributed to the night by the Qurʾān, we have examined the Qur’ānic verses referring to night-time, night events and worship and actions that are desired to be done during these times. We concluded our research by making use of the main sources of tafsīr and relevant copyrighted works, articles, papers and encyclopedia articles.During the research we saw that the Qurʾān refers to the night and some time periods in it with different names. In this context, we see that concepts such as leyl (ليل), beyāt (بيات), fajr (فجر), seḥar (سحر), ğāsik (غاسق), ʿashiyy (عشيّ) and asīl (أصيل) are used in the āya. In many Qur’ānic verses, phrases reffering an entire day with specific composition such as day-night and morning-evening are used. In the composition of day and night, night is always mentioned first. In the compositions in the form of morning-evening, we see that sometimes the morning is mentioned first, and sometimes the evening. In addition to these, there are expressions such as before the sunrise, sunset, stay until evening that evokes night-time in the Qurʾān.Another point that draws attention in the research is that there are vows on the night or on certain times in the night in the Qurʾān. We can say that the vows in question are an indication of the importance that Allah gives to the night and some time in it. In fact, Allah points to the night, the functions of the night and its relationship with the day as a āyah (proof) of his existence, might and uniqueness.On the other hand, there are many good and bad historical events that happened during the night in the Qurʾān. First of all, it should be noted that the beginning of the waḥy (devine revalation), which is one of the biggest historical events, took place at night. The Qurʾān describes this night, which is mentioned as Laylat al-Qadr, as better than a thousand months. Again, it is mentioned in the Qurʾānic verses that Prophet Moses and Lūṭ left their countries by taking advantage of the darkness of the night with the believers to get rid of the evil of the oppressors. Also, deniers sometimes chose especially the night-time to carry out cheats and traps for the prophets and believers, and even attempts to assassinate. The fact that the night is dark, quiet and calm obsufucates such negative actions. For this reason, the Qurʾān recommended to take refuge in the Lord of the daybreak from the evil of the darkness.The research demonstrates that the Qurʾān asks people to perform various worships and actions in certain time periods of the night. In fact, even in the early days of waḥy, the Prophet was commanded to wake up at night and perform some worship and actions. In this context, he was asked to pray at night, read the Qurʾān by contemplating and understanding, and chant the name of his Lord. Actually, the Prophet is prepared for the heavy responsibility he took spiritually with such actions that he performed at night. Because a strong spirit and mind are necessary for facing up to what will happen during the next day. It is already stated in the Qurʾān that getting up at night has effective and permanent effects on people. Again, during the prophethood, The Prophet has advised to perform some actions such as sajdah (prostration), qiyām, tasbīḥ and tahajjud ṣalāt (night prayer) -as a special night prayer- during the night.In the Qurʾānic verses examined, some prayers and actions are asked to do at night and day regardless of time. Especially three of the farḍ of prayer (ṣalāt), namely evening, ʿišāʾ and fajr prayer (ṣalāt), are performed during the time defined as night. In addition, some aspects such as duʿāʾ (prayer), istighfār (ask for forgiveness), ṣadaqa and daʿwah (call) are mentioned in the Qurʾānic verses. It is an order or recommendation that all this be done at night as well as during the day. Especially for istighfār which means to ask for forgiveness, it is mentioned the time of dawning.As a result, we can say that there are some special features that make the night different from daytime. For instance, it prepares a suitable environment to sleep and rest for one who is tired mentally, spiritually and physically after the daytime; as the night has features such as darkness, silence and tranquility that man needs to rest and be calm. On the other hand, Allah does not want the night, which means half of human life, to be spent entirely with sleep and rest. As, one rests not only his body but also his mind and soul in the quiet and calm atmosphere of the night, Hereby, human-being starts the next day with a more vigorous mind, spirit and body. At night-time, while making an evaluation of the previous day's deeds and actions, people are also prepared spiritually and mentally for the next day's works.We can say that worship and deeds performed at night are more sincere than those performed during daytime, because man stays alone with his nafs and his Lord at night, away from the eyes. This can keep people away from riyā (pretension) and vanity that invalidates their deeds. Man's waking up and worshiping his Lord at a time when everyone is asleep shows his ikhlāṣ and sincerity. All these indicate that the time of responsibility for man is not limited to daytime. For this reason, people should think day and night together within the framework of his responsibilities and do their work accordingly. (shrink)

Kur’an, yirmi üç yıllık bir zaman diliminde, tevhid inancına sahip bireylerin oluşturduğu bir toplum inşa etmek üzere nazil olmuştur. Bu süreçte peyderpey gelen her bir vahyin, söz konusu hedefin gerçekleşmesinde önemli bir rolü olmuştur. Bu sebeple farklı zaman ve mekânlarda nazil olan, farklı konularda farklı kitleleri muhatap alan her bir vahiy pasajı ya da her bir sure bir diğeri ile birçok yündKur’ân, yirmi üç yıllık bir zaman diliminde, tevhid inancına sahip birey-lerin oluşturduğu bir toplum inşa etmek üzere nazil olmuştur. Bu (...) süreçte peyderpey gelen her bir vahyin, söz konusu hedefin gerçekleşme-sinde önemli bir rolü olmuştur. Bu sebeple farklı zaman ve mekânlarda nazil olan, farklı konularda farklı kitleleri muhatap alan her bir vahiy pasajı ya da her bir sûre bir diğeri ile birçok yönden bir anlam münâsebeti, bütünlüğü içerisindedir. Bu bağlamda gelişen Münâsebetü’l-Kur’ân ilminin verileri de bu durumun bir ispatı ve örneği olarak değerlendirilebilir. Araştırmada bu husus kısa sûreler üzerinden anlaşılmaya ve ortaya konulmaya çalışıldı. Sonuçta, Mushaf tertibinde farklı dönemlerde nazil olmalarına rağmen Asr sûresinden Nas sûresine kadarki sûrelerden her birinin öncesindeki ve sonrasındaki sûreyle tam bir anlam bütünlüğüne sahip olduğu görülmektedir. Bu durum, bir yandan Mushaf’ın tertibinin tevkifî olduğunun bir delili olarak görülebilir. Fakat sûrelerin tertibinin ictihadî olması halinde de böyle bir anlam bütünlüğünden bahsedebiliriz. Zira Kur’ân, bütünüyle tek bir kaynaktan ve tek bir hedefi gerçekleştirmek üzere gelmiştir. Sûreler arasındaki anlam münâsebeti ve muhteva birliği de, bu durumun bir ifadesi olarak zikredilebilir. en bir anlam münasebeti, bütünlüğü içerisindedir. Bu bağlamda gelişen Münasebetü’l-Kur’an ilminin verileri de bu durumun bir ispatı ve örneği olarak değerlendirilebilir. Bizler de araştırmamızda bu hususu kısa sureler üzerinden anlamaya ve ortaya koymaya çalıştık. Sonuçta, Mushaf tertibinde farklı dönemlerde nazil olmalarına rağmen Asr suresinden Nas suresine kadarki surelerden her birinin öncesindeki ve sonrasındaki sureyle tam bir anlam bütünlüğüne sahip olduğu görülmektedir. Bu durum, bir yandan Mushaf’ın tertibinin tevkifî olduğunun bir delili olarak görülebilir. Fakat surelerin tertibinin ictihadî olması halinde de böyle bir anlam bütünlüğünden bahsedebiliriz. Zira Kur’an bütünüyle tek bir kaynaktan ve tek bir hedefi gerçekleştirmek üzere gelmiştir. Sureler arasındaki anlam münasebeti ve muhteva birliği de, bu durumun bir ifadesi olarak zikredilebilir. (shrink)

Varlığın mahiyeti meselesi, insanın varlığa hangi açıdan muhatap olduğu ile doğrudan ilgilidir. Felsefe tarihinde ortaya çıkmış olan farklı ekoller arasındaki ayrımı oluşturan da, temelde bu mesele karşısındaki tutumlarıdır. Nicholas of Cusa düşüncesinde varlık, insanın salt epistemik yetileri ile vukufiyet kesp edebileceği bir alan değildir. Bundan dolayı Mutlak Varlık, olduğu haliyle kendi mükemmelliği içerisinde kavranamaz. Bunun için öncelikli olarak gerekli olan, aklın bütün olumlayıcı bilgi iddialarından vazgeçtiği bir tür zihinsel arınmadır. Bu, aslında bir bilinç durumudur ve bu düzeye erişen idrak, varlığı (...) kendi kaynağında temaşa eder. Zıtlığın uyumda, çoğulluğun ise birlikte herhangi bir çelişki olmaksızın göründüğü bu hâl içerisinde, Tanrı artık bir bilgi konusu olmanın ötesinde bir tecrübe konusudur. Cusa’ya göre, insanın iç tecrübesinden hareket eden mistik karakterli bir varlık görüşü ile ancak idrake dayalı yetkin bir bilinç sağlanabilir. Burada artık asıl olan bilme değil, asla bilemeyeceğini bilmedir. Cusa’ya göre, bu idraki seviyeye ulaşmanın yolu ruhsal bir eğitimin yanında Tanrısal lütuftur. The issue of the nature of existence is directly related to the way in which man deals with existence. What makes a difference between the schools in the history of philosophy is their attitudes towards this issue. In the thought of Nicholas of Cusa, existence is not something that a person can realize with purely epistemic abilities. Therefore, Absolute Being cannot be grasped in its own perfection as it is. What is primarily necessary for this is a kind of intellectual purification in which the reason renounces all affirmative claims of knowledge. This actually is a state of consciousness and the intellect that reaches this level contemplates existence at its source. In this state, where opposites appear in harmony and plurality in unity without any contradiction, God is no longer a subject of knowledge but a subject of experience. According to Cusa, only an intellectual comprehension can be achieved with a mystical view of being based on the inner experience of the human being in this way. The main thing is not knowing anymore but knowing that you can never know. According to Cusa, the way to reach this level of understanding is divine grace as well as spiritual education. (shrink)

The purpose of this article is to examine the role that religion played during the COVID-19 pandemic, particularly in relation to people who were infected with the virus, as well as the impact it had on their religious beliefs and practices. The article begins by providing a brief overview of the pandemic process. It then goes on to analyse the relationship between daily life, society, and religion. Furthermore, it addresses the role of religion in the daily lives of individuals and (...) society. The article discusses that the religious positioning of individuals and society during the pandemic can be best understood by examining the experiences of those who were significantly impacted by the coronavirus. Researchers have primarily examined the coronavirus epidemic's effects on health, the economy, and society. Religion, on the other hand, has played a critical role in addressing the significant challenge that humanity has been confronting. Additionally, there is a belief that both individuals and society have a heightened desire to establish a stronger connection with religion in order to address the challenges posed by the coronavirus pandemic. The research focuses primarily on understanding and shedding light on this phenomenon. The research was conducted using a phenomenological approach, which is a sort of qualitative research methodology. The data collection process involved conducting in-depth interviews with a sample of ten individuals who suffered from the coronavirus. These interviews aimed to uncover the connections between individuals and society with respect to religion during the COVID-19 period. The research was examined in three distinct phases: religion at the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic, religion during the pandemic, and religion post-pandemic. The results have demonstrated that during the epidemic disease process, society and individuals experience a variety of emotions and thoughts, including anxiety, panic, uneasiness, an inability to manage the disease, and fear of death. Furthermore, the findings revealed that there is a strong inclination among individuals to seek solace in religion and the divine as a means of managing these feelings and thoughts. Additionally, the research results demonstrated that individuals reevaluated their relationship with religion and the divine during the epidemic, resulting in an increased inclination towards religious beliefs. (shrink)

The Book and the Sunnah are the two main sources of Sharʿī science. These two sources are based on narration which requires an absolute certainty, and this makes the reports, especially the mutawātir reports, important for Sharʿī sciences. Many people were involved in the transmission process of the Sunnah and the Book; therefore, Islamic scholars remained loyal to the technical concept “mutawātir reports” which is used in logic and is not open to doubt in terms of credibility. This is particularly (...) important for the science of kalām, which deals with matters of faith. On the other hand, in the science of fiqh, which deals with the practices of the Muslim individuals such as worship and procedures rather than the matters of faith, only the reports that the believer will accept, rather than those that everyone will approve, are sufficient. In this context, as per the science of fiqh, it is sufficient to form a dominant opinion, rather than an absolute certainty as in the science of kalām, for acting upon reports. Some factors, such as the acceptance of conjecture sufficient in the matters associated with fiqh and the low number of mutawātir reports on fiqh matters, also affected the fuqahā’s understanding of certain knowledge. In the context of transmission of the Sunnah, fuqahā partially changed the nature of the concept “mutawātir reports” by going beyond the technical understanding of tawatur. The most important change made by the fuqahā in the nature of mutawātir reports was the inclusion of the phenomenon “sened (chain of transmission)”, which is used to ensure credibility to ḥadīt̲h̲s, in the understanding of tawatur. So much so that while the number rather than the qualifications of the people who convey the reports is important for the credibility of the mutawātir reports in the science of logic; in the determination of mutawātir sunnah, the number of the narration channels which consist of just and fair-minded narrators was taken as a basis in line with the hadith “Whoever ascribes to me what I have not said then let him occupy his seat in Hell-fire.” Even some methodologists valued the justness and fair-mindedness of the narrators so much that they included the famous reports in the scope of mutawātir reports, even though the first layer was ahad, due to their trust in the narrators in the later layers. However, in technical sense, for mutawātir reports, the qualifications of the narrators or who they are is not important at all. On the contrary, any person from a different religion, sect or disposition can take a role in the transmission of mutawātir reports. However, there is no place for fasiq narrators, let alone non-Muslims, in fuqahā’s concept of sened-centered mutawātir reports. Spiritual mutawātir is one of the subjects affected the most by this new understanding of tawatur based on isnād (reporting the chain of transmission). Normally, spiritual mutawātir is the agreement of the reports, conveyed in different texts by a large number of people who cannot agree on a lie, on a common meaning. However, fuqahā interpreted spiritual mutawātir as ahad ḥadīt̲h̲s with different chains of sened reaching a certain number and denoting the same meaning. What makes these two reports different is that the number of narrators assures the credibility of reports in the first one whereas the trust in the justness and fair-mindedness of the narrators does in the second. As a matter of fact, it is not possible to talk about such a spiritual mutawātir if the trust in the justness and fair-mindedness of the narrators who convey the ahad reports is damaged. This approach of spiritual mutawātir was used by the mutakallimūn as much as by the fuqahā. However, they used this approach of mutawātir mostly for matters that are evidenced by the Sunnah but not associated with the essentials of religion, such as Shafa'ah (intercession), Hawd al-Kawthar (Pond of Abundance), Ru’yat Allah (seeing Allah), and imams’ being from Quraysh. Thanks to this new concept of tawatur, Islamic scholars included many ḥadīt̲h̲s that are normally out of the scope of the technical definition of mutawātir reports, in the scope of spiritual mutawātir, and thus provided a credibility to more ḥadīt̲h̲s. (shrink)

Turkey and many countries, the school has closed, or partially or completely due to covid 19 pandemic. Schools remained closed until a certain time in Turkey. Afterwards, its opening has been postponed until certain dates. In the second half of 2019-2020 and in the first and second half of 2020-2021, students were mostly deprived of face-to-face education. This study, which aims to describe the problems experienced by RE teachers in the learning-teaching process during the epidemic period, was designed according to (...) a case study, one of the qualitative research methods. The study group consists of 8 RE teachers, four of them male and four female. The data collection tool is a semi-structured interview form. The data were subjected to content analysis, and NVIVO 12 program was used. RE teachers experienced problems regarding technique, absenteeism, pre-lesson preparation, learning environment, teaching methods, motivation, communication, time and measurement-evaluation. Although these negative situations have occurred, it can be said that teachers are willing to use the gains in distance education with normalization and aim to take learning out of the classroom in this way. It can be suggested to researchers to study the concepts of classroom privacy and digital world ethics within the framework of education. Improving the technology use competencies of RE teachers can also be suggested to the relevant institutions. (shrink)

Nicholas of Cusa, represents an important crossroads in 15th century philosophy. It can be said that the philosophy tradition to which Cusa was articulated had an effect on the differentiation of the conception of the world of science and philosophy under the domination of Scholastic thought in the Middle Ages. Cusa made a clear distinction between the finite and the infinite, with the theological understanding of being, which he put forward on the basis of Plato's philosophy. In his theology, which (...) he shaped by centered on the idea of the unity of God, he dealt with the God-universe relationship, which he developed in this unity perspective, with a dialectical approach, in the understanding of equality and non-equality. Since Cusa owes God and the continuation of his existence to God, he saw the world in one aspect, argued that they were unknowable in nature, and affirmed the ignorance in this field by making it dependent on a divine understanding. On the other hand, with the perspective that does not ignore the possibilities of humanist, skeptical and scientific knowledge, which he developed in accordance with the spirit of the period in which he lived, he almost made the news of modern science and philosophy with the mathematical method he thought would obtain the knowledge of the world. This study was carried out to examine the understanding of existence in the philosophy of Nicholas of Cusa within the framework of God-universe relationship. (shrink)

Tevhid İslam inancının özünü oluşturan temel ilkedir. Yaratılışla beraber bütün peygamberlerin Allah adına ortaya koydukları akidedir. Bu inanç tek ilah çevresinde oluşan düşünme biçimini, hayat tarzını ifade eder. Bu bağlamda inanç, ibadet ve muamelat unsurlarının birbirleriyle anlamlı birlikteliğinin sonucudur. Tevhid sadece Allah’ın zatına yönelik söylemler olmayıp Allah-kâinat kilişkisinin nasıl işlediğini belirleyen sistemdir. Bu ilişkide Allah ile kâinat arasına etkin kuvvetler sokuşturmak mümkün değildir. Allah’ın, yaratıklarıyla özelde ise insanla olan ilişkisi esnasında O’nu pasif konumda bırakacak her türlü inanç ve düşünce tevhidin (...) karşısında yer almaktadır. Bu çalışmada İslam inancının temel doktrini olan tevhid inancının inşa süreci, bu bağlamda şirke yöneltilen eleştiriler Kur’ani perspektiften incelenecektir. Özellikle tevhidi anlatımların yoğunlaştığı alanlar belirlenecektir. Söz konusu anlatımların vahiy sürecindeki anlaşılma şekli ön plana çıkarılmaya çalışılacaktır. (shrink)

Bu çalışma (i) klasik siyasi iktidarın meşruiyet argümanlarını ele alarak (ii) modern siyaset düşüncesi açısından değerlendirmektedir. Çalışmanın amacı (iii) iktidarın meşruiyet argümanları ile birey tasarımı arasındaki ilişkiyi tartışarak iktidar-değer problemi açısından sorgulamaktır. Bunun için klasik iktidarın; güç, fetih, paternal ve teokratik gibi başat meşruiyet argümanları ele alınarak nasıl bir hiyerarşik toplum ve eşitsizlikçi birey anlayışı vazettiği üzerinde durulmaktadır. Bu bağlamda siyasi iktidarı erdem ilkeleriyle açıklayan antik erdem düşüncesinin temelde eşitsizlikçi olduğu ve Orta Çağ’ın klasik hükümranlık argümanlarına lojistik sağladığı savunulmaktadır. Doğal (...) hukuk doktrinleri ise ilham verici niteliklerine rağmen klasik iktidar tipinin sorgulamasına öncelik vermemiş görünmektedir. Buna karşın, klasik iktidar anlayışına karşı radikal bir reaksiyon 17. yüzyıldan itibaren, Thomas Hobbes ile başlayarak John Locke ve Jean-Jacques Rousseau ile terminolojisini inşa eden toplumsal sözleşme teorileri ile mümkün olmuş görünmektedir. Çalışmanın ilk bölümünde sözleşmeci yaklaşımın klasik iktidarın meşruiyet argümanları ve birey tasarımına yönelik itirazları gerekçeleriyle birlikte ele alınmaktadır. Son bölümde ise siyasal meşruiyet argümanlarının dönüşümü ile birey tasavvuru arasındaki ilişki sorgulanmaktadır. (shrink)

Bu çalışmada din görevlilerinin mesleki doyumu ile örgütsel adalet algısı arasındaki ilişki incelenmiştir. Çeşitli kurum çalışanları örnekleminde, yapılan çalışmalar örgütsel adalet ile mesleki doyum arasında bir ilişkinin olduğunu göstermektedir. Fakat din görevlileri ile ilgili olarak örgütsel adalet ile mesleki doyum arasındaki bir ilişkiyi konu edinen bir çalışmaya rastlanmamıştır. Yapılan işten memnuniyet duymak anlamına gelen mesleki doyum çalışanın iş verimini artırmaktadır. Bununla ilişkili olarak da çalışanın, kurumu tarafından çalışanlara adil davranıldığına ilişkin algısı mesleki doyumunu etkilemektedir. Bu çalışmada din görevlilerinin örgütsel adalet (...) algısı ve mesleki doyumu arasındaki ilişkiyi belirlemek için, ilişkisel tarama modeli kullanılmıştır. Veriler ise örgütsel adalet ölçeği, mesleki doyum ölçeği ve demografik değişkenlerin de bulunduğu bir form ile Antalya’da görev yapan 380 din görevlisinden elde edilmiştir. Söz konusu iki değişken arasındaki ilişkinin analizinde korelasyon ve yapısal eşitlik modeli kullanılmıştır. Çalışma sonucunda din görevlilerinin örgütsel adalet algısının, mesleki doyum ile orta düzeyde, pozitif yönde ve anlamlı ilişkisinin olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Açıklanan varyans açısından ise örgütsel adalet algısının, mesleki doyuma ilişkin toplam varyansın %17’sini açıkladığı belirlenmiştir. (shrink)

In the present study, inspired by the studies in the literature, we consider Min matrix and its Hadamard exponential matrix family whose elements are Chebyshev polynomials of the first kind. Afterwards, we examine their various linear algebraic properties and obtain some inequalities. Furthermore, we shed light on the results we obtained to boost the clarity of our paper with the illustrative examples. In addition to all these, we give two MATLAB-R2023a codes that compute the Min matrix and the Hadamard exponential (...) matrix with Chebyshev polynomials of the first kind entries, as well as calculate some matrix norms. (shrink)

Descartes, one of the 17th century philosophers, likens philosophy to a tree in the context of the classification of sciences. According to him, philosophy is a tree: roots are metaphysics, body is physics and branches are medicine, mechanics and ethics. This classification is also called as the tree of philosophy and it symbolizes the scientific paradigm of the Cartesian tradition and therefore the modern philosophy in general. Descartes' famous tree was shaken with a heavy question asked three centuries later by (...) the German philosopher Heidegger. Heidegger asks the French philosopher: “What is the soil of the Philosophy tree?”. We want to go back in time before Descartes, keeping this challenging question of Heidegger and aiming to find the answer given by the famous Ottoman scholar Tashkubrizadah. In his three-volume work called as Miftâh al-Sa‘âdah, Tashkubrizadah sets out a very distinctive classification of ‘ulûm that have not seen before. What also attracts our attention here is that Tashkubrizadah also draws a tree symbol just like Descartes in his classification. We see this foundation in the section headings of his work. These headings also have a special importance in terms of showing the boundaries and depth of Ottoman ‘ilm tradition. (shrink)

Although Dirār b. ʿAmr is the most important mutakallim of the second century, he is unfortunately one of the unjustified names in the history of kalām. Dirâr is a mutakallim whose name is rarely mentioned in theological publications published in both Turkish and foreign languages until recently, and his importance and position are still not noticed. As a matter of fact, Josef van Ess and W. Montgomery Watt, who are famous orientalists, discovered this tragic fact and tried to make up (...) for this deficiency to some extent with their studies. Dirâr wrote a refutation of Aristotle's theory of substance and accident, opened a new way with his understanding of existence based on accidents and led Ash'ari with the theory of kasb and Ebu'l-Huzayl al-‘Allaf with his kalām accumulation. Undoubtedly, one of the things that makes Dirār important is that he had views that went beyond his time and caused him to contradict his contemporaries as early as the second century in terms of the history of Islamic thought. Considering the list of works that have not survived, except for one, in such a period when the mainstream sects were not yet formed and they were on the eve of their formation, Dirār was generally in a critical dialogue with the Islamic and non-Islamic movements he encountered and knew. For this reason, it is almost impossible to place him in any religious sect mentioned in his period. Because he often preferred to follow his own ideas rather than the opinions of others on many issues. Naturally, this makes it difficult to place Dirār in a certain school and frees him from all kinds of bonds. Yes, in the sources we come across many allegations, accusations and slanders that Dirār is a Cahmi/Jabri, he is a Mu‘tazili, he is an innovator with malignant ideas, he is an infidel to put a bounty on his head. Understanding the reasons for these depends on getting to know Dirār, understanding his ideas, and determining his position. If we say in the context of our study, the position of Dirār is actually a state of non-position, and we think that the concept that best expresses this situation in a new interpretation is "nawābit". In the light of our analysis, we see that, with the exception of a name, nawābit is used as a concept with a negative content and connotation in both theology and philosophy. The exceptional person is the famous philosopher Ibn Bājja (Avempace) from Andalusia, the contemporary of Ibn Rushd (Averroes). While Mu‘tazili mutakallims use nawābit to humiliate groups such as Ahl-i hadith and Hashviyye, which adopt the narration-oriented line that puts reason and acumen to the second place, Al-Fārābī also uses the fault types and the sick characters in his virtuous city that he has constructed to describe. Ibn Bājja, on the other hand, considers the people called nawābit within his project to be equivalent to the "mutawahhid" (alone human) whose "precaution" he aims; this usage which corresponds with the context of the concept in the study. Because, in our study, nawābit is not considered as an identity, but as a representation of a character. (shrink)

Mehmed Efendi, known as Mur Ali Baba, is one of the sheikhs of the Halisiyye branch of the Qadiriyya sect. Mehmed Efendi, who was buried in Sivas, is a sufi who was active in his time with his scientific and mystical efforts. Mehmed Efendi is a master of poetry as well as his command of Persian and his contribution to many people's learning of Persian. It is understood from Mehmet Efendi's only work called Tenbîhü's-sâlikîn that he was a personality largely (...) under the influence of Mawlânâ. In the article, a Persian poem of Mehmed Efendi, who was especially influential in Sivas and its environs in the 19th century, is discussed through the commentary made by him. This poem of seven couplets, in which Mehmed Efendi voiced his criticisms of the apparent ulemâ through the example of amber and straw, also shows his talent in poetry. In addition, in this poem, Mehmed Efendi expressed his views on education and the relationship between the perfect master and the devotee as the central subject, through the example of amber and straw, which are frequently used for reasons such as its color and physical characteristics in divan literature. The article focuses on the influence of Mevlânâ, whom Mehmed Efendi traced because of this example, and some of his thoughts expressed in the context of the amber-straw waste example. (shrink)