The current situation amidst the pandemic has caused such negativities to people, especially among students. It has affected thewell-being and happiness that everyone experiences. In, on the other hand, students who were enrolled amidst the pandemic were more likely to experience mental exhaustion such as anxiety and depression, as this current situation limits and affect their academic performances and the level of happiness they feel. This study investigates the relationship between happiness and depression among senior high school students here in (...) the Philippines. The findings revealed a significant correlation between happiness and depression (r=0.041). (shrink)

Das problem der welt, nach der auffassung der moglichen welt-semantik, ist nur implizit vorhanden. bis heute gibt es nur eine allgemeine auffassung der welt im einverstandnis mit der intuition der moglichen welten. die fragestellung ist: wie kann ein gegenstand identifiziert werden und warum kann von dessen existenz gesprochen werden? der logisch-semantische streit geht quer durch das verfahren der universellen "instantijerung" und der existenziellen generalisation. das problem der eigenschaften in der kausalen namenserklarung wird durch die bestimmung des kunftigen, durch vergangenes, also (...) durch die these der starrheit gelost. unserer meinung nach, ist hier das verfahren der "moglichen welten" eine art kaleidoskop der referenz der eigennament. dies fuhrt dazu, dass entitaten sich verveilfachen und in verschiedenen "welten" alle gleich erscheinen. daruber hinaus mussen eigenschaften bei der beschreibung eines objekts wesentlich sein. dadurch werden grade der diskriminalitat eingefuhrt, die nicht akzeptierbar sind. (shrink)

The problems associated with understanding come to light in many facets of our lives. This volume is dedicated to describing these facets and clarifying problems related to levels of comprehension, conceptual analysis, understanding oneself and the other as well as cultural aspects of understanding. The authors address the topic in different theoretical frames such as hermeneutics, phenomenology, transcendental, and analytic philosophy.

Paradoxes arises in self-referential language if a new perception cannot be adequately described. A solution is only possible by revising the categorical system as well as the language. This work focuses on the second aspect. The non-standard, modal proposals for the above-mentioned semantic paradoxes fall to completely satisfy both aspects since, as we still demonstrate, the language becomes self-restricting, which then bears serious consequences.

Interest in ethical aspects associated to product acquisition and consumption is a growing trend among consumers. In this context, the concept of “product with ethical attributes” has arisen to refer to products with explicit social and environmental characteristics. However, one of the factors that most hinders the purchasing of these products is certainly price. Given the difficulty of reducing price, the question that arises is the extent to which other product attributes can attenuate the negative impact of price on perceived (...) value. We assume that the special benefits associated to this type of products are, at a different level, attenuators of the relationship between price and perceived value. Focusing on Fair Trade organic coffee, hypotheses are tested regarding survey data from 407 customers. They were interviewed in an actual purchasing scenario. The models are tested using conventional Structural Equation Models and the Latent Moderated Structural Equation method. The results obtained shed some light on a highly generalised belief that the marketing of these products can only be improved by reducing their price. However, although a price reduction could be desirable, albeit complicated in this product category, its effects could be reduced by acting on other variables such as the ethical aspects, quality and healthiness of this product category. (shrink)

Welches ist das adäquate System für die Beweisbarkeit in formalisierbaren mathematischen Theorien? Um diese Frage zu beantworten, werden Gödels UnvoUständigkeitsbeweis und vor allem dessen Strukturen analysiert, die ihn als zu einer besonderen Gruppe innerhalb der selbstbezüglichen Sätze gehörig ausweisen. Weiters wird der Interpretationsstreit zwischen L. Wittgenstein und K. Gödel rekonstruiert und zuletzt eine Reihe semantischer Folgemngen aus Gödels Lösungsvorschlag gezogen.

La expresión “mundo posible” se emplea para expresar argumentos moda-les. En este trabajo encontramos las huellas implícitas anteriores de la idea de mundos posi-bles en las obras de Antonio Rubio que tuvo una gran influencia en la discusión posterior. Primero reconstruimos la crítica lleva a cabo por Suárez contra Aristóteles que postulaba que sólo había un mundo. Seguidamente, se desarrolla dicha propuesta en la que se asentó el planteamiento acerca de los mundos posibles desarrollada por Gottfried Leibniz. Se presenta el (...) argumento de la Teodicea que se refirió a los mundos posibles como procedimientos de la mente de Dios y utilizó la noción para argumentar que nuestro mundo creado realmente debe ser “el mejor de todos los mundos posibles”. Dicho argumento se asienta tanto en el campo de la lógica modal como en los procedimientos seguidos por el cálculo funcional. (shrink)

The liar analyzes in detail the genealogy of the paradox expressed by Epimenides when he claimed that all Cretans were liars. As he himself was a native of Crete, this expression was paradoxical since he expressed a truth by lying. Epimenides showed that it is possible to construct perfectly correct sentences according to grammatical and semantic rules, but that they in turn express a contradiction insofar as it is true and false indistinctly. Since the beginning of Western thought, the liar's (...) paradox has been resolved from dissimilar points of view. The book will analyze the different proposals developed in order to deactivate their pernicious consequences for any theory of truth. Thus, Aristotle proposed that the liar should be considered a fallacy, so he attempted to dissolve the presumed validity of his argument through insightful distinctions around the secundum quid et simpliciter fallacy. Subsequently, solutions were tested within the framework of discursive, dialectical and hypothetical models. In the book those propositions that change their truth value over time are analyzed, those called in the metapiptonta tradition. In medieval times the liar was assumed to be insolubious. Special attention was given to the discussion around the transcasus. Kant approached the liar from the point of view of the white lies generated by the antinomies of reason. In modern times, special care was taken to translate the liar into new expressive forms in order to pose it from a merely formal point of view. For this reason the study of him focused on showing and describing his circular, self-referential and reflective character. This work emphasizes the study of the liar within the framework of occasional expressions. The self-reference of the liar's paradox is derived from referential expressions that result from the information expressed circumstantially within the framework of a surrounding context. For this reason we propose a systematic study of the occasional in order to dissolve the liar. Our proposal proposes to characterize the surrounding expressions that determine the liar's referential meaning. (shrink)

The pages that follow offer a critical survey of the motivic pursuit of a sober and wakeful way of life in old and late Stoicism (esp. Seneca’s Letters, Epictetus’ Discourses, and Marcus Aurelius’ Meditations). The aim is to show the key role that this motif plays in the Stoic conceptualization of conversion to philosophy and the school’s protreptic or rhetoric of conversion, that is to say, the forms of speech and literary strategies employed to instruct their addressees about what they (...) understood by conversion to philosophy and exhort them to change in their way of life. Wakefulness and soberness (and their counterparts, sleep and drunkenness) have been brought up occasionally in studies on Stoic ethics or moral philosophy. Yet, scholarship in the field has, to date, failed to identify the unique light this motif sheds on the Stoic pedagogical heuristics and conversion experience. T. Bénatouïl 2006, however, has already pointed out, in a study on the practical dimension of Stoicism, that despite its apparent triviality, the Stoic discussion on the sage’s use of wine and drunkenness unveils significant insights into the principles which govern the sage’s whole way of life. With a similar conviction, I hope that what follows may also elucidate the unparalleled lens that wakefulness and soberness as a motif for conversion provides for our understanding of the Stoic pursuit of a way of life in wisdom and virtue and its distinctiveness in the interaction process between traditions that characterized the ancient Mediterranean context. (shrink)

RESUMO Apesar de terem sido estudos realizados por autores diferentes e de certa forma independente um do outro, as teorias das Implicaturas de Paul Grice e dos Atos de Discurso Indiretos de John Searle não apenas estão intimamente ligadas como, na verdade, são complementares entre si, de modo que se mostra de crucial importância a compreensão dos dois juntos, a fim de se obter um maior domínio da noção de “não literalidade” das enunciações. Este trabalho tratará de mostrar as principais (...) características de ambas as teorias e como elas se inter-relacionam orgânica e simbioticamente. (shrink)

This book treats six beloved films of Hitchcock: The 39 Steps, Saboteur, and North by Northwest, plus Dial M for Murder, Rear Window, and To Catch a Thief. Padilla reviews their production histories with an eye to classical influences, and then analyzes their links with Greek art, poetry, and philosophy.

Expressive adjectives or expressive expletives have been argued to voice the speaker’s attitude towards the referent of the noun with which they co-occur, even though the attitude may be felt to be expressed about the referent of another sentential constituent or the state of affairs alluded to in the sentence where they are inserted. A previous pragmatic approach suggests that this is possible because these expletives perform an individual speech act, while a syntactic approach posits a feature whose detachment from (...) a particular constituent enables the speaker’s attitude to target the referent of another sentential constituent or even on the entire proposition expressed. This paper proposes an alternative relevance-theoretic account of the interpretation of utterances containing expressive expletives, which considers pragmatic factors and the cognitive processes in comprehension. It is grounded in contributions on the output of lexical pragmatic processes and the role of paralinguistic clues in utterance comprehension. (shrink)

El desarrollo de la inteligencia artificial (IA) ha abierto una nueva discusión sobre la capacidad lingüística de esta tecnología y su potencial impacto en todas las dimensiones de la actividad humana (Brynjolfsson y McAfee, 2014). A fin de evaluar similitudes o diferencias entre la capacidad lingüística de la IA y la humana, este trabajo analiza específicamente el comportamiento argumentativo en términos de los puntos de vista que adopta Chat GPT, versión 3.5, frente a una situación controversial expresada en un dilema (...) moral del Cuestionario D.I.T. (Rest, 2013) y se compara con una muestra similar de adultos humanos (Noemi, 2019), sometida a la misma tarea discursiva. La investigación siguió un estudio comparativo de casos múltiples (Flick, 2020) a través de una metodología mixta (Johnson y Onwuegbuzie, 2004), que combinó un enfoque cuantitativo con uno cualitativo. Los resultados muestran que el 100% de la muestra de IH emite un punto de vista (a favor o en contra), mientras que de la muestra producida por el Chat GPT, sólo el 23,4% lo hace. Los resultados animan a pensar que las diferencias encontradas se podrían explicar por la debilidad de la IA de ser sensible al contexto (falta de una competencia pragmática relevante) y la inexistencia de un proceso de autoimplicación para enfrentar tareas de razonamiento moral. (shrink)

O objetivo deste artigo é diluir o excesso de obscuridade presente nas análises filosóficas contemporâneas da música, e o faremos com base em uma abordagem linguísticoanalítica, a qual, como será defendido, promove uma explicação do fenômeno musical, isto é, da sua constituição, valor à sociedade e prazer sensível/mental, de uma maneira clara e objetiva enquanto um fenômeno já muito conhecido e difundido, que é o da comunicação.

I agree with the view expressed in the target article that the early structural organization of the mammalian neocortex (the primordial neocortical organization) is different from its final one and resembles the more primitive organization of reptilian cortex. During the early development of the neocortex, a distinctly mammalian multilayered pyramidal-cell plate is introduced within a more primitive reptilian-like cortex, establishing simultaneously layer I (marginal zone) above it and layer VII (subplate zone) below it. This multilayered pyramidal-cell plate represents a recent (...) mammalian innovation in the evolution of the cerebral cortex of vertebrates. Hence, the term neocortex is preferable to isocortex. (shrink)

Open Education opens up learning opportunities to, potentially, every person in the world. Additionally, it allows teachers, researchers, and practitioners to find, share, reuse, and improve existing resources under a dependable legal framework. Aiming to spread and foster the introduction of open policies in Higher Education institutions, the gamified interactive learning experience Catch the Open! was developed. Catch the Open! targets HE educators who wish to learn, or who wish to deepen their existing knowledge, about OE and Open Educational Practices. (...) Within the gamified learning experience, the user becomes an educator, Alex, the game character, who receives a task from the Rector: to investigate how to best include OE and OEP in teaching and learning practice within the institution. Alex proceeds to explore and gather information in a web-based 2D virtual HE institution where students, colleagues, and guest researchers will help her to develop a comprehensive understanding of OE and the practical application of OEP. The educational content within Catch the Open! is underpinned by an OE competences framework for HE educators, developed in a previous phase of the Erasmus+ OpenGame project. In this paper, the design process to link pedagogical and technological approaches, which results in the Catch the Open! gamified web-based interactive application, is presented as well as the application itself. Moreover, two phases of piloting with 153 HE educators from six different HE institutions are presented. The obtained findings showed that the gamified environment helped in learning about OE. On the other hand, learners also suggested several improvement aspects of the gamified environment, such as the length of finishing a learning mission while playing. (shrink)

To what extent can we doubt certainties? How are certainties expressed in words? Which language games convey certainty? To answer these questions we have to recall the method Wittgenstein used in his investigations. When we look at language games and forms of life as inseparable phenomena, do forms of life then provide any certainty? On the other hand, do we automatically relapse into relativism once we doubt certainties? Which formal structures underlie certainty and doubt? The book is intended to answer (...) these questions. (shrink)

New imaging methodologies in quantitative fluorescence microscopy, such as Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET), have been developed in the last few years and are beginning to be extensively applied to biological problems. FRET is employed for the detection and quantification of protein interactions, and of biochemical activities. Herein, we review the different methods to measure FRET in microscopy, and more importantly, their strengths and weaknesses. In our opinion, fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy (FLIM) is advantageous for detecting inter‐molecular interactions quantitatively, the (...) intensity ratio approach representing a valid and straightforward option for detecting intra‐molecular FRET. Promising approaches in single molecule techniques and data analysis for quantitative and fast spatio‐temporal protein‐protein interaction studies open new avenues for FRET in biological research. (shrink)

In this paper is examined the evolution of the idea of consciousness in Bergson’s works –Essai sur les donnés immédiates de la conscience (1889), Matière et mémoire (1896), L’évolution créatrice (1907)–, firstly exploring the significance of this idea in Bergson’s contemporary philosophic thought and then analysing the variations and enrichments, explicit and underlying, of it in his own thinking, coming to the conclusion that Bergson’s idea of consciousness changes from being mainly cognitive to coincide with the idea of human life.