Patients suffering from the Cotard syndrome can deny being alive, having guts, thinking or even existing. They can also complain that the world or time have ceased to exist. In this article, I argue that even though the leading neurocognitive accounts have difficulties meeting that task, we should, and we can, make sense of these bizarre delusions. To that effect, I draw on the close connection between the Cotard syndrome and a more common condition known as depersonalisation. Even though they (...) are not delusional, depersonalised patients seem to have experiences that are quite similar to those of Cotard patients. I argue that these experiences are essentially characterised by a lack of subjective character and of two other structural features of experience, which I call ‘the present character’ and ‘the actual character’. Cotard's nihilistic delusions simply consist in taking these anomalous experiences at face value. (shrink)

A radical new interpretation of liberalism, viewing it not merely as a political philosophy or set of political precepts, but as a personal orientation and way of living.

According to what we will call subjectivity theories of consciousness, there is a constitutive connection between phenomenal consciousness and subjectivity: there is something it is like for a subject to have mental state M only if M is characterized by a certain mine-ness or for-me-ness. Such theories appear to face certain psychopathological counterexamples: patients appear to report conscious experiences that lack this subjective element. A subsidiary goal of this chapter is to articulate with greater precision both subjectivity theories and the (...) psychopathological challenge they face. The chapter’s central goal is to present two new approaches to defending subjectivity theories in the face of this challenge. What distinguishes these two approaches is that they go to great lengths to interpret patients’ reports at face value – greater length, at any rate, than more widespread approaches in the extant literature. (shrink)

Descartes was certain that he was thinking and he was accordingly certain that he existed. Like Descartes, we seem to be more certain of our thoughts and our existence than of anything else. What is less clear is the reason why we are thus certain. Philosophers throughout history have provided different interpretations of the cogito, disagreeing both on the kind of thoughts it characterizes and on the reasons for its cogency. According to what we may call the empiricist interpretation of (...) the cogito, I can only claim to be certain of having experiences, and this certainty, as well as that of my own existence, stems from their phenomenal and subjective character. According to rationalist interpretations, on the other hand, I am certain of having some self-reflexive propositional attitudes, and this certainty derives from their rational features. Psychiatric patients suffering from acute forms of depersonalization or of the Cotard syndrome often doubt that they think and exist, and might even believe that they don't. I argue that their study allows us to favor the empiricist interpretation of the cogito. (shrink)

The Image of Law is the first book to examine law through the work of Gilles Deleuze, activating his thought within problems of jurisprudence and developing a concept of judgment that acknowledges its inherently creative capacity.

In this paper, I will look at the relationship between Weitz’s claim that art is an “open” concept and Dickie’s institutional theory of art, in its most recent form. Dickie’s theory has been extensively discussed, and often criticized, in the literature on aesthetics, yet it has rarely been observed – to my knowledge at least – that the fact that his theory actually incorporates, at least to some extent, Weitz’s claim about the “openness” of the concept of art, precisely accounts (...) for what I take to be the main flaws in the theory. In what follows I present arguments for that claim, looking briefly at the position of both authors with respect to the concept of art, then showing how they relate to each other, and what implications this has for Dickie’s institutional theory, and more generally for the traditional project of characterising art. (shrink)

This paper advocates a new reading of Nelson Goodman’s new riddle of induction. According to Ian Hacking, this famous problem conveys a “pure nominalism”, as it grounds Goodman’s denial regarding the existence of natural kinds. While this interpretation is somewhat convincing, it suffers the major flaw of not corresponding to what Goodman himself understood by “nominalism”. Nominalism, in a goodmanian sense, is indeed primarily a technical demand, which stems from the so-called “calculus of individuals”. I argue that this mereological definition (...) of nominalism allows to understand the new riddle of induction afresh. As a result, Goodman’s riddle is “hyper-nominalist”, i.e., nominalist in a distinct and stronger sense than what Hacking suggested. (shrink)

In this paper, I examine Nelson Goodman’s pluriworldism, understood as the claim that there exists a plurality of actual worlds. This proposal has generally been quickly dismissed in the philosophical literature. I argue that we ought to take it more seriously. As I show, many of the prima facie objections to pluriworldism may receive straightforward answers. I also examine in detail Goodman’s argument for the conclusion that there are many worlds and attempt to show how it might be supported. Eventually, (...) I discuss some underexplored challenges to pluriworldism. (shrink)

In Joseph Butler, we have an account of human beings as moral beings that is, as this essay demonstrates, being supported by the recently emerging findings of the neurosciences. This applies particularly to Butler's portrayal of our empathic emotions. Butler discovered their moral significance for motivating and guiding moral decisions and actions before the neurosciences did. Butler has, in essence, added a sixth sense to our five senses: this is the moral sense by means of which we perceive what we (...) ought or ought not do. The moral sense yields relatively reliable moral perceptions when we love our neighbors as ourselves, and when our love for ourselves is genuine. Accurate moral perceptions will be thwarted by self-deceit—that is, by a self-partiality devoid of neighbor love, a condition that thwarts genuine self-love. This essay explores the parallels between Butler's understanding of self-deceit and Robert J. Lifton's understanding of "doubling.". (shrink)

El fin de este trabajo es analizar desde un punto de vista histórico y sistemático la paradoja adscrita a Córax de Siracusa y a Tisias. Primero se exponen las diferentes versiones de la misma. Segundo se describe el argumento de la probabilidad y la argumentación recíproca. Seguidamente se estudian las refutaciones desarrolladas por Platón y Aristóteles. El primero acentúa la distinción entre verdad y probabilidad. El segundo analiza los diferentes significados de probabilidad. Posteriormente se reconstruirá la estructura autorreferencial en la (...) que se asienta la paradoja de Córax. Finalmente se evalúa sistemáticamente el argumento de la probabilidad inversa. En este trabajo argumentaré que el recurso seguido por Córax tiene como fin invalidar el procedimiento mediante la introducción de la estructura de la probabilidad inversa. (shrink)

O presente artigo aborda a interdependência entre o conceito de ação pedagógica e o campo de estudos da Didática. A Didática enquanto disciplina representante da Pedagogia moderna instaura o conceito de ação pedagógica e o novo enfoque acerca dos meios da educação como objeto científico. A ação pedagógica nasce atrelada à Didática e, ao mesmo tempo, ao caráter instrumental desta. O problema da ação pedagógica é a “caixa preta” da escola: o ponto de grande interesse prático ou prioridade social, porém, (...) comparativamente, com menor incidência das reflexões teóricas. Muitos professores escolares reclamam da saturação de teorias e repetem as mesmas práticas; já os pesquisadores acadêmicos da educação reclamam a importância da reflexão teórica para a transformação da prática. Considerando o caráter historicamente articulador entre teoria e prática da Didática, é curioso e ao mesmo tempo significativo esse distanciamento entre ambas. A impotência da Didática, enquanto saber geral, evidencia-se na desarticulação teoria-prática. Questiona-se o ponto de articulação entre ação pedagógica e Didática enquanto possível ponto de transformação: quais as consequências de um conceito não instrumental de ação pedagógica para a Didática? Pretende-se retomar o tema dos meios da ação pedagógica, sobretudo o viés instrumental com que se identifica desde seu nascimento, e sugerir uma reconceptualização em termos do conceito habermasiano de ação comunicativa, ou seja, visando o entendimento e não o êxito. Com este conceito comunicativo de ação pedagógica apresenta-se reflexões iniciais sobre uma Didática comunicativa, mais hermenêutica do que técnica. O intento, ao fim e ao cabo, é sugerir a abertura de um caminho disciplinar reflexivo para se tematizar a ação pedagógica segundo a racionalidade comunicativa, abrindo, assim, a mencionada “caixa preta”. E com isso se pretende retirar consequências para a Didática Geral. (shrink)

Celso de Souza Machado publicou, em 1987, um artigo intitulado “O ensino da Sociologia na escola secundária brasileira: levantamento preliminar”, escrito quando ainda era aluno do curso de graduação em Ciências Sociais da USP. Esse artigo se tornou referência na área e talvez seja a primeira iniciativa de trabalho científico de que se tem conhecimento sobre o ensino de sociologia no Brasil. Nesta entrevista, o autor relembra o processo de elaboração dessa pesquisa que ganhou projeção por remontar a trajetória histórica (...) da sociologia na educação básica. Além disso, ele recupera a discussão sobre o ensino de sociologia na década de 1980, momento em que o retorno gradual dessa disciplina às escolas pedia um debate sobre programas de ensino, conteúdos e materiais didáticos, do qual Celso Machado participou ativamente. A entrevista foi concedida a Anita Handfas e Alexandre Fraga. (shrink)

Issues of resource allocationResource allocation, triageTriage, and rationingRationing decisions are common in the context of disasters and public healthPublic health emergencies, such as pandemics. However, to date, the majorityMajority of the literature focuses on an adult population with very little attention given to a pediatric population or to a population that may be mixed: adults and children. Furthermore, decisions of rationingRationing scarce resources do not only occur during disasters and other wide-scale emergencies. Such decisions are commonplace in pediatric organ transplantation (...) and can creep into areas of experimental medicine, such as xenotransplantation. This chapter explicates differences between pediatric and adult triageTriage decisions by first looking at the trifold issues of resource allocationResource allocation, triageTriage, and rationingRationing decisions mainly in the context of a disaster situation or public healthPublic health emergency. However, the issues of pediatric organ transplantation, health disparitiesHealth disparities, and experimental medicine will also be covered. (shrink)

When introducing a collection of essays on Yiddish, Joseph Sherman asserted, among other things, that: Although the Nazi Holocaust effectively destroyed Yiddish together with the Jews of Eastern Europe for whom it was a lingua franca, the Yiddish language, its literature and culture have proven remarkably resilient. Against all odds, Yiddish has survived to become a focus of serious intellectual, artistic and scholarly activity in the sixty-odd years that have passed since the end of World War II. From linguistic and (...) literary research in the leading universities of the world to the dedicated creativity of contemporary novelists and poets in Israel and America, from the adaptation of Yiddish words and phrases to the uses of daily newspapers in English to the elevation of Yiddish as a new loshn koydesh by Hasidic sects, from the publication of new writing to the translation of its established canonical works into modern European languages, Yiddish is continually reminding the world of its vibrancy, relevance and importance as a marker of Jewish identity and survival. (shrink)

John Rawls was what we might call a “frenemy” to Stanley Cavell. Time and again, Cavell states his admiration for Rawls's political philosophy but criticizes it for two reasons. First, he believes that Rawls too hastily dismisses a perfectionist tradition that is essential for a flourishing liberal democracy. Second, he attacks certain aspects of Rawls's theory of justice as moralistic and legalistic. The first half of this article examines Cavell's critique of Rawls and argues that the two authors are more (...) closely aligned than suspected. It begins by reconstructing Cavell's critique of Rawls, and using archival materials from Harvard University, presents for the first time Rawls's interpretation of this critique. The second half of the article highlights perfectionist themes in Rawls's A Theory of Justice. The contribution of this article is to reevaluate the relationship between two of the most important moral philosophers of the twentieth century and also to provide a more expansive theory of liberalism that incorporates the psychological depth, moral subtlety and political hopefulness of moral perfectionism. (shrink)

In spite of being ubiquitous in life sciences, the concept of information is harshly criticized. Uses of the concept other than those derived from Shannon's theory are denounced as pernicious metaphors. We perform a computational experiment to explore whether Shannon's information is adequate to describe the uses of said concept in commonplace scientific practice. Our results show that semantic sequences do not have unique complexity values different from the value of meaningless sequences. This result suggests that quantitative theoretical frameworks do (...) not account fully for the complex phenomenon that the term “information” refers to. We propose a restructuring of the concept into two related, but independent notions, and conclude that a complete theory of biological information must account completely not only for both notions, but also for the relationship between them. (shrink)

Jean-Baptiste Lamarck was a prolific writer, a multifaceted naturalist, and a zoologist by second profession. Throughout his adult life he lived up to his passion of politely contributing to the advancement of natural philosophy by publishing more than 30,000 pages, probably too much for even the most scrupulous historians of science who seek to reconstruct his theories and to shed some light on the role he played in late eighteenth-century and early nineteenth-century biology.

Cybernétique et psychanalyse, deux mots qui formeraient presque un oxymore. Pourtant cet ouvrage propose de repenser les liens entre la psychanalyse et l'informatique. Il révèle que les apports de la psychanalyse à l'épistémologie et l'histoire de l'informatique sont restés enfouis depuis près de soixante ans, alors même qu'elle fut une des premières disciplines à conceptualiser l'informatique, qui ne portait pas encore ce nom. Il s'agit alors à la fois de montrer l'apport pour la psychanalyse des recherches de l'informatique naissante, et (...) la particularité de l'approche psychanalytique de l'informatique, plus particulièrement chez Jacques Lacan. Cet ouvrage propose des outils et des concepts au lecteur pour prendre des distances par rapport à la trop simple opposition entre les sciences cognitives, voire les neurosciences, qui seraient la psychologie à l'ère du numérique, et la psychanalyse contemporaine. (shrink)

We consider the implications of analyzing teaching as a sociocultural form. We suggest that the internalization of mediations includes not only concepts but a complex of dimensions of mediations. These dimensions enable us to define a form. Each students, building on previously subjectivated microforms, tries to give a personal meaning to the transmitted knowledge and to his experiences. The theoretical and professional training enables however the elaboration of a subjectivated sociocultural form. Regarding teacher training, the process is even more complex (...) due to the different origin of the transmitted knowledge. We conclude by outlining some consequences resulting from taking into account this notion of form in teacher training. (shrink)

Un modèle pour artiste, valide du XIIIe siècle aux XVIe-XVIIe siècle, veut que la mariée, quelle qu’elle soit, soit systématiquement représentée, au banquet du mariage, immobile, yeux baissées, les mains croisées dans son giron, bouche close, alors que tous discutent et consomment autour d’elle. Quelle réalité recouvre ce topos? Chaque image du mariage est une leçon et un avertissement donnés au deuxième sexe.

We commend Hempeler et al. (2024) on their important manuscript outlining a context-sensitive and patient-centered model for informal coercion in mental healthcare. Indeed, in clinical experience a...

In this article, I claim that Mary Wollstonecraft and Edmund Burke both conceive of the rights of man as a medium for individuals to care for and cultivate the self. Beginning with Michel Foucault’s doubts that a concern with the care of the self can be found in modern political thought, I turn to Wollstonecraft and Burke in order to show that their debate turns precisely on the question of whether the rights of man enables or disables a care of (...) the self. For Wollstonecraft, on the one hand, the rights of man provide women with a means to overcome a destructive set of virtues—such as beauty, chastity, and modesty—that leave them spiritually destitute and deeply unhappy. For Burke, on the other hand, such rights devastate the system of manners that had previously nurtured the self’s relation to itself. Regardless of this disagreement, my key claim is that both thinkers conceive of the rights of man not just as a juridical construction but also as a comprehensive way of life. In this way, I extend Foucault’s notion of the care of the self—along with his conception of ethics, conversion, and personal cultivation—to a foundational debate in the human rights tradition. (shrink)

En esta investigación se lleva a cabo un análisis de la ambigüedad terminológica presente en la bibliografía cuando se hace referencia a la afirmación y a la respuesta afirmativa. A su vez, ofrecemos una propuesta terminológica para distinguir entre los distintos tipos de respuestas afirmativas que puede resultar muy productiva en el análisis del discurso interactivo y, específicamente, en el estudio de los marcadores discursivos. Así, defendemos la distinción entre los conceptos de aceptación, acuerdo, confirmación y respuesta afirmativa categórica, tomando (...) como criterio el tipo de intervención iniciativa precedente. Para mostrar el rendimiento de esta propuesta, exponemos su aplicación a varios fragmentos de discurso interactivo real extraído del Corpus MEsA. Nuestro marco teórico-metodológico es la Lingüística de Pragmática, formulada por Fuentes Rodríguez (2017 [2000]). (shrink)

Apesar de as políticas públicas de apoio a inovação priorizarem o desenvolvimento das organizações, é necessário entender que seu impacto dá voz à população e possibilita inovações capazes de impactar de forma positiva o desenvolvimento social regional. Assim, este artigo tem como objetivo avaliar a importância da formulação de políticas regionais e iniciativas voltadas à inovação e impacto destas sobre atores sociais. Para tanto, a pesquisa foi desenvolvida a partir de pesquisa bibliográfica, valendo-se de consulta à periódicos e livros das (...) áreas de ciências sociais e ciências sociais aplicadas para contemplar os objetivos de pesquisa. Após o levantamento teórico, evidencia-se que a luta pelo poder e por recursos entre os grupos sociais é o cerne da formulação de políticas públicas, sendo essa luta mediada por instituições políticas e econômicas que levam as políticas públicas para certa direção e privilegiam alguns grupos em razão de outros. No que tange o impacto social de políticas públicas voltadas à inovação, verificou-se que a ação conjunta de empresas e outros agentes locais ocasiona a criação de diferentes tipos de instituições de ensino, pesquisa e prestação de serviços que impactam no aumento da capacidade de inovação do sistema e as externalidades positivas locais. (shrink)

Introduction: De la morale dans la littérature.--François Rabelais.--Michel de Montaigne.--Pierre Charron.--Étienne de la Boëtie.--Jean Bodin.--Michel de l'Hôpital.--Dix-septième siècle: considérations préliminaires.--La Rochefoucauld.--La Bruyère.--Récapitulation: moralistes ascétiques, période intermédiaire.--Saint-Evremond.--Pierre Bayle.--De la spontanéité de l'esprit humain en matière de philosophie.--La volonté cherchant sa loi.

t. 1. Les présocratiques.--t. 2. Platon-Aristote.--t. 3. La philosophie hellénistique. Les n éo-platoniciens.