This article publishes the minutes of a conference held on February 26th, 1934 by prominent members of the German Lutheran churches. August Marahrens, Ernst Sommerlath, Werner Elert, Paul Fleisch, and others are discussing how to maintain the Lutheran position on conditions of the Third Reich and the Reichskirche.

Die vorliegende Arbeit ist aus Studien übel' das Problem des Natur rechtes entstanden, in deren Verlauf sich immer deutlicher hera~sgestellt hat, daß dieses Problem nur einen Teilaspekt universell verbreiteter und das vor- und außerphilosophische Denken ebenso wie die sogenannte traditionelle Philosophie zumindest maßgeblich mitbestimmender Formen der Weltauffassung darstellt. Der Fortgang _~ieser Untersuchungen hat in einer Reihe von Aufsätzen seinen Niederschlag gefUhden, die seit 1950 erschienen sind und auf die hier fallweise zurückgegriffen wird. Während eines Studienaufenthaltes an der Harvard-University (1953/54) ist (...) der Plan des Buches endgültig ausgereift, doch verzögerte sich der Abschluß des Manuskriptes infolge anderweitiger beruflicher Inanspruchnahme bis zum Beginn dieses Jahres. Dem Verfasser ist bewußt, daß der Ausdruck "Metaphysik" äußerst vieldeutig ist, so daß vielleicht mancher Leser hier nicht das behandelt finden wird, was er unter Metaphysik versteht. Doch beziehen sich die folgenden Untersuchungen zweifellos auf Doktrinen, die nach einem sehr verbreiteten Sprachgebrauch als metaphysisch bezeichnet werden wld die in der traditionellen Philosophie eine hervorragende Rolle gespielt haben bzw. heute noch spielen. (shrink)

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Shortest possible axiomatizations for the implicational fragments of the modal logics S4 and S5 are reported. Among these axiomatizations is included a shortest single axiom for implicational S4—which to our knowledge is the first reported single axiom for that system—and several new shortest single axioms for implicational S5. A variety of automated reasoning strategies were essential to our discoveries.

A variety of robustness objections have been made against evolutionary game theory. One of these objections alleges that the games used in the underlying model are too arbitrary and oversimplified to generate a robust model of interesting prosocial behaviors. In this paper, I argue that the robustness objection can be met. However, in order to do so, we must attend to important conceptual issues regarding the nature of fairness, justice, and other moral concepts. Specifically, we must better understand the relationship (...) between moral concepts and formal characterizations of games. (shrink)

Posings as such form part of hierarchic thinking and prevailing practices and are thus subsumed in negativity. Idle talk, seemingly dimming one's view, has been replaced by hallucination, dreams, and illusions. It is so very difficult to see through them and to realize that there is nothing there but them.

Gerhard Ernst tries to clarify the nature of rationality. He does this by distinguishing two fundamentally different kinds of rationality: rationality in the “adjustment-sense” and rationality in the “evaluation-sense.” A person is rational in the adjustment-sense if her mental states are well adjusted to each other, i.e. if her beliefs, emotions and intentions fit together (in a sense Ernst explains); a person is rational in the evaluation-sense if she has evaluative beliefs which are adequate on the basis of (...) her non-evaluative beliefs. Our “rational response system,” as Ernst calls it, is concerned with keeping our mind unified by adjusting our mental states to each other and with evaluating what we believe. On the basis of the distinction between rationality in the adjustment-sense and rationality in the evaluation-sense one can understand what is right about the view that rationality consists in responding adequately to reasons and what is right about the view that rationality consists in being consistent (broadly understood). (shrink)

Os três artigos seguintes correspondema três aulas proferidas pelo Prof. Dr. ErnstTugendhat. No primeiro artigo, o autor trata doconceito de moral em Kant. Na Segunda aula,Prof. Tugendhat concentra-se no problema daliberdade em Kant. Por último, no terceiro artigo,aborda o conceito de liberdade como imputabilidade.

"Staging the archive: art and photography in the age of new media is dedicated to art practices that mobilize the model of the archive, demonstrating the ways in which such archival artworks probe the possibilities of what art is and what it can do. Through a variety of media, methodologies and perspectives, the artists surveyed here also challenge the principles on which the notions of organization, evidence and documentation are built. The book shows how artists have, over recent decades, read (...) the concept of the archive against the grain, questionning not only what the archive is and can be but what materials, images or ideas can be archived. Ernst van Alphen explores the work of artists such as Marcel Duchamp, Marcel Broodthaers, Christian Boltanski, Fiona Tan, and Sophie Calle, writers including Georges Perec and film-makers such as Alain Resnais and Péter Forgács. Staging the Archive reveals how modern and contemporary artists have used and contested the notion of the archive to establish new relationships to history, information, data. (shrink)

The discovery of emotional value in conceptual history Resumen: Este artículo aborda histórica y metodológicamente la cuestión del papel atribuido a las emociones en la investigación de la historia conceptual. No se trata, por tanto, de la historia de la metaconceptualización de las emociones ni de la historia de las propias emociones. Me gustaría rastrear una vertiente conceptual de la larga prehistoria de la historia de los conceptos y la semántica histórica, a saber, la del concepto de valor emocional. Junto (...) a este concepto, la atención se centra también en la carga sentimental y afectiva de los conceptos, que no puede describirse con predicados semánticos, pero que es esencialmente responsable de la posición de los conceptos en el discurso, de su ascenso y decadencia. Mi impresión es que tanto el concepto como el problema del valor emocional de un término han ido retrocediendo en la historia conceptual koselleckiana. En el artículo también se presentan las consideraciones de por qué esto es así.: This article approaches historically and methodologically the question of the role attributed to emotions in conceptual history research. It is therefore neither about the history of the metaconceptualization of emotions nor about the history of emotions themselves. I would like to trace one conceptual strand of the long prehistory of the history of concepts and historical semantics, namely that of the concept of emotional value. Alongside this concept, attention is also focused on the sentimental and affective charge of concepts, which cannot be described by semantic predicates, but which is essentially responsible for the position of concepts in discourse, for their rise and decline. My impression is that both the concept and the problem of the emotional value of a term have been receding in Koselleckian conceptual history. The article also presents considerations as to why this is so. Palabras clave: sentimiento, emoción, historia conceptual, semántica histórica. Keywords: feeling, emotion, conceptual history, historical semantics. (shrink)

Neuere Ästhetiken wenden sich verstärkt der Aufklärungsepoche zu. Mit ihren Ästhetiken soll statt der Kunst aisthesis, statt des Schönen das Erhabene, statt der Vernunft das je ne sais quoi rehabilitiert werden. Dabei wird ein zentrales Moment im historischen Selbstverständnis sowohl der Aufklärung wie ihrer Gegner zum blinden Fleck: ihr Verhältnis zu Theologie und Religion. Der Autor schreibt eine Geschichte der Ästhetik von der Entstehung der Ästhetik bis zum Ende der Kunstperiode, die den Gegensatz zwischen theologisch motivierten ästhetischen Denken und der (...) Lösung der Ästhetik von der Religion als zentrales, dialektisches Motiv des umstrittenen Ästhetikbegriffs in seiner gesellschaftlichen Dimension herausarbeitet. Begriffs- und problemgeschichtlich rekonstruiert er die Ästhetikgeschichte entlang einer das 18. Jahrhundert durchziehenden Bruchlinie, die mit dem Gegensatz zwischen Nachahmungsästhetik und Aisthetisierung von Offenbarungswahrheiten beginnt. (shrink)