Despite the fact that Ayn Rand did not influence the best artists, she did leave an important legacy for the American imagination and literary establishment. Rand's influence is arguably more multi-genre than any other author. Some multi-genre authors who were possibly influenced by Rand include: John Steinbeck (literature), Mickey Spillane and Ian Fleming (detective fiction), Ira Levin, Cameron Hawley, Erika Holzer and Kay Nolte Smith (popular fiction) and Terry Goodkind (science fiction). Her influence represents an important balance between (...) many various types of American Literature and is a credit to the hybrid and versatile nature of her fiction. (shrink)

In this reply, we wish to defend our original position and address several of the points raised by two excellent responses. The first response (De Miguel Beriain) questions the relevance of the notion of ‘serious’ within the context of human germline genome modification (HGGM). We argue that the ‘serious’ factor is relevant and that there is a need for medical and social lenses to delineate the limits of acceptability and initial permissible applications of HGGM. In this way, ‘serious’ acts as (...) a starting point for further discussions and debates on the acceptability of the potential clinical translation of HGGM. Therefore, there is a pressing need to clarify its scope, from a regulatory perspective, so as to prevent individuals from using HGGM for non-therapeutic or enhancement purposes. The second response (Kalsi) criticizes the narrow interpretation of the objectivist approach and the apparent bias towards material innovations when discussing the right to benefit from scientific advancements. As an in-depth discussion of the objectivist and constructivist approaches was beyond the scope of our original paper, we chose to focus on one specific objectivist account, one which focuses on biological and scientific facts. We agree, however, with the critique that material innovations should not be the sole focus of the right to benefit from scientific advancements, which also incorporates freedom of scientific research and access to scientific knowledge scientific freedom and knowledge, including the influence of these on ethical thinking and cultures. (shrink)

The paper investigates various definitions of the concept of opinion as opposed to factual or evidence-based statements and proposes a taxonomy of opinions expressed in English as identified in selected social media. A discussion situates opinions in the realm of pragmatics and reaches to philosophy of language and cognitive science. The research methodology combines a thorough linguistic analysis of opinions, proposing their multifaceted taxonomy with the automatically generated lexical embeddings of positive and negative lexicon acquired from the analysed opinionated texts. (...) As proposed, the definition of the concept of opinion is best apprehended when looked upon in terms of an opinion event, with a number of necessary conditions on the one hand, and those that are characteristic of an explicit opinion prototype on the other. Lists of opinion discourse markers show their preferential uses either in positive or negative opinionated texts; however, no sets of necessary and/or sufficient opinion markers properties have been acquired from the analysed texts. The conclusions indicate a polysemous understanding of naturally occurring social media opinionated texts and a definitional flexibility of the boundaries around lexical positive and negative types of opinion markers. (shrink)

A debate over the possibilities for foundations of knowledge has been a key feature of theoretical discussions in the discipline of International Relations. A number of recent contributions suggest that this debate is still active. This article offers a contribution to this debate by suggesting that the study of complexity may provide a contingent foundation for the study of international relations. We examine the grounds on which such a claim might be made, and examine the implications for taking complexity as (...) a foundational claim. (shrink)

La théologie balthasarienne de l'auto-révélation divine se fonde sur le témoignage de Dieu dans l'histoire , sans se détacher d'une métaphysiquede l'être reçue sous l'aspect du transcendantal «Beau» que manifeste toute figure du monde. La métaphysique balthasarienne se déploie ainsi selon un axe original. Elle rompt d'une part, avec les formes de pensée dites «onto-théologiques», et d'autre part, avec une apologétique des signes. Plus qu'une métaphysique, nous sommes en présence d'une onto-phénoménologie dont les implications trinitaires et christologiques offrent des développements (...) à première vue inattendus, manifestant cependant la cohérence et la spécificité de la distribution trilogique de la grande oeuvre balthasarienne . Le centre que constitue la dramatique trinitaire est quant à lui tributaire d'une source philosophique qui n'est pas sans parenté avec la philosophie de la Révélation de F.W.J. Schelling, òu domine le thème de Dieu «Seigneur de l'Être» et de «mise en réserve» de la Gloire. Cette ultime prérogative de la liberté divine ne s'éclaire que dans le domaine de la christologie de l'obéissance et de la kénose. C'est précisément cette dimension qui fait l'objet de nos analyses. (shrink)

Balthasar a acquis la réputation d'un théologien de la Beauté du divin. C'est en phénoménologue qu'il conçoit l'expérience esthétique : comment réussit-il à en faire le fondement d'une théologie esthétique ? « Dieu par lui-rnême a pris une figure » : telle est l'expression centrale de cette esthétique. Elle est influencée au plan théologique par la conception de la Révélation chez Karl Barth : le croire est corrélatif au voir ; et d'autre part au plan philosophique, par le concept de (...) phénomène chez Martin Heidegger : le phénomène est ce qui se montre soi-même par soi-même. L'Écriture est traitée comme une figure, une image phénoménale, dont la médiation se poursuit dans l'Église pour désigner et attester la figure singulière de révélation qu'est le Christ. La difficulté de l'entreprise est de mettre en œuvre une médiation qui n'aboutisse pas à identifier figure du monde et figure de révélation, mais qui n'empêche pas non plus la manifestation de l'être divin en son apparaître sensible, car le mystère de la beauté consiste dans une telle donation de soi-même. Sur ce terrain, Balthasar prend congé d'Augustin et entre en débat avec Karl Rahner. Mais, dans la chair du Christ, Dieu se dévoile en se voilant suprêmement. La figure accède à sa vérité au prix d'une auto-dissimulation. La chair du Christ doit-elle parvenir à ce degré d'idéalité, finalement se « déhistoriser », pour laisser transparaître la vérité de l'Être qui s'offre en elle à notre perception sensible ? C'est la limite paradoxale d'une esthétique fondamentale qui paraît plus propre à inspirer une attitude confessante qu'à se définir conceptuellement.Balthasar acquired the reputation of a theologian of divine Beauty. It was as a phenomenologist that he conceived the aesthetic experience : how did he succeed in founding an aesthetic theology ? « God, of his own doing, took a countenance » : such is the main expression of this aesthetic. It is influenced on a theological level by the conception of Karl Barth’s Revelation : Believing is correlative to seeing ; and on the philosophical level, by the concept of phenomenon with Martin Heiddegger : the phenomenon is that which shows itself by itself. Writing is treated as a figure, a phenomenal image, of which the mediation is continued in the Church to designate and attest the unique figure of revelation, which is Christ. The problem with the undertaking is to put into effect a mediation that does not conclude in identifying the figure of the world and the figure of revelation. It does not prohibit the manifestation of the divine being in its sensitive apparition, for the mystery of beauty consists in the giving of oneself. In this light, Balthasar leaves Augustine and enters into discussion with Karl Rahner. In the flesh of Christ, however, God unveils himself by completely hiding himself. The figure approaches its truth at the price of a self-concealment. Must the flesh of Christ come to such a degree of idealization, finally to de-historicize itself, in order to allow the truth of Being to shine through, a truth that offers itself through that flesh to our sensitive perception ? This is the paradoxical limit of a fundamental aesthetic that seems to be more proper to inspire a confessing attitude than to define itself conceptually. (shrink)

In this paper some properties of epi-representations and Schmidt-congruence relations of orthomodular partial algebras are investigated and an infinite list of OMA-epi-subdirectly irreducible orthomodular partial algebras will be constructed.

Cet article propose une relecture de l’œuvre de Karl Rahner à la lumière des développements successifs qu’il consacra à la relation entre philosophie et théologie, dégageant ainsi la force inspiratrice d’une réflexion qui n’a rien perdu de son actualité. Les sources auxquelles puise et se confronte K. Rahner sont diverses, mais toujours maîtrisées, au service d’une tâche dont il s’est inlassablement préoccupé : dégager l’espace où puisse être audible et dicible la manifestation du "libre Inconnu" se révélant et se communiquant (...) à l’homme.This article proposes a rereading of the work of Karl Rahner in the light of the successive analyses he developed of the relation between philosophy and theology, thus revealing the inspiring force of his reflection that remains quite topical. The sources K. Rahner utilizes and confronts are diverse, but always masterfully utilized in the service of a task which continuously preoccupied him: creating a space in which the manifestation of God, the “free Unknown”, could be heard and spoken of, thus revealing Himself and communicating with man. (shrink)

Generous parental leave policies are popular in a number of countries around the world and are usually seen as a sign of the ‘family friendliness’ of the state. Relying on in-depth interviews with mothers on parental leave in Hungary, the authors argue that the context in which the policies are implemented should be examined when evaluating their consequences. In semi-peripheral, resource-poor Hungary lengthy parental leave policies turn women into an invisible ‘reserve army of labourers’. While their employment is mostly unaccounted (...) for in aggregate statistics, and political discourse suggests that their ‘job’ is to look after children, nevertheless many women do end up doing some work for wages during the almost five years they spend on parental leave. However, given the rigidity of the labour market and rampant discrimination against mothers with small children, their chances of obtaining formal employment are small. They therefore resort to doing ad hoc, temporary, informal work, which is often underpaid and well below their qualifications. Thus generous family policies do not necessarily indicate the ‘women friendliness’ of the state and may not lead to the relatively favourable trade-off between stable public sector work and lower wages suggested recently by comparative researchers. Instead, in this specific context, which combines legacies of state socialism, a backlash against women’s emancipation before 1990 and a peripheral, vulnerable labour market, familialist policies are associated with a high degree of marginalisation for women with small children in which the state is at best complicit, at worst, an active agent. (shrink)

La domanda fondamentale della ricerca si muove attorno alla relazione tra arte, verità e essere, segnalando la natura metafisica del discorso. Questo fatto è sottolineato in quanto l’arte, in ambito filosofico, è di solito trattata in un contesto estetico, ma i due autori scelti vedono nell’arte un legame intrinseco al problema dell’essere, riconoscendo il suo valore anche nell’orizzonte metafisico. Heidegger e Merleau-Ponty avvertono la necessità di superare l’estetica e di svelare le possibilità ontologiche dell’arte, compiendo così una sua «riabilitazione ontologica», (...) mostrando la sua intima correlatività alla questione dell’Essere e con quella della verità. Il vero senso dell’arte non nasce al di fuori di questo contesto ontologico, ed è proprio questo il motivo per cui la riabilitazione ontologica è diventata necessaria: al punto che si potrebbe affermare che l’estetica conduce l’arte fuori della sua vera essenza. L’arte è, di natura sua, ontologica. Si tratta quindi di un tema assai speciale, che già a prima vista dà luogo a diverse domande. Accettando la sfida della crisi della metafisica nell’età contemporanea, è possibile salvaguardare la questione dell’Essere a partire dall’ambito non-filosofico dell’arte? Cosa offre l’arte alla filosofia a proposito della questione dell’Essere? Quale verità si esprime in essa? Cosa giustifica il mettere insieme i tre concetti fondamentali della dissertazione e due autori così diversi, anche se di eredità fenomenologica comune? L’obiettivo della ricerca è di vedere se la riabilitazione ontologica dell’arte potesse in qualche modo salvaguardare la metafisica dell’Essere; e se a partire da ciò che la filosofia può imparare dall’arte, sia possibile arrivare ad una formulazione filosofica della verità vivente, in dialogo con la concezione dei due autori scelti. (shrink)

The fourth volume of the Amsterdam edition of the apologias contains the critical edition of the Latin text of the apologia against the English scholar Edward Lee.

The United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit recently upheld United States District Court for the Eastern District of New York Judge's denial of petitioner's application for a writ of habeas corpus. The Court held that it was not objectively unreasonable for the Appellate Division to conclude, in light of clearly established federal law as expressed by the Supreme Court of the United States, that a New York statute providing for the recommitment of specific defendants who plead not (...) responsible by reason of mental disease or defect under a mere “preponderance of the evidence” standard does not violate either due process or the equal protection clause of the Fourteenth Amendment. (shrink)

: The main contribution of this paper to current philosophical and sociological studies on modeling is to analyze modeling as an object-oriented interdisciplinary activity and thus to bring new insights into the wide, heterogeneous discourse on tools, forms and organization of interdisciplinary research. A detailed analysis of interdisciplinarity in the making of models is presented, focusing on long-standing interdisciplinary collaboration between specialists in infectious diseases, mathematicians and computer scientists. The analysis introduces a novel way of studying the elements of the (...) models as carriers of interdisciplinarity. These elements, being functionally interdependent building blocks, evolve during the modeling work and carry the disciplinary tensions in the process. This shows how the long and challenging process of defining and reformulating the object of research is crucial for understanding the dynamics of interdisciplinarity in the making. (shrink)

Sex and sensibility: The role of social selection Content Type Journal Article DOI 10.1007/s11016-010-9464-6 Authors Erika L. Milam, Department of History, University of Maryland, 2115 Francis Scott Key Hall, College Park, MD 20742, USA Roberta L. Millstein, Department of Philosophy, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA Angela Potochnik, Department of Philosophy, University of Cincinnati, P.O. Box 210374, Cincinnati, OH 45221, USA Joan E. Roughgarden, Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305-5020, USA Journal Metascience (...) Online ISSN 1467-9981 Print ISSN 0815-0796. (shrink)

What has the past reaction to the COVID-19 pandemic taught us? We have seen that many low and middle-income countries (LMICs) still lack access to vaccines, and it seems little progress has been made in the last few months and year. This article discusses whether the current strategies, most notably, vaccine donations by the international community and the COVID-19 global access facility COVAX, offer meaningful solutions to tackle the problem. At the centre of our analysis, we compare the concepts of (...) “donations” and “charity” with “vaccine equity” and the “empowerment” of poorer countries. We suggest that the achievement of fair global vaccine production requires that our global approach is supportive of the idea of empowerment. We, therefore, need structural reforms, which would most importantly include capacity building, to positively impact this goal and to take the interests of the global poor seriously. (shrink)

This book deals with the impact of the Reformation debate in Germany on the most prominent intellectual movement of the time: humanism Although it is true that humanism influenced the course of the Reformation, says Erika Rummel, the dynamics of the relationship are better described by saying that humanism was co-opted, perhaps even exploited, in the religious debate.

Berichte zur Wissenschaftsgeschichte, Volume 45, Issue 1-2, Page 164-188, June 2022.

Abstract:Many scientists argue that the world is becoming increasingly dominated by human activity, much to the detriment of the natural world. In what scholars have dubbed the Anthropocene, the current geological epoch during which time human activity has been the dominating force over climate and the environment, many questions of environmental ethics have arisen. Who does the earth belong to? What is the relationship between humans and the environment? What is the moral standing of non-human life? Locke and Rousseau provide (...) varying answers to these questions, which are central to discussions of environmental ethics. In many ways, Locke and Rousseau's answers are opposed to each other, suggesting a differing world view when it comes to environmental ethics. Locke's understanding of environmental ethics seems to dominate, and perhaps even cause, the onset of the Anthropocene, but Rousseau's response, and a potential turn toward his understanding of environmental ethics marks an ideological shift in the way that humans understand their relationship with the world around them. This paper argues that the writings of Locke and Rousseau correspond to different stages of the Anthropocene with significant effects on both environmental ethics and environmental governance and policy. (shrink)

Existing whistle-blowing models rely on “cold” economic calculations and cost-benefit analyses to explain the judgments and actions of potential whistle-blowers. I argue that “hot” cognitions – value conflict and emotions – should be added to these models. I propose a model of the whistle-blowing decision process that highlights the reciprocal influence of “hot” and “cold” cognitions and advocate research that explores how value conflict and emotions inform reporting decisions. I draw on the cognitive appraisal approach to emotions and on the (...) social-functional value pluralism model to generate propositions. (shrink)

The COVID-19 pandemic’s disproportionate harm to racialized communities and increased public attention to the deaths of Black people at the hands of police (Elijah McClain, Breonna Taylor, George F...

This essay is based on a talk the author gave at the By the Book conference in Florence in June 2019. It examines the power dynamics in the Italian publishing world from the perspective of a fiction writer. Writing and publishing are two completely different worlds that can be differently approached. What’s the point of writing? Should writers write about what they know, or about what they do not know? Can publishing be put off? What’s the role of literary agents (...) in the publishing process? The author’s answers to these questions are based on her personal experience. (shrink)

Dentro del grado en “Lingüística y lenguas aplicadas” de la Universidad de Cádiz, la formación en lingüística de corpus se enmarca en la materia “Industrias de la lengua”. La complejidad de esta reside en que, a pesar de contar con una asignatura propia, también se aborda en otras específicas. Es ahí donde estriba el interés de este estudio, con el que obtuvimos interesantes resultados, ya que observamos que la experimentación investigadora y la puesta en práctica de conocimientos adquiridos optimizaron las (...) notas finales y consiguieron una mayor implicación del alumno, además de enriquecer la labor investigadora del profesorado. (shrink)

Lithuanian football league have the lowest ranking in all Europe. By this it was choosen to analyze what strategies Lithuanian major teams are using on social network Facebook. Digital technologies based on software and social networks become more effective and integrated, causing transformation in all spheres of the global economy. As European major football clubs shown that more people are interested in football club, the more football club can make a profit. Technology growth driven by that social networks become the (...) main tool to attract more fans to club community. This has opened new science strategy how to use social network to make club growth. The purpose of this study is to analyze what strategies Lithuanian A-league teams are using on Facebook to attract more fans to their community. The objective of the study is to assess the devotees approach to Lithuanian Football League-played football teams at the social network aspects of cooperation on Facebook. Study methodology. Study methodology includes analysis of the content of the online social networking sites of Lithuanian football teams and survey of 39 questions in order to find out the attitudes of followers to the aspects of cooperation between football teams in the Lithuanian football league in Facebook on Facebook. The scientific novelty of the study. The growth in popularity of football in Lithuania and all over the world to scan all new way to attract more fans to a certain football team. Results of the study. Results show that football teams that want to capture most of their followers must use text or video-type content in communication on social media Facebook. Conclusion. It is very important to fill the content on their social network Facebook, because the needs of the followers are satisfied by the fast and efficient presentation of sports news. In addition, it turned out that the most followers choose to watch the content of their favorite football team's photo or video-type content rather than textual content. (shrink)

​Wie ist das diskursfähige Subjekt im Sinne Habermas zu denken? Unter welchen Bedingungen und Modalitäten entwickelt das Subjekt seine Diskursfähigkeit? Erika Edelmayer arbeitet die Denkfigur des diskursfähigen Subjekts aus der Grundlegung der soziologischen Theorie als „Theorie des kommunikativen Handelns“ heraus. Sie untersucht, was Diskursfähigkeit im Rahmen einer deliberativ verstandenen Demokratie bedeutet und zeigt die Konsequenzen auf, die sich daraus für die Pädagogik ergeben.

En 1965, Karl Rahner et Karl Lehmann publièrent une étude documentée et systématique sur les rapports entre kérygme et dogme, quintessence des travaux en cours dans ce domaine, au moment où s'achevait le concile Vatican II. Un premier principe consensuel allait se dégager de ces travaux. Son impact touchera directement la fonction régulatrice des langages de la foi, autrement dit du caractère principiel et originaire de cette fonction dévolue aux formules de confessions présentes dans l'écriture néotestamentaire. Il s'agissait en somme (...) de poser et de justifier les principes d'une interprétation dogmatique de l'Ecriture. L'une des questions cruciales alors débattues tournait autour de la signification d'un objet de foi saisissable en énoncés de vérité, objet qui ne pouvait consister en une simple sequela Christi, ou être ramené à une anthropologie existentiale. Une place pour le dogme semblait subsister. Ce processus va déboucher sur une interprétation " extensive " du dogme à laquelle V. Holzer consacre ici l'essentiel de ses analyses. In 1965, Karl Rahner and Karl Lehmann published a documented and systematic study of the relationship between kerygma and dogma, the quintessence of work being done in the field when the Second Vatican council was coming to an end. An initial consensual principle would come out of this work. It was to have a direct impact on the regulating function of the languages of faith, in other words the nature of this function as principle and origin allotted to the formulas of confessions present in New Testament writing. In short, it involved laying down and justifying the principles of a dogmatic interpretation of Scripture. One of the crucial questions debated at the time revolved around the meaning of an object of faith that can be grasped in true statements, an object that could not consist of a mere sequela Christi or be reduced to an existential anthropology. A place for dogma seemed to remain. This process was going to culminate in an "extensive" interpretation of dogma, to which V. Holzer devotes most of his analyses here. (shrink)

The ‘socially valuable knowledge’ principle has been widely acknowledged as one of the most important guiding principles for biomedical research involving human subjects. The principle states that the potential of producing socially valuable knowledge is a necessary requirement, although not sufficient, for the ethical conduct of research projects. This is due to the assumption that the social value of knowledge avoids exploitation of research subjects and justifies the use of health resources. However, more recently, several authors have started interrogating the (...) validity of SVK in research and offered various lines of argument against the SVK principle as a necessary constraint to research. In this article, I will reconstruct the main arguments of this discussion between defenders and debunkers of the SVK principle and offer a third way to consider the social value of knowledge in research studies. I will argue that the social value of knowledge can be supported by an independent justification. This justification of the SVK principle addresses the rationality and common interest of researchers. Thus, I will introduce the SVK principle as a safeguarding principle for public trust based on a conceptual framework by Alex John London. My approach justifies keeping the principle as a precautionary and rational requirement for human health research that all rational stakeholders can agree upon. (shrink)

The increasing concern about ethics and integrity in research communities has brought attention to how students and junior academics can be trained on this regard. Moreover, it is known that ethical behaviour and integrity not only involve individual but also group norms and considerations. Thus, through action research and participant observation, this research investigates the learning processes through which 64 students collaboratively develop research ethics and integrity competencies. The aim was to understand how bachelor, master and PhD students approach ethical (...) dilemma cases through a collaborative process. The data consisted of recorded group work on ethics cases, student group reports, and post-training questionnaires. Later, the analyses considered groups as the unit of analysis. These data were analysed through content analysis utilizing the SOLO taxonomy to identify levels of understanding and assess evolvement of ethical sensitivity during a case-based training session. The results show that all groups reached the level of understanding where the groups demonstrated that concepts had been understood appropriately, but occasionally struggled to make connections between them. Students perceived working collaboratively as beneficial. The results help teachers of research ethics and integrity to make pedagogically justified choices in their teaching. Drawing on the results of this study, we propose a tool for the formative assessment of student learning of research ethics and integrity. (shrink)

Mexico's pandemic management and the absence of measures have been harshly criticized as being disproportionate. This paper examines whether the proportionality principle was properly applied to Mexico's COVID-19 response and outlines three reasons against such an endeavor, namely (i) the content of “proportionate measures” remained insufficiently well defined, (ii) there were yet fundamental rights conflicts to resolve, and (iii) the situation was moreover characterized by epistemic uncertainty.

Women and men are biologically and reproductively dissimilar. This sexual distinctiveness gives rise to a “sexual asymmetry”—the fundamental reality that the potential consequences of sexual intercourse are far more immediate and serious for women than for men. Advocates of contraception and abortion sought to cure sexual asymmetry by decoupling sex from procreation, relieving women from the consequences of sex, and thus equalizing the sexual experiences of men and women. But efforts to suppress or reject biological difference have not relieved women (...) of the consequences of sex and the vulnerabilities of pregnancy, even as they have further relieved men. Although secular feminist responses to biological difference have served to exacerbate sexual asymmetry, Catholic teaching on abortion, sex, and marriage—even contraception—provides an authentically pro-woman cultural response. (shrink)

Can one explain both the resilience of the status quo and the possibility for resistance from a subordinate position? This paper aims to resolve these seemingly incompatible perspectives. By extending Randall Collins's interaction ritual theory, and synthesizing it with Norbert Wiley's model of the self, this paper suggests how the emotional dynamics between people and within the self can explain social inertia as well as the possibility for resistance and change. Diverging from literature on the sociology of emotions that has (...) been concerned with individual emotional processes, this paper considers the collective level in order to explore how movement action is motivated. The emotional dynamics of subordinate positioning that limit women's options in face-to-face interactions are examined, as are the social processes of developing feminist consciousness and a willingness to participate in resistance work. Pointing toward empirical applications, I conclude by suggesting conditions where resistance is likely. (shrink)