Our article aims to present a comparative study on the thoughts of two of the Hannah Arendt and Simone Weil, specifically, about the reflections of this revolutionary project by Marx. In order to achieve this goal, we will make a specific cut in one of the works of each of these philosophers. In Hannah Arendt we will follow the philosopher's thinking, specifically in her book On Revolution (1963) in the chapters The Social Question and The Revolutionary Tradition and Its (...) Lost Treasure. In Simone Weil, we will devote ourselves to the text De Oppression et Liberté (1955) mainly in the chapter called Critique du marxisme. With this outline, we will demonstrate the differences made by each of these philosophers, highlighting the similarities and differences of such criticisms. Finally, we will briefly present the proposals of these great thinkers for a true ‘revolution’ in the human condition, proposals that, in a way, are within the scope of the philosophy of each one of them. (shrink)

O pensamento de Karl Marx sobre a subjetividade humana é pouco conhecido e divulgado na língua portuguesa, e, no Brasil, particularmente, carece ainda de um estudo amplo, explícito e sistemático. Meu artigo pretende esboçar uma reflexão mais completa de sua filosofia sobre a subjetividade humana, insistindo não somente na crítica, mas também, e especialmente, na compreensão da referida questão, a partir de uma leitura imanente e estrutural de suas obras, no original. Vale ainda ressaltar que minha investigação se apoia (...) na conexão entre subjetividade e objetividade , entre sujeito e objeto, inquirindo se há um determinismo da objetividade sobre a subjetividade, ou seja, se essas duas determinações são contraditórias no interior do pensamento marxiano, comprometendo, pois, as suas reflexões acerca da crítica à filosofia especulativa de Hegel e ao empirismo da economia clássica, ou se, na verdade, tal conexão é o segredo recôndito de sua filosofia sobre a subjetividade humana. (shrink)

A partir del significado que la filosofía moderna asignó a la noción del sujeto, se plantea el modo en que dicho concepto es reinterpretado en el pensamiento de Marx, distinguiendo el nuevo sentido que el término adquiere en los planos más importantes y diversos en los que Marx lleva a cabo esa revisión: el plano que toma en consideración la insuperable condición natural del hombre, el que atiende al sentido de la dialéctica y de la totalidad en que (...) se desarrolla la praxis social, el que destaca la condición social del individuo y, finalmente, el que plantea la discusión con el humanismo tradicional en relación con la posible autonomía del hombre. (shrink)

RESUMO: Não há, no pensamento de Marx, uma elaboração sistemática acerca da religião, embora haja uma crítica a ela enquanto crítica social das condições materiais de existência, que é o fundamento dela. Para Marx, a religião, entendida especificamente como superstição, idolatria, “ópio”, a qual conforma o homem e embaraça a sua consciência, deve ser negada, mas não se trata pura e simplesmente de um desprezo, de uma proibição ou perseguição à religião, nem tampouco de uma negação em geral (...) a ela, uma vez que ela é uma questão privada e deve ser respeitada, mas de desvelar o véu religioso presente na sociedade e no seu ordenamento político, no Estado, que oculta a exploração e a opressão humana. A crítica à religião como crítica da realidade social, da qual ela nasce e é expressão ideal, contribui, de certa forma, para a emancipação social do homem. ABSTRACT: it is not to be found in Marx’s thought a systematic elaboration concerning religion, although there is indeed a critical appraisal of it as a result from his social critique of material conditions of human existence which is its foundation. In Marx’s perception, religion is understood specifically as superstition, idolatry, “opiate”, something that pushes man to accommodation and twists his conscience, and as such should be dismissed, this act being not, however, a mere refusal, prohibition or persecution, or a wide negation of it, considering that it is a private issue and as such should be respected, but as an effort to cast off the religious veil covering society and its political ordainment commanded by the State, and hides exploitation and oppression of human beings. Critique of religion as an evaluation of social reality, from which religion derives, is an ideal proposition that to a certain extension contributes to the social emancipation of men. (shrink)

En este artículo se trata de evaluar críticamente las tesis fundamentales del libro de Carlos Fernández Liria y Luis Alegre Zahonero, El orden de El Capital (2010), en tanto que potencial lectura republicana de Marx.

A ligação entre teoria e prática sempre foi um princípio para a tradição marxista, para esta a teoria deve ser um guia para a práxis revolucionária, deve sempre estar à serviço da transformação social e da emancipação humana. Mas, a partir da década de 1920, a teoria marxista passa a sofrer uma metamorfose que consiste na ruptura desse elo fundamental entre teoria e prática, tornando-se uma teoria acadêmica e com diversos elementos de capitulaçãoteórica diante dos postulados da teoria burguesa. Nesse (...) trabalho pretendemos fazer uma breve comparação entre as elaborações de Marcuse e Althusser nas temáticas: possibilidade de ruptura revolucionária e alcance do processo emancipatório que esta ruptura pode acarretar. Veremos que ambos os autores sustém um pessimismo em relação às possibilidades de ruptura e emancipação, cada qual à sua própria maneira. A causa particular que molda as diferentes posições de nossos autores liga-se com a particularidade com que cada um se relacionava para com o partido comunista e para com a teoria burguesa acadêmica. Em suma, veremos em Althusser uma defesa da possibilidade de uma revolução presente, mas com pessimismo em relação ao alcance transformador desse ato emancipatório; enquanto em Marcuse veremos a defesa acerca da possibilidade teórica da existência de um sujeito completamente livre dos entraves internos e externos que alienam sua existência, mas as elaborações marcuseanas não consideram possível a realização de um processo de ruptura em seu presente histórico, relegando-o para um futuro incerto. (shrink)

En este trabajo se analiza la relación entre los conceptos de fetichismo y lucha de clases en el particular marxismo de Slavoj Žižek. Žižek comprende el fetichismo marxiano a través del psicoanálisis y en el marco de la concepción de Marx de la religión en dos sentidos: como ideología y como fundamento. Esto le permite mostrar que el fetichismo y en general el hecho religioso, no es únicamente «falsa conciencia» sino que también funciona como el elemento constitutivo e insuperable (...) de lo real, lo que, a su vez permite repensar la lucha de clases. (shrink)

In 1990, Antonio Negri pointed out some problems with Deleuze's political philosophy. Substituting infra-structures for life or desire, as constitutive dimensions of power formations, did not imply giving up on Marx, but it certainly did imply a change in the table of conceptual analysis and a profound renovation of the questions that pertain to militant praxis. Taking this into account, we intend to explore the sense of a rare fidelity to Marx, and a certain idea of intellectual commitment (...) that, reframing its objects and its instruments, pretends to renew political thinking in order to confront the unforeseeable of new knowledge, new techniques and new political facts. (shrink)

Enrique Dussel's writings span the theology of liberation, critiques of discourse ethics, evaluations of Marx, Levinas, Habermas, and others, but most importantly, the development of a philosophy written from the underside of Eurocentric modernist teleologies, an ethics of the impoverished, and the articulation of a unique Latin American theoretical perspective. This anthology of original articles by U.S. philosophers elucidating Dussel's thought, offers critical analyses from a variety of perspectives, including feminist ones. Also included is an essay by Dussel that (...) responds to these essays. (shrink)

The purpose of this work is to propose a sociological reading that includes the pós/des-colonial perspective in the Bible interpretation process. One of the main critics accomplished by the pós/des-colonial perspective is the Eurocentrism’s influence. It affirms that European methods should not be used as a rule for the Latin-American’s context and that the sociological reading, mainly developed based on Marx and Weber, was enough to explain our reality. Then, I present a short historical of Bible’s sociological reading and (...) the absence of relevant elements to be included by the pós/des-colonial perspective. In a second moment, it will be presented the pós/des-colonial reflection and their main contributions for the sociological method of reading the Bible. The intention is to propose a sketch of pós/des-colonial hermeneutics. In conclusion, I present a sociological interpretation’s exercise of the Bible in a post/de-colonial perspective. (shrink)

O objetivo deste artigo é demonstrar, a partir do pensamento de Marx, como o lucro comercial e a renda fundiária – dois componentes do mais-valor que, juntamente com o salário, correspondem aos rendimentos da fórmula trinitária – pressupõem a exploração do trabalho ou o intercâmbio desigual que mantém o processo de acumulação capitalista. As remunerações do comerciante e do proprietário fundiário, muito embora apareçam na superfície da economia moderna dissociadas do seu fundamento real, como se fossem autônomas e sem (...) qualquer nexo com a espoliação que garante a autovalorização do capital, representam apenas quotas do trabalho excedente obtido na esfera da produção. (shrink)

O conceito de materialismo histórico-dialético constitui-se como algo essencial para o exame crítico das estruturas sociais. Desenvolvido por pensadores como Karl Marx e Friedrich Engels, tal expressão busca examinar a história e a sociedade a partir de fundamentos materiais e econômicos. Por outro lado, a ideologia refere-se a uma gama de valores e crenças que moldam a visão global e validam as estruturas de poder existentes. Destacada, por algumas abordagens, como um instrumento de controle e dominação, essa ideia pode (...) influenciar comportamentos e ações sociais. Partido desses pressupostos, esse trabalho tem como objetivo abordar os fundamentos teóricos do materialismo histórico-dialético, enquanto instrumento para fundamentar uma crítica à ordem estabelecida pela ideologia da classe dominante. A pesquisa utiliza uma abordagem bibliográfica, indireta e qualitativa e as conclusões que podem ser destacadas revelaram que: Antoine de Tracy introduziu o conceito de ideologia como uma ciência das ideias, reduzindo-as a sensações simples. Por outro lado, Karl Marx e Antonio Gramsci desaprovam essa visão, mostrando como a ideologia serve aos interesses da classe dominante para manter sua supremacia. Já o materialismo histórico-dialético, ao enfatizar a influência do modo de produção material no desenvolvimento humano-social, pode emergir como uma antítese à ideologia, assim, a relação entre ideologia e materialismo histórico-dialético se estabelece na capacidade deste último de desafiar o discurso pró-capitalista, expondo suas contradições e promovendo a conscientização das classes oprimidas. (shrink)

El presente texto pretende presentar dos propuestas de actualización de la crítica de la economía política marxiana: las de Moishe Postone y Robert Kurz. Sus planteamientos, gestados a partir de los años ochenta, ofrecen claves para superar las insuficiencias del marxismo tradicional y abren perspectivas fructíferas para actualizar la teoría crítica. Partiendo de una reinterpretación común de las categorías de Marx, ambos autores presentan sin embargo diagnósticos diferentes: mientras Postone incide en cómo el capitalismo origina la posibilidad de un (...) nuevo orden social, Kurz señala que el capitalismo contemporáneo habría alcanzado su límite interno y entrado en una fase irreversible de declive y desintegración. (shrink)

Pone de relieve la función correctiva del Estructuralismo Genético dentro del ámbito del estructuralismo abstracto y doctrinario. Las fuentes de la teoría goldmanniana, concretadas en Hegel, Marx, Freud, Lukacs y Piaget, son reinterpretadas en un triple plano: el histórico-sociológico, el psicológico y el epistemológico.

This anthology provides the definitive theoretical sources of contemporary thinking about identity, including explorations of race, class, gender, and nationality. Explores the long and rich tradition of philosophical analysis and debate over the genesis, contours, and political effects of identity categories. Provides the definitive theoretical sources and contemporary debates by leading theorists such as selections from Hegel, Marx, Freud, DuBois, Beauvoir, Lukács, Fanon, Hall, Guha, Hobsbawm, Wittig, Butler, Halperin, R. Robertson, Said, and LaClau. Combines general and specific analyses of (...) particular identity categories: race/ethnicity, gender/sexuality, class, nationality. Allows for a comparative study of identities through multiple theoretical frameworks. (shrink)

Enrique Dussel telah lama dikenal secara luas sebagai seorang filsuf dari Amerika Latin, yang memperkenalkan “filsafat pembebasan”. Buku Ethics of Liberation ini merupakan elaborasi gagasan sentralnya “pembebasan”. Dussel saat ini menjadi profesor filsafat di Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Iztapalapa dan di Universidad Nacional Autóma de México di Mexico City. Dalam karya ini ia mencoba mengatasi berbagai sistem etika yang berlatar belakang filsafat kontinental, yang ia sebut sebagai filsafat yang berbasis filsafat Yunani atau disebut juga “hellenosentrisme” atau “eropasentrisme. Filsafat dan sistem etika (...) ini tidak memadai lagi untuk mendorong pembebasan korban peminggiran oleh globalisasi dan kapitalisme neo-liberal. Dussel mengawali bukunya sepanjang 715 halaman ini dengan menyajikan uraian mengenai sistem etika dalam sejarah dunia, yang dipandang sebagai filsafat yang datang dari pinggiran, periferi. Dari sinilah Dussel mengembangkan etika dari perspektif korban yang tereksklusi. Pada Bagian I Dussel membahas “Fondasi Etika” (h. 53-186) yang terdiri dari tiga komponen. Pertama, etika material atau isi dari etika, yaitu reproduksi dan pengembangan kehidupan secara sadar. Dussel memulai uraiannya dengan pandangan antropologisnya, dimana digambarkan tingkat-tingkat kesatuan hidup manusia. Ia mengaitkan padangannya mengenai manusia dengan “neuroscience. Kemudian dibahas beberapa aliran dalam etikla material;, seperti utilitarianisme dan komunitarianisme (A. MacEntyre, Charles Tay;or, M. Walzer), konsep eudaimonis dari Aristoteles, Sittlichkeit dari Hegel, etika matrial dari Max Scheler, gagasan Xavier Zubiri.. Dari uraian yang sifatnya deskriptif itu, Dussel beranjak kepada perumusan universal, yang merupakan komponen kedua. Yang memberi pembenaran atas norma yang telah dirumuskan. Rumusan universal itu dicapai melalui suatu diskursus dari partisipan yang setara, dalam suatu komunitas komunikasi. Itulah syarat tercapainya kesahihan antarsubjektif. Yang dibahas Dussel adalah sistem etika Kant. John Rawls, Karel Otto-Apel dan J. Habermas. Tahap ketiga dibahas komponen kelayakan berhadapan dengan berbagai kendala.............. Buku Ethics of Liberation memuat uraian yang sangat kaya akan berbagai sistem etika, terutama sistem etika yang diajukan oleh berbagai filsuf kontemporer. Sistem itu tidak ditolak, tetapi harus dilengkap dengan sistem etika-kritis, yeng mendorong mereka yang menjadi korban untuk membebaskan diri. Untuk memperdalam analisisnya Dussel banyak mengacu kepada Marx, Sekolah Frankurt, Nietzsche dan Freud. Pandangan Freire mengenai dialog dan “raising consciousness” melengkap apa yang disebut “konsensus” dalam sistem etrika Habermasian. Dialog menjadi penting untuk membangun komunikasi dalam masyarakat yang asimetris. Ini diperkaya dengan pengalaman tumbuhnya kesadaran sebagaimana diuraikan oleh Rigoberto Menchú Sistem etika Emmanuel Levinas memberikan perspektif baru mengenai keharusan “pengakuan” (recognition) dan tanggung jawab terhadap yang lain. Buku Dussel ini akan memperkaya pandangan para dosen etika, yang pada umumnya terpaku pada sistem etika “Eropasentris.” (M. Sastrapratedja, Program Pascasarjana, Sekolah Tinggi Filsafat Driyarkara, Jakarta). (shrink)

This article sets forth a compositional model of ideology by drawing on the tradition of historical materialism and further developing its insights into the aesthetic composition of reality. It demonstrates how ideology is not simply a set of false beliefs but is rather the process by which social agents are composed over time in every dimension of their existence, including their thoughts, practices, perceptions, representations, values, affects, desires, and unconscious drives. By working through a number of diverse debates and authors—ranging (...) from Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels to Louis Althusser, Eduardo Galeano, Rosaura Sánchez, and Paulo Freire—it thereby elucidates how ideology is best understood as an aesthetic process that includes aspect of sense and sense-making, and that therefore requires a collective, cultural revolution as its antidote. (shrink)

Perspectives on Kant's teachings on geography and how they relate his understanding of the world.

The search for an ethics rooted in human experience is the crux of this deeply compassionate work, here translated from the 1983 German edition. Distinguished philosopher Werner Marx provides a close reading, critique, and Weiterdenken , or "further thinking," of Martin Heidegger's later work on death, language, and poetry, which has often been dismissed as both obscure and obscurantist. In it Marx seeks, and perhaps finds, both a measure for distinguishing between good and evil and a motive for (...) preferring the former. The poet Hölderlin posed the question, "Is there a measure on earth?" His own answer was emphatic, "There is none," for he was convinced that the measure for man was to be found only in the domain of the heavenly beings. Such metaphysical assumptions, as well as the attempt to found ethical conduct in the nature of man as a rational being, have been rejected by many contemporary thinkers, particularly Heidegger. Yet these thinkers have not been able to provide a satisfactory alternative to metaphysical foundations of the standards for responsible human conduct. Marx, therefore, goes beyond Heidegger in demonstrating how several of his most basic notions could be relevant to a secular morality in our age. It is death, Marx claims, that unsettles man and transforms his conduct toward his fellow man. the common experience of mortality nourishes ethical life--and leads to the measures of compassion, love, and recognition of one's fellow human beings. "It is only on the basis of these 'traditional virtues,'" Marx writes, "that we can find a motive for averting the impending dangers which have often enough been described so vividly and convincingly.". (shrink)

This paper defends the Quine-Putnam mathematical indispensability argument against two objections raised by Penelope Maddy. The objections concern scientific practices regarding the development of the atomic theory and the role of applied mathematics in the continuum and infinity. I present two alternative accounts by Stephen Brush and Alan Chalmers on the atomic theory. I argue that these two theories are consistent with Quine’s theory of scientific confirmation. I advance some novel versions of the indispensability argument. I argue that these new (...) versions accommodate Maddy’s history of the atomic theory. Counter-examples are provided regarding the role of the mathematical continuum and mathematical infinity in science. (shrink)

1. Jugendschriften 1835-1841. Mit einem Essay "Zum Verständnis der Texte," Erläuterungen und Bibliographie hrsg. von G. Hillmann. DM 3.80 (GDB 66-A49-92)--2. Pariser Manuskripte 1844.--3. Der Mensch in Arbeit und Kooperation (Aus den Grundrissen der Kritik der politischen Ökonomie, 1857/58).

Some recent literature [Hicks, M. T. and van Elswyk. P., (2015) pp. 433-443, 2015; Bhogal, H. (2017), pp. 447-460] has argued that the non-Humean conceptions of laws of nature have a same weakness as the Humean conceptions of laws of nature. That is, both conceptions face an explanatory circularity problem. The argument is as follows: the Humean and the non-Humean conceptions of laws of nature agree that the law statements are universal generalisations; thus, both conceptions are vulnerable to an explanatory (...) circularity problem between the laws of nature and their instances. In this paper, I argue that Armstrong’s necessitarian view of laws of nature is invulnerable to this explanatory circularity problem. (shrink)

This book is concerned with the role of economic philosophy in the processes of belief-formation and social change. Its aim is to further our understanding of the behaviour of the individual economic agent by bringing to light and examining the function of non-rational dispositions and motivations in the determination of the agent's beliefs and goals. Drawing on the work of David Hume and Adam Smith the book spells out the particular ways in which the passions come to affect our ordinary (...) understanding and conduct in practical affairs and the intergenerational and interpersonal transmission of ideas through language. Concern with these problems, it is argued, lies at the heart of an important tradition in British moral philosophy. This emphasis on the non-rational nature of our belief-fixation mechanisms has important implications: it helps to clarify and qualify the misleading claims often made by utilitarian, Marxist, Keynesian and neo-liberal economic philosophers, all of whom stress the overriding power of ideas to shape conduct, policy and institutions. (shrink)

El siguiente artículo aborda la hegemonía que se ciñe sobre Colombia, mediante un punto de vista político que analiza el poder que ejerce la burguesía internacional y burguesía subordinada nacional sobre las clases subalternas y en particular la clase trabajadora colombiana. Se reflexiona sobre el l..

Hegel 's classic Phenomenology of Spirit is considered by many to be the most difficult text in all of philosophical literature. In interpreting the work, scholars have often used the Phenomenology to justify the ideology that has tempered their approach to it, whether existential, ontological, or, particularly, Marxist. Werner Marx deftly avoids this trap of misinterpretation by rendering lucid the objectives that Hegel delineates in the Preface and Introduction and using these to examine the whole of the Phenomenology. (...) class='Hi'>Marx considers selected materials from Hegel 's text in order both to clarify Hegel 's own view of it and to set the stage for an examination of post-Hegelian philosophy. The primary focus of Marx's book is on the account. Hegel gives of the phenomenological journey from natural consciousness to philosophical wisdom. In showing that Hegel 's many statements concerning consciousness 'finding itself' or 'knowing itself' in its world can be understood as discovering the rationality of the conditioning world, Marx offers a solution to several sets of interrelated problems that have troubled students of Hegel. His book contains valuable analyses of the relation between Hegel 's thought and that of Descartes and Kant as well as that of Karl Marx, and it also sheds considerable light on the question of the internal unity or coherence of the Phenomenology. (shrink)

T. 1. Die Herausbildung der materialistischen Welt-und Geschichtsauffassung, in den Schriften von 1842-1846. 2. Aufl.--T. 2. Die materialistische Geschictsauffassung in den Schriften seit 1846.