Gregory of Nyssa’s Laudatio altera S. Stephani Protomartyris has been critically published by Lendle from the two extant copies of the long recension, mostly disregarding the unique Greek witness of a short form which is attributed to John Chrysostom. Following the unveiling of an Armenian translation of the short recension, also attributed to Chrysostom, the paper examines its critical role, its links with the short Greek form and proposes a revision of Lendle’s text.

The essay aims to examine some contributions of A. Schutz to general epistemological questions, starting from his view of the scientific theories and concepts formation, of type and model, of relevance, of proof and degree of belief. Great attention is paid to the resumption of Carneades’ mechanism, in which each operation of confirmation is linked to a level of credibility. The focus on these issues allows not only to understand Schutz’s context, but also to establish a comparison with Chisholm’s reading (...) of Carneades. (shrink)

L’articolo ricostruisce le biografie delle prime donne di cui si hanno notizie nella storia della matematica, filosofia e scienza. Sono descritte le vite e, per quel che permettono le fonti a noi giunte, le opere delle donne pitagoriche (in questo intervento si fa riferimento alle donne vissute dal VI al IV secolo a.C., nelle prime comunità pitagoriche della Magna Grecia), di Maria l’Ebrea alchimista alessandrina, per alcuni storici vissuta tra il I e il III secolo, per altri prima di Cristo, (...) di Ipazia di Alessandria vissuta tra i IV e V secolo, uccisa tragicamente e, martire eroica, divenuta simbolo della libertà di pensiero femminile. (shrink)

Lucretius devotes some sections of his De rerum natura to the treatment of dreams. He is particularly interested in the phenomenon of dream deception, namely the belief that the dreamt object is the object itself. This psychological phenomenon has some both unwanted and philosophically interesting implications. Firstly, from an ethical point of view, it can stimulate uncontrolled worries and feelings in the dreamer that undermine his/her mental tranquility and health. Secondly, from a physiological perspective, it seems to reveal a failure (...) in the mechanism undergoing the formation of mental representation. Thirdly, from the epistemological point of view, it seems to compromise the veracity of mental representations. This paper aims to explain how Lucretius dealt with this phenomenon. In particular, it will show how he succeeded, on the one hand, to explain the nature and the origin of dream deception and of its emotional aspect, and, on the other hand, to preserve the informative contents of dreams and their correspondence to reality. For this purpose the present essay will address the following issues: which is the condition of the soul and of the mind while sleeping; what kind of mental activity is dreaming; which is the nature and the origin of the simulacra responsible for dreams; which is the contents of dreams and how dream deception comes about; and finally why and how dream deception emotionally effects the dreamer. (shrink)

Religions; Islam; relations; Christianity; Judaism; Christianity and other religions; Other (Philosophy); religious aspects; Islam.

In this paper I refute an apparently obvious objection to Frankfurt-type counterexamples to the Principle of Alternate Possibilities according to which if in the counterfactual scenario the agent does not act, then the agent could have avoided acting in the actual scenario. And because what happens in the counterfactual scenario cannot count as the relevant agent's actions given the sort of external control that agent is under, then we can ground responsibility on that agent having been able to avoid acting. (...) I illustrate how this objection to Frankfurt's famous counterexample is motivated by Frankfurt's own 'guidance' view of agency. My argument consists in showing that even if we concede that the agent does not act in the counterfactual scenario, that does not show that the agent could have avoided acting in the actual scenario. This depends on the crucial distinction between 'not φ-ing' and 'avoiding φ-ing'. (shrink)

Based on person-environment fit theory, this study examined the effects of empowering leadership on employee work engagement. We also investigated the mediating mechanism of person-job fit and person-group fit. In addition, we explored employee proactive personality's moderating role between empowering leadership and the above two kinds of fit, and then the set of indirect effects. Using a survey sample of 6179 employees from a technology company in China, we found that empowering leadership has a positively indirect influence on employees work (...) engagement though person-job fit and person-group fit. Further, moderated mediation analysis revealed proactive personality augmented empowering leadership direct effect on person-job fit and person-group fit and indirect effect on work engagement. Theoretical and practical implications were also discussed. (shrink)

Interpreting the graph ren 仁 has been the subject of much philological and philosophical study and speculation over the centuries among scholars both Chinese and Western, perhaps more than any other single graph. One major reason for the attention paid to the term is the general agreement that Confucius gave ren—a little-known term at the time—an ethical orientation in the Analects that it did not have earlier, an understanding of which seems to be a prerequisite for understanding his entire philosophy (...) as reflected in that venerable little book. In this essay we want to suggest a reading for ren in the Analects unlike others proffered by Western translators, who, in keeping with the dominant... (shrink)

Secondo i sostenitori della prospettiva transumanista, la tecnologia contemporanea può condurci a ridefinire la natura umana attraverso il superamento dei suoi limiti. Tra i limiti in questione, si ricordano di frequente quelli biologici e quelli cognitivi. Risulta infatti di generalizzato interesse la possibilità di prevenire ed evitare l’insorgenza di malattie più o meno curabili come pure quella di aumentare le prestazioni intellettuali, compresa la generazione di strumenti di cosiddetta intelligenza artificiale. Forse interessa meno la possibilità di superare limiti di natura (...) morale, per esempio intervenendo sul codice genetico o impiantando appositi neurotrasmettitori per farci desiderare le cose migliori e quindi migliorare il nostro agire morale. Che sia vero o no che il progresso morale indotto dalla tecnologia (moral enhancement) risulti di minore interesse per il grande pubblico, la possibilità di migliorare l’agire morale è comunque un tema di enorme importanza. Questo per tre ragioni. La prima, praticamente ovvia, è che, considerata la storia di dolore arrecata all’umanità da una tensione al male che sembra ineliminabile, renderci migliori sotto un profilo morale sarebbe di straordinario valore. La seconda ragione consiste nel fatto che ogni altro tipo di miglioramento, da quello biologico a quello psicologico e cognitivo, risulterebbe ancora maggiore una volta che ci si fosse assicurati quello morale. È infatti difficilmente negabile che anche una condizione ottimale sotto il profilo fisico e psicologico e un invidiabile livello cognitivo non avrebbero risvolti positivi se conseguiti in assenza di un’adeguata formazione morale. La terza ragione è che, mentre il miglioramento cognitivo e soprattutto quello biologico sembrano costituire un obiettivo effettivamente realizzabile, per cui la discussione a proposito è unicamente tesa a considerarne il valore e le potenzialità come pure gli effetti collaterali, del progresso morale si possono offrire invece ragioni atte a sostenere la tesi che esso, per via tecnologica, sia altamente improbabile. In questo articolo sosterrò questa tesi. Nella prima parte, al modo di una premessa, mi soffermerò sul significato che la riflessione transumanista solitamente attribuisce al legame tra progresso morale e progresso tecnologico. Procederò poi, nella seconda e terza parte, a evidenziare l’esistenza di tre limiti sostanziali alla possibilità che il progresso tecnologico generi progresso morale. Li chiamerò “ignoranza tecnologica”, “passività tecnologica” e “facilità tecnologica”. Infine, mostrerò che essi possono aggravarsi data la visione del futuro della tecnologia come ignoto, visione che è tipica della riflessione transumanista. (shrink)

This meta-analysis synthesizes quantitative findings of the gender differences in moral sensitivity retrieved from 19 primary studies. We found the average effect size of 0.25, favoring women, with a standard deviation of 0.14. The variation in the observed effect sizes could not be attributed to differences in participants' educational level, the utilized measure of moral sensitivity, or the publication format in which the study was reported. This suggests that gender differences in moral sensitivity are consistent across different levels of participants' (...) education regardless of the instrument used to assess moral sensitivity or the format in which the research was reported. (shrink)

O artigo trata da esfera pública, opinião pública e liberdade de imprensa segundo G. W. F. Hegel como formas de mediação entre o estado e o indivíduo e expressão da liberdade individual ou coletiva. A partir do exame dos Princípios de Filosofia do Direito e das Lições sobre a filosofia do Direito editadas por K.-H. Ilting, afirma-se a idéia de que Hegel não foi um defensor da censura do estado autoritário prussiano, mas da liberdade de expressão do indivíduo no contexto (...) da sociedade política. (shrink)

New technologies are often introduced with the purpose of improving our control over a certain task: however, software, AI and robots often cause understandable fears of machines taking control away from us. This is what Ezio Di Nucci calls the ‘control paradox’.

Social psychology has based its development on triangle structures. Such are the cases of Symbolic Interactions and Social Representations. These triangle structures are not able even to draw an epistemology of common sense.