Both social studies and preschool programs mention freedom as a value. However, in typical social studies curricula, the philosophical perspective is not included and no discussion takes place. In the preschool curriculum, freedom is an abstract concept, and the belief that children cannot understand abstract concepts prevails, while value studies are still limited to determining the frequency of values rather than interrogating them. As such, this study aims to explore young children's views on the concept of freedom, how these views (...) changed after their participation in a philosophically oriented activity, and how, consequently, the concept of freedom might be addressed in social studies on a philosophical level. The researchers used an applied qualitative study design, in which 19 children (14 boys, 5 girls) aged 5-6 years were interviewed before and after the presentation of the well-known folk tale “Rapunzel,” along with the question, “… am I free?” An exercise taken from the Philosophy for Children curriculum, "Freedom is similar to…, because…” was used in both pre and post interviews. The study used semi-structured interviews and document analysis as data collection instruments. The data obtained were subjected to descriptive and content analysis. As a result of the study, it was found that before the activity, children tended to discuss the meaning of freedom in the context of its limits (e.g. permission, prohibition, rules), and, following the activity, in the context of positive freedoms (e.g. growth, being independent). (shrink)

In this paper, we explore Cassirer’s view of social contract theory. We maintain that Cassirer has established a linguistic turn of social contract theory, by exploring the conditions for the possibility of a promise. For that purpose Cassirer’s theory of the linguistic sign, as inspired by the linguistic theory of Wilhelm von Humboldt, becomes decisive, because of its specific nature and direction into the future. First, in Section 1, we explore previous social contract theorists, from Nicholas von Cusa to Immanuel (...) Kant. In Section 1, as a result, we establish the concept of the promise as the core concept of social contract theory, and as the fundamental philosophical problem conveyed by the natural lawyers. Moreover, in Section 2, we investigate the conditions for the possibility of a promise, and relate it to the symbolic nature of the human being. The promise, hence the capacity to enter into a contract, becomes a characteristically human activity, hence an expression of human dignity. (shrink)

Drawing on Anscombe, in this essay I argue that we should not take Aristotle to be a moral philosopher, nor a virtue ethicist. This is because contemporary virtue ethics has little to do with Aristotelian ethics. While contemporary virtue ethics (or aretaic moral theory, as one may call it) operates on the level of moral and thus categorical norms, Aristotelian ethics—an aretaic life ethics—is primarily concerned with pragmatic norms. The main question for Aristotle is what a good general conduct of (...) life is. The major concern of aretaic moral theory, on the other hand, is to provide a criterion of morally right action and hence to define the concepts of the morally right, the impermissible and moral duty in aretaic terms. This shows that contemporary authors assume a primacy of virtue, while Aristotle assumes a primacy of eudaimonia. I illustrate this distinction by addressing the question of how the virtues benefit their possessor. (shrink)

The aim of this study is the examination of the effect of virtual reality based imagery (VRBI) training programs on the shot performance and imagery skills of athletes and, and to conduct a comparison with Visual Motor Behavior Rehearsal and Video Modeling (VMBR + VM). In the research, mixed research method and sequential explanatory design were used. In the quantitative dimension of the study the semi-experimental model was used, and in the qualitative dimension the case study design was adopted. The (...) research participants were selected from athletes who were involved in our target sports: curling (n= 14), bowling (n= 13), and archery (n= 7). All participants were randomly assigned to VMBR + VM (n= 11), VRBI (n= 12), and Control (n= 11) groups through the “Research Randomizer” program. The quantitative data of the study was: the weekly shot performance scores of the athletes and the data obtained from the “Movement Imagery Questionnaire-Revised.” The qualitative data was obtained from the data collected from the semi-structured interview guide, which was developed by researchers and field experts. According to the results obtained from the study, there were statistically significant differences between the groups in terms of shot performance and imagery skills. VRBI training athletes showed more improvement in the 4-week period than the athletes in the VMBR + VM group, in terms of both shot performance and imagery skills. In addition, the VRBI group adapted to the imagery training earlier than the VMBR + VM group. As a result, it was seen that they showed faster development in shot performances. From these findings, it can be said that VRBI program is more efficient in terms of shot performance and imagery skills than VMBR + VM, which is the most used imaging training model. (shrink)

In lieu of an abstract, here is a brief excerpt of the content:Tracing the Anthropocene and Entangled Trauma in Yashar Kemal's NovelsMore-Than-Human Lives in the Post-Ottoman WorldDeniz Gündoǧan Ibrişim (bio)Yashar Kemal (1923–2015), one of Turkey's most prominent Kurdish-Turkish novelists and human rights activists, largely engages with the southern Turkish countryside, which the author himself had known well in his early life.1 Kemal is commonly recognized as the writer of Çukurova or the Clician Plain (Cilicia Pedias in antiquity), a large fertile (...) plain in southern Turkey. The plain covers the easternmost areas of Mersin Province, southern and central Adana Province, Western Osmaniye, and Northwestern Hatay, and it has been a major place of anthropogenic change and industrialization since the 1930s, in the aftermath of transition from the Ottoman Empire to the modern Republic. Kemal presents the severe impact of the destruction of the forests and the draining of the swamps on the nature of the local people, whose way of life was transformed by this anthropogenic uprooting during the modernization and industrialization brought about by successive political and environmental administrations in post-Ottoman Turkey:The earth was covered with woods from Misis to the Mediterranean Sea in the olden days. There is a tree called Kars. Due to the fact that the Kars tree grows there the place was called Kars for a long time.... Now there is nothing; not one single tree until the Mediterranean. Historians write that the land was a great forest even in the 19th century. This was stated in a letter of Cevdet Pasha written in 1865.... Hundreds, even thousands of [End Page 32] tractors entered the Çukurova, everything happened overnight, so to say. Farm workers digging the earth to a depth of 75 centimeters were left with nothing to eat and nowhere to dwell, left with no forest, no Kars, no tree, no cane thickets, no bushes, and no swamps. I witnessed unbelievable destruction. The Çukurova turned into a desert of agriculture. This is the reality of our century, the actual conditions of our times.(qtd. in Andaç 61–62; my translation)I suggest that Kemal's lamentation here introduces non-Western stories, placing post-Ottoman vulnerability and resilience into the Anthropocene, our current geological era in which humans as a collective are said to have become a geophysical force on a planetary scale.2 The above excerpt encourages the reader to embark on an alternative reading in which the anthropogenic changes have deep and environmentally damaging roots in the Middle Eastern region, including Turkey (see Inal and Turhan 1–9). Despite the global and universal staging of the Anthropocene within North America and Western Europe, it is crucial here to underscore how the Anthropocene renders both a global process of anthropogenic climate change and a local laying down of industrial change in other landscapes and cities beyond its Eurocentric roots and routes.Within this context, this article argues that Kemal's literary works speak well to the concerns of the Anthropocene epoch, characterized by rapid and fundamental human-driven alterations of Earth, revealing longue duree linkages between weather, war, industrialization, empire, agriculture, urbanization, and deforestation that have created extraordinary changes on local and global scales. In the above passage, where we read the loss of the woods from Misis to the Mediterranean, Kemal manifests an acute awareness that the tree already disappears amid a vanishing ecosystem. Elsewhere, Kemal recounts the destruction of the forests and swamps that grants the Çukurova region its richness and vitality. At the same time, he shows how the particular process of deforestation dramatically changes ordinary lives of both human and nonhuman communities in the area during the modernizing and westernizing processes in the aftermath of the Ottoman Empire. This dramatic change is illustrated in Hüyükteki Nar Ağacı (The Pomegranate Tree on the Knoll). Andaç quotes Kemal as follows: [End Page 33]Çukurova was a whole forest of pomegranate trees from here to the sea at one time. In spring and summer time, these trees would be covered with red blossoms, so that the whole area from here to Ayas would be all red and would wave like the sea. Black snakes used to mate... (shrink)

Renaissance utopias belong to a period when Modernity was being built within political thinking, which turns them into a nexus between classical antiquity and the Enlightment, thereby preserving for posterity a series of critical issues, such as democracy, a radical version of natural law or the need for distribution of goods. Christian humanism is also present and, together with Plato’s concept of justice, it enables these utopias to set a different course from that followed by other Renaissance political theory options, (...) founded either on political realism (Machiavelli) or on jus naturale as a justification of an authoritarian state (Bodin). Thus utopia spreads its wings not only announcing Modernity but also the 20th century socialist horizon. (shrink)

Tanrı tarafından belli bir amaçla yaratılmış olmak yaşamın anlamı sorusuna doyurucu bir yanıt sağlar mı? Bu soru için sunacağım değerlendirmelerin temelini Julian Baggini’nin Bütün Bunlar Ne Anlama Geliyor? adlı kitabında sunduğu argümanlar oluşturmaktadır. Bu argümanları hem yeniden kuracak hem de kullandığı örnekleri, özellikle Sartre’dan aldığı örneği, daha ayrıntılı irdeleyeceğim. Baggini’nin burada temelleri tartışılacak olan iddiaları şunlardır: Birincisi yaşamın anlamlı olması için önceden belirlenmiş bir yaratılış amacının olması zorunlu değildir, ikincisi önceden belirlenmiş amaçlar sonradan belirlenmiş amaçlardan daha değerli olmak zorunda değildir (...) ve üçüncüsü yaratılış amacımız varsa ve onun bilgisine sahip olma sorunu çözülse bile yaşamın anlamı sorunu çözülmüş olmaz. (shrink)

Background Several ethical issues are associated with providing living organ transplantation services, and there is limited information on these issues faced by the teams providing service to refugees or asylum seekers. Aim To determine the challenges healthcare professionals face in organ transplant centers providing services to Syrians under temporary protection status and discern whether these difficulties align with ethical issues in living organ transplantation. Research design This study employed a qualitative design and conducted individual semi-structured, in-depth interviews with 18 transplant (...) team members in Istanbul between September and November 2022. Data analysis was based on Braun and Clarke’s thematic analysis. Participants and research context The participants comprised 18 healthcare professionals, including 6 physicians and 12 nurses working in organ transplant teams in Istanbul. Ethical considerations The University’s Ethics Committee provided approval. Participants were informed regarding confidentiality and signed an informed consent form. Results Three themes emerged from the data on ethical issues faced by organ transplantation services to Syrians: (a) beneficence or double equipoise, (b) autonomy, and (c) justice. Transplant teams experience problems related to preserving double equipoise in the provision of living donor organ transplantation because of language barriers, poor socioeconomic conditions, and cultural factors, which increases transplant teams’ individual and indirect social burden. Although problems arise from the language barrier when obtaining informed consent in the autonomy theme, institutional and national policies in preventing donor abuse have a comforting effect. Health workers had the least problems with the justice theme, wherein national health policies are determined. Conclusion Fewer issues related to autonomy and justice were reported in providing organ transplantation services to Syrians, with the most intense reported issues being maintaining double equipoise. The results revealed the need to develop institutional, national, and international policies with individual solutions to prevent difficulties healthcare professionals face in this process. (shrink)

Can video games or the playing of such games be morally objectionable? Many attempts to justify our intuitions about the morality of certain games or game activities are either unsuccessful or fall short. This is mainly due to a normative gap between reality and virtuality that classical approaches to moral philosophy cannot bridge. I am investigating to what extent an accurate action analysis can help us to justify our intuitions that, in some cases, something is ethically wrong with video games. (...) To do so, I am using Frankfurt’s volition theory to show how virtual game actions can be evaluated based on virtue ethics. This virtue ethical assessment is compatible with Ostritsch’s (2017) endorsement view. Especially in light of the gamification of our surroundings, the question of the ethical status of video gaming is becoming more and more urgent. By arguing that a virtue ethical approach can tell us more about the ethical aspects of video gaming, I will also argue that virtue ethics (because of similar problems in these fields) is promising regarding the ethics of simulation, art, and literature. (shrink)

Un décret de la cité crétoise de Lisos atteste le nom de mois Φυλαῖος, qui correspond avec la variante ionienne-attique Φυλαιών du calendrier d’Iasos en Carie. Les fêtes des *Φύλαια étaient vraisemblablement une célébration où tous les membres des tribus de la cité se réunissaient annuellement dans un culte collectif, peut-être pour commémorer ensemble les héros de toutes les phylai. Cette hypothèse trouve un parallèle dans le culte collectif des Éponymes des dix tribus athéniennes. De manière similaire, l’analyse de quelques (...) noms de fêtes, qui sont devenues éponymes de plusieurs mois du calendrier des diverses cités grecques, confirme que, en dehors des tribus, d’autres groupes civiques ou religieux jouaient un rôle fondamental dans certaines célébrations annuelles. (shrink)

This article argues that systematic comparative analyses of women's strategies and coping mechanisms lead to a more culturally and temporally grounded understanding of patriarchal systems than the unqualified, abstract notion of patriarchy encountered in contemporary feminist theory. Women strategize within a set of concrete constraints, which I identify as patriarchal bargains. Different forms of patriarchy present women with distinct “rules of the game” and call for different strategies to maximize security and optimize life options with varying potential for active or (...) passive resistance in the face of oppression. Two systems of male dominance are contrasted: the sub-Saharan African pattern, in which the insecurities of polygyny are matched with areas of relative autonomy for women, and classic patriarchy, which is characteristic of South and East Asia as well as the Muslim Middle East. The article ends with an analysis of the conditions leading to the breakdown and transformation of patriarchal bargains and their implications for women's consciousness and struggles. (shrink)

Este ensaio trata da infância, de certa forma, das infâncias. E, por isso, pensa-acomo uma experiência estética do escritor. Um escritor que oscila entre a escrita e a leitura, a ficção e o real, o presente e o passado. Ou seja, mergulha na experiência formativa da infância a partir do texto das “Confissões”, reconstruindo fragmentos de subjetividade. Em tais fragmentos, as leituras da criança-aluno proporcionam o reencontro com o mundo-outro da imaginação. Nesse espaço, o exercício da escritura encarna-se no outro (...) da vontade, o corpo do escritor. Assim, o texto das “Confissões” é pensado por graus de intensidade,por afecções, de forma que a percepção da noção deinocência proporciona a compreensão daobra.This essay comes from childhood, in a sense, of childhoods. And, therefore,think it as an aesthetic experience of the writer. A writer who oscillatesbetween writing and reading fiction and reality, past and present. That is,delves into the formative experience of childhood from the text of"Confessions", reconstructing fragments of subjectivity. In such fragments, thereadings provide the student-child reunion with the other-world of theimagination. In this space, the exercise of writing is embodied in the other'swill, the body of the writer. Thus, the text of "Confessions" is thought bydegrees, by conditions so that the perception of theconcept of innocence provides anunderstanding of the work. (shrink)

This work gives a new argument for ‘Empirical Philosophy of Mathematical Practice’. It analyses different modalities on how empirical information can influence philosophical endeavours. We evoke the classical dichotomy between “armchair” philosophy and empirical/experimental philosophy, and claim that the latter should in turn be subdivided in three distinct styles: Apostate speculator, Informed analyst, and Freeway explorer. This is a shift of focus from the source of the information towards its use by philosophers. We present several examples from philosophy of mind/science (...) and ethics on one side and a case study from philosophy of mathematics on the other. We argue that empirically informed philosophy of mathematics is different from the rest in a way that encourages a Freeway explorer approach, because intuitions about mathematical objects are often unavailable for non-mathematicians. This consideration is supported by a case study in set theory. (shrink)

Feminist care ethics has become a prominent ethical theory that influenced theoretical and practical discussions in a variety of disciplines and institutions on a global scale. However, it has been criticized by transnational feminist scholars for operating with Western-centric assumptions and registers, especially by universalizing care as it is practiced in the Global North. It has also been criticized for prioritizing gender over other categories of intersectionality and hence for not being truly intersectional. Given the imperialist and colonial legacies embedded (...) into the unequal distribution of care work across the globe, a Western-centric approach may also carry the danger of paternalism. Hence, a critical approach to care ethics would require reckoning with these challenges. The aim of this article is first to unfold these discussions and the responses to them from care ethics scholars and then to present resources in Beauvoir’s existentialist ethics, specifically the tenet of treating the other as freedom, as productive tools for countering the Western-centric and paternalistic aspects of care practices. (shrink)

To survive and be successful in today's setting of globalisation and complexity, companies are obliged to think in wider strategic terms, developing active and enterprising strategies that include social, political and ecological elements, besides the economic ones. The analysis of the relationship between companies and society is especially interesting when these companies operate in international markets. Countries demand that large corporations contribute to local, regional and national development in such a way that their resources are exchanged for a significant increase (...) in their citizens' quality of life. Faced with that fact, the aim of this work is to establish what actions the subsidiaries will take in order to offer a response to the needs of their stakeholders in the host countries. Secondly, we attempt to identify the factors explaining the different levels of social response of the subsidiaries established in a particular country by different parent companies. The empirical study was carried out on a sample of Spanish subsidiaries in the two manufacturing industries with most foreign investment (the chemical and automobile industries) and the results obtained both confirmed the validity of the tool used to measure social response and permitted us to determine which factors influence the institutionalisation of social responsiveness. (shrink)

This paper analyses the meaning of μύκλος in two passages of Lycophron’sAlexandra. The thorough study of the contexts shows that the most likely interpretation of the word in both verses is “donkey”: μύκλοις γυναικοκλῶψιν “woman-stealing donkeys” and τὸν ἐργάτην μύκλον “the hard-working donkey”. The definition “lewd” of ancient scholia, assumed by modern lexica and scholars, is nothing but anad hocexplanation of the former passage which does not suit the latter. After refuting previous etymologies, I contend that μύκλος is originally a (...) deverbative adjective in *‑lo‑built on the onomatopoetic aorist μῠκεῖν “bellow”. (shrink)

Bu çalışma (i) klasik siyasi iktidarın meşruiyet argümanlarını ele alarak (ii) modern siyaset düşüncesi açısından değerlendirmektedir. Çalışmanın amacı (iii) iktidarın meşruiyet argümanları ile birey tasarımı arasındaki ilişkiyi tartışarak iktidar-değer problemi açısından sorgulamaktır. Bunun için klasik iktidarın; güç, fetih, paternal ve teokratik gibi başat meşruiyet argümanları ele alınarak nasıl bir hiyerarşik toplum ve eşitsizlikçi birey anlayışı vazettiği üzerinde durulmaktadır. Bu bağlamda siyasi iktidarı erdem ilkeleriyle açıklayan antik erdem düşüncesinin temelde eşitsizlikçi olduğu ve Orta Çağ’ın klasik hükümranlık argümanlarına lojistik sağladığı savunulmaktadır. Doğal (...) hukuk doktrinleri ise ilham verici niteliklerine rağmen klasik iktidar tipinin sorgulamasına öncelik vermemiş görünmektedir. Buna karşın, klasik iktidar anlayışına karşı radikal bir reaksiyon 17. yüzyıldan itibaren, Thomas Hobbes ile başlayarak John Locke ve Jean-Jacques Rousseau ile terminolojisini inşa eden toplumsal sözleşme teorileri ile mümkün olmuş görünmektedir. Çalışmanın ilk bölümünde sözleşmeci yaklaşımın klasik iktidarın meşruiyet argümanları ve birey tasarımına yönelik itirazları gerekçeleriyle birlikte ele alınmaktadır. Son bölümde ise siyasal meşruiyet argümanlarının dönüşümü ile birey tasavvuru arasındaki ilişki sorgulanmaktadır. (shrink)

Despite the economic relevance and distinctiveness of family firms, little attention has been devoted to researching their nature and functioning. Traditionally, family firms have been associated both to positive and negative features in their relationships with the stakeholders. This can be linked to different orientations toward corporate social responsibility. Thus, this research aims to identify the approaches that Spanish family firms maintain about social responsibility, based on the model developed by Quazi and O' Brien Journal of Business Ethics 25, 33-51 (...) (2000). An empirical study carried out for 112 Spanish family firms gives support to our initial assumption about these organizations not being a homogeneous group in terms of their orientation towards corporate social responsibility. The differences in perceptions do not seem to be associated to biographical characteristics. These results lead to some relevant academic and practical implications that suggest interesting lines for future research. (shrink)

This study aims to explore the influence of workplace bullying incidences on both targets and bystanders with respect to their perceptions of organizational justice and organizational citizenship behavior. Responses from 288 white-collar public employees revealed that one third of the participants stated themselves as being exposed to workplace bullying behavior in the last six months. As hypothesized, findings support the view that workplace bullying experience plays a significant negative role in organizational justice and citizenship behavior perceptions. Moreover, a significant negative (...) effect is also found on justice perceptions and citizenship behavior of bystanders. Subjective evaluations did not reveal a significant effect in both cases. (shrink)

There is limited information on the ethical issues encountered in living donor organ transplants performed on refugees and asylum seekers. This study investigates the ethical challenges faced by Syrian refugees under temporary protection in Türkiye who engage in living donor organ transplants. From April to July 2022 in Istanbul, the research employed a qualitative design involving semi-structured, in-depth interviews with 27 participants, including organ donors and recipients. The analysis utilized a thematic analytic method. The findings elucidate two principal themes related (...) to ethical concerns: justice and autonomy. Under the justice theme, several sub-themes emerged, highlighting the multifaceted challenges Syrian refugees face in accessing healthcare services. These include migration and language barriers, significantly impeding their ability to understand medical procedures and rights. Financial difficulties and restricted movement within the country further complicate their access to necessary healthcare. Despite these hurdles, refugees benefit from free access to organ transplantation services and medications, a policy underscoring Türkiye’s commitment to healthcare equity for protected populations. The autonomy theme addresses the ethical handling of donor consent and motivation. The results indicate that Syrian refugees undergo a transplantation process free from coercion, with rigorous oversight by organ transplant ethics committees ensuring the prevention of donor abuse. However, despite these protective measures, challenges persist in the informed consent process, primarily due to language barriers that hinder effective communication between healthcare providers and patients. While the efforts of healthcare professionals to assist are recognized as alleviating some difficulties, the broader issues of access to comprehensive health services remain a significant concern. These barriers suggest a need for enhanced linguistic and financial support to improve healthcare accessibility for refugees. This study posits that the healthcare framework provided by Türkiye to Syrians under temporary protection can serve as a model for international human rights and social justice. However, it also emphasizes the importance of addressing the persistent obstacles that limit healthcare access for asylum seekers. Recommendations for policy enhancements focus on improving language services, increasing financial support, and expanding the accessibility of comprehensive health services to ensure equitable health outcomes for refugees. (shrink)

O presente artigo trata do conceito schopenhauriano de Vontade. Nesse sentido, utiliza a obra O mundo como vontade e representação como uma espécie de mapa filosófico para abordar tal conceito. Interessa as transformações desse conceito na obra do jovem Nietzsche até se completar naquilo que ele chama de Vontade de Potência ( Wille zur Macht ). A partir disso, esse artigo lança o desafio de pensar uma Pedagogia da Vontade, inspirada no pensamento trágico de Nietzsche-Schopenhauer. Desse modo, observa as ressonâncias (...) das ideias, mas também a diferença de posturas entre os filósofos. Assim, situa o papel do educador nessa pedagogia, analisa a função do Estado e da cultura, procurando destacar a necessidade de se repensar o paradigma ético-estético na educação. . (shrink)