There are many parameters to understand the Qur’ān correctly. One of them is to determine the siyaq-context in which the verses are included. This word expresses the relevance of any verse with what is before and after it, in terms of meaning. Attempting to interpret the verse independently, without considering the siyaq, internal and external context, in short, the integrity of the Qur’ān, makes any mistake inevitable. There are many verses that have been taken out of its context and drived (...) into different areas. One of them is the 30th verse of sura al-Muddaththir. In this article, we have tried to concentrate on three main issues in the context of verses 30th and 31th. First of all, we tried to deal with the issues of siyaq and sibaq of the relevant verses, the reference of the pronoun in “عليها” and who was tested and how and in both verses. The aforementioned pronoun points to the angels in charge of hell and states their number as nineteen. However, there have been people and groups that have interpreted the number nineteen in a different way from this understanding. They not only attribute holiness to this number, but also claim that the entire system of the Qur’ān was constructed according to this number. With this number, Allah tests the believers, the people of the Book, disbelievers, and those with diseases in their hearts. Allah, the Exalted, wanted to test these groups with their reaction to the number nineteen. From this perspective, the article aims to provide a perspective towards correct understanding of the relevant verses in the context of nineteen. (shrink)

The article examines the resources and the shortcomings of pluralism in today’s Turkey in light of the spring 2013 Gezi protests in İstanbul’s Taksim district. The protests have had ecological and civic as well as political implications and were a turning point in the country’s political life.

Two analyzes of Spark engine performance strategies to implement the Spark technique in a matrix distributed computational algorithm, the multiplication of a sparse multiplication operational test model. The dimensions of the two input sparse matrices have been fixed to 30,000 × 30,000, and the density of the input matrix have been changed. The experimental results show that when the density reaches about 0.3, the original dense matrix multiplication performance can outperform the sparse-sparse matrix multiplication, which is basically consistent with the (...) relationship between the sparse matrix multiplication implementation in the single-machine sparse matrix test and the computational performance of the local native library. When the density of the fixed sparse matrix is 0.01, the distributed density-sparse matrix multiplication outperforms the same sparsity but uses the density matrix storage, and the acceleration ratio increases from 1.88× to 5.71× with the increase in dimension. The overall performance of distributed operations is improved. (shrink)

The fact that digitalization and technology-supported systems, which are among the most basic applications of the 21st century, are an integrated and vital part of our lives, has increased the demand for financial technologies. It is seen that Islamic financial technology (Islamic FinTech) applications have an important place, especially with financial technology (FinTech). In this context, FinTech and Islamic FinTech applications are conceptually included in the study. By referring to the literature studies on these two concepts, the concept of Islamic (...) finance is discussed from a religious perspective. In this study, basic conclusions were obtained that Islamic finance and FinTech concepts/applications are very up to date, their development and critical aspects are obvious, Islamic finance contains uncertainties in terms of jurisprudence, and that more innovation, diversity, breadth, equipment and time are needed in the applications of the Fintech system to meet the needs of Islamic finance applications. (shrink)

Over the last few years, smart cities have been a focus of scholarly attention. Most of these critical studies concentrated on the multinational corporations’ discourses and their implications on urban policies. Besides these factors, however, the data-driven city develops within a complex web of entanglements whereby data-driven technologies modulate the urban infrastructure in a multitude of ways contingent upon the social, political, material and technical aspects. As such, this article attends to the infrastructural implications of a smart city product, Citymapper, (...) which is a transport app built on open data available as part of London’s smart city planning. In order to establish the relationship between data and infrastructure, I use Gilbert Simondon’s notions of ‘transduction’, ‘individuation’ and ‘technicity’ to explore this relationship in a processual and relational way. In constructing this relationship as co-generative, whereby infrastructure and data transindividuate, I subsequently posit the term data/infrastructure. Against this theoretical background, I study the ways in which Citymapper individuates and thereby gains infrastructural power through technicity of data by studying the ways in which the users’ contribute to data generation that feed back into the app. Specifically, by following the transformation of the app from initially mediating the bus timetable to transducing users into environmental sensing nodes through which the app collects behavioural data, I foreground the epistemological, infrastructural and social consequences of Citymapper’s infrastructural power for the data-driven city. (shrink)

The city of Kūfa has come to the forefront since the early periods of Islam by dealing with religious sciences and developing these sciences. While these sciences were initially limited to religious sciences, they gradually began to diversify as a result of the expansion of the Islamic geography. Because the Arabs' encounter with the Byzantine and Sassanid empires did not only lead to struggle but also allowed them to get to know their cultures. As a result of this contact, the (...) scientific basin in the Islamic world began to be filled with sciences from different cultures. This geographical expansion had both positive and negative aspects. One of these negative sides was the deterioration of the languages of the Arabs who mixed with foreign peoples in the conquered lands and the spread of this deterioration to the reading of the Quran. In response to this negative situation, studies on grammar sciences emerged in the city of Basra and were transferred to the city of Kūfa a century later. Kūfa grammar school was formed as a result of the intensive work of grammarians from Kūfa regarding grammar science, which also attracted attention in the city of Kūfa. The greatest share in the transformation of Kūfa grammar into a school belongs to al-Kisā’ī and his student al-Farrā. Although there were grammar studies and lessons in Kūfa before al-Kisā’ī and al-Farrā, they were not at a level that would ensure the transformation into a school or compete with Basra grammar school. Muādh al-Herrā is one of the pioneers of Kūfa grammar school. Muādh al-Herrā, about whose life there is not much information, was interested in scientific fields such as syntax grammar, language, tafsir, hadith, recitation and poetry. Muādh al-Herrā is one of the important figures in the history of Kūfa grammar, as he dealt with grammar in the early periods of Kūfa grammar, gave lessons and taught scholars such as al-Kisā’ī and al-Farrā, who helped developing the school of Kūfa grammar. In this study, the life of Muādh al-Herrā, about whom we have not come across any independent study, is presented, in the context of his scientific views as reflected in the sources, information about his scientific personality is presented and the issue of whether he is the founder of the sarf is examined. (shrink)

Bu araştırmada, Suriyeli ergen bireylerde dini tutum, psikolojik dayanıklılık ve depresyon arasındaki ilişkiyi tespit etmek amaçlanmaktadır. Araştırmanın örneklemi, Elazığ’da ikamet eden 13–18 yaş aralığındaki 216 Suriyeli bireyden oluşmaktadır. Yaş ortalaması 15,31 olan katılımcıların 124’ü kadın, 92’si erkektir. Verilerin toplanmasında Kişisel Bilgi Formu, Beck Depresyon Envanteri II, Dini Tutum Ölçeği, Çocuk ve Genç Psikolojik Sağlamlık Ölçeği (ÇGPSÖ - 12) kullanılmıştır. Veriler SPSS (22,0) paket programı kullanılarak analiz edilmiştir. Araştırma sonucunda, Suriyeli ergenlerde depresyon ve dini tutum düzeyleri arasında negatif ve anlamlı bir (...) ilişki; depresyon ve psikolojik dayanıklılık düzeyleri arasında negatif ve anlamlı bir ilişki; psikolojik dayanıklılık ve dini tutum düzeyleri arasında pozitif ve anlamlı bir ilişki olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Ayrıca araştırma bulguları Suriyeli ergenlerde psikolojik dayanıklılık ve dini tutumun depresyon düzeyindeki toplam varyansın yaklaşık %20’sini açıkladığını göstermiştir. (shrink)

Latifa ez-Zeyyat is among the leading women writers of Egypt in the twentieth century. She has many works in different fields such as novels, stories, critical articles and translations. The period when she started her writing career was a period when Socialism and Marxism movements peaked in the Arab world. These movements influenced many writers of that period and this situation was also reflected in their works. Since Zeyyat has a Marxist view of life, traces of these movements can be (...) seen in her works. Zeyyat, one of the Socialist Realist writers, generally focused on social themes in her works. The story "el-Memerru'd-Dayyik" is a story in Zeyyât's "e-Şeyhûha ve Kısasun Uhrâ" story series. The story is fictionalized in the context of the life adventures, struggles and family relationships of the mother and her two primary school daughters. However, the writer's criticisms of society and socio-economic order also show themselves in the story. In this study, the technical analysis of Latîfe ez-Zeyyât's "el-Memerru'd-Dayyik" story was made and the story was examined within the framework of sociological criticism and psychoanalysis literary theories. In this way, it is aimed to have information about the structure of the story, its fiction, the themes it deals with and the author's story. (shrink)

Turkey, in direct lineage of the Ottoman Empire, experimented a particularly violent nation-building out of the imperial ashes. Non-Muslims corresponding to one fifth of its population have been annihilated for the creation of a homogeneous nation State. These crimes have never been accounted for, giving way to a culture of impunity, self-righteousness, contempt for the rule of law and justice which, over years, pushed the polity towards an illiberal if not totalitarian essence and praxis, domestically against its own constituency and (...) externally against neighbours through an extensive neo-imperial drive. Paradoxically, such an outcome seems to constitute a belated retribution for the unaccounted crimes. (shrink)

Nazariyat, Journal for the History of Islamic Philosophy and Sciences, issued twice a year in English and Turkish (Nazariyat İslam Felsefe ve Bilim Tarihi Araştırmaları Dergisi), is a refereed international journal. It publishes original studies, critical editions of classical texts and book reviews on Islamic philosophy, kalām, theoretical aspects of Sufism and the history of sciences. The goal of Nazariyat is to contribute to the discovery, examination and reinterpretation of the theoretical traditions in the history of Islamic thought, by giving (...) special attention to the post-classical period of it. **ISSN: 2148-8088 E-ISBN: 2547-9415**. (shrink)

Since the 6thCentury B.C., Philosophy was defined as the love of wisdom in Ancient Greece. And it has always discussed of truth, wisdom and the metaphysics of existence. Nowadays, courses on philosophy have been an integral part of the curriculum since the establishment of faculties of Theology (FoTs). However, the presence, significance and objective of those courses are, they unfortunately are still under discussion despite their almost seventy-year old history.Based on this problem, our study aims to determine whether FoTs students’ (...) attitudes towards philosophy courses differ from their beliefs in the relationship between religion and philosophy. This study`s sample group consists of FoTs students of Kastamonu University, Kyrgyz-Turkish Manas University and Osh University. The study`s sample consisted of 276 students from these universities. The data were collected using a “Philosophy Attitude Scale” (PAS) and a “Scale ofBeliefs in Philosophy–Religion Relationship” (SBPRR) which was developed for this study. T test, one-way analysis of variance and Pearson Correlation were used for the data analysis. Participants’ arithmetic mean scores on some PAS and SBPRRsubscales differed by gender, college, grade level, mother’s education level, number of philosophy courses taken at college but not by father’s education level and religious education and philosophy education before college. Many factors affect the negative attitude of the students toward the philosophical courses and issues; like the methods of teaching it and the contents of the courses and etc. For altering this negative conception towards philosophy, we should focus on two main things; teaching the future-parents and those potentially future teachers philosophy in a right manner. (shrink)

Theodor Adorno, Sahicilik Jargonu: Alman İdeolojisi Üzerine adlı eserinde Martin Heidegger’in Varlık ve Zaman’daki Dasein analizine Marxist-Hegelci bir perspektiften eleştiriler yöneltmiştir. Bu makalenin amacı, Adorno’nun Heidegger felsefesine getirdiği eleştirileri tartışarak, Heidegger felsefesinin bu eleştirilere önerebileceği yanıtları irdelemektir. Makale Adorno’nun eleştirilerini dört ana başlıkta tartışıyor: (I) dil eleştirisi; (II) jargonun burjuva değerlerini evrenselleştirerek meşrulaştırmaya zemin hazırladığı gibi, bireyi pasifliğe yönelttiği eleştirisi; (III) Heidegger’in ontolojik analizinin, kapitalizmin şekillendirdiği deneyim ve durumları ontolojik varoluşsal kavramlar olarak sunmak suretiyle bunların ideolojik arka planını ve kökenlerini (...) görmezden geldiği eleştirisi; (IV) Heidegger felsefesinin ölüm ve yok oluşu yücelttiği eleştirisi. Adorno’nun söz konıusu başlıklar altında incelediğimiz eleştirileri bizi Heidegger felsefesi ve eleştirel teoriyi bir arada düşünmeye sevk edebilir. Makale bunun imkanının, Dasein’ın zaten kaçınılmaz olarak bir dünya-içinde-varoluş olduğuna ve bu durumun bulunduğu sosyo-politik ontik durumu kavrayabilmesinin ve sahici bir anlayışın bu duruma eleştirel bir tepki göstermesinin önünü açabileceğine dikkat çekmektedir. (shrink)

The popular debates about the future organization of work through artificial intelligence technologies focus on the replacement of human beings by novel technologies. In this essay, we oppose this statement by closely following what has been developed as AI technologies and analyzing how they work, specifically focusing on research that may impact work organizations. We develop this argument by showing that the recent research and developments in AI technologies focus on developing accurate and precise performance models, which in turn shapes (...) organizational patterns of work. We propose that the increased interest in the relationship between human cognition and performance will shortly bring human cognition to the focus on AI systems in workplaces. More specifically, we claim that the cognitive load measurement will shape human performance in manufacturing systems shortly. (shrink)

The article argues that the failure of political Islam in Turkey is correlated with the characteristics of the polity that are broadly undemocratic. Political Islam not only failed to propose a new narrative but produced the so-called New Turkey that displays familiar totalitarian features. The article examines the approaches political Islam used to assert its rule, namely, dewesternization, Islam’s nationalization and instrumentalization, majoritarianism, empowering devout masses, and synergizing with the undemocratic culture.

Şair duygularını anlatmak için bazen ölçünlü dilin dışına çıkıp kural dışı kullanımları tercih eder. Dil kurallarının bozulmaması için standart dil yapısına aykırı olan bu tasarruflar sınırlandırılmış ve bu konuda temel ölçüt, eski Arap şairleri olmuştur. Onların kural dışı kullanımları, şiir zarureti olarak kabul edilirken diğerlerinin tasarrufları laḥn olarak nitelendirilmiştir. Câhiliye şairlerinin dile aykırı tasarruflarının çeşitli şekillerde yorumlandığı bu düşünce, sadece edebiyat alanında değil, diğer disiplinlerde de büyük ölçüde kabul edilmiştir. Böylelikle Câhiliye şiiri zamanla kanonlaşıp (otorite) sorgulanamaz hale gelmiştir. Eski Arap (...) şairlerinin dili kullanırken hata edip etmediklerinin tartışıldığı bu çalışmada Câhiliye dönemi şairlerinin standart dil kurallarına aykırı kullanımlarına dikkat çekilip bunların laḥn olduğu öne sürülmektedir. Bu doğrultuda çalışmanın girişinde istişhâd edilen Arap şiirinin sınırları belirlenecek, birinci bölümde ise kanon kavramı ve Câhiliye şiiri üzerinde durulacaktır. Akabinde ise Câhiliye şairlerinin yaptığı bazı dil hataları ve sonraki dönem edebiyat münekkitlerinin bunları savunmak için ortaya koydukları zorlama yorumlar tartışılacaktır. (shrink)

Verbal learning and memory summaries of older adults have usually been used to describe neuropsychiatric complaints. Bayesian hierarchical models are modern and appropriate approaches for predicting repeated measures data where information exchangeability is considered and a violation of the independence assumption in classical statistics. Such models are complex models for clustered data that account for distributions of hyper-parameters for fixed-term parameters in Bayesian computations. Repeated measures are inherently clustered and typically occur in clinical trials, education, cognitive psychology, and treatment follow-up. (...) The Hopkins Verbal Learning Test is a general verbal knowledge and memory assessment administered repeatedly as part of a neurophysiological experiment to examine an individual’s performance outcomes at different time points. Multiple trial-based scores of verbal learning and memory tests were considered as an outcome measurement. In this article, we attempted to evaluate the predicting effect of individual characteristics in considering within and between-group variations by fitting various Bayesian hierarchical models via the hybrid Hamiltonian Monte Carlo under the Bayesian Regression Models using ‘Stan’ package of R. Comparisons of the fitted models were done using leave-one-out information criteria, Widely applicable information criterion, and K-fold cross-validation methods. The full hierarchical model with varying intercepts and slopes had the best predictive performance for verbal learning tests [from the Advanced Cognitive Training for Independent and Vital Elderly study dataset] using the hybrid Hamiltonian-Markov Chain Monte Carlo approach. (shrink)

In synthetic aperture radar image segmentation field, regional algorithms have shown great potential for image segmentation. The SAR images have a multiplicity of complex texture, which are difficult to be divided as a whole. Existing algorithm may cause mixed super-pixels with different labels due to speckle noise. This study presents the technique based on organization evolution algorithm to improve ISODATA in pixels. This approach effectively filters out the useless local information and successfully introduces the effective information. To verify the accuracy (...) of OEA-ISO data algorithm, the segmentation effect of this algorithm is tested on SAR image and compared with other techniques. The results demonstrate that the OEA-ISO data algorithm is 10.16% more accurate than the WIPFCM algorithm, 23% more accurate than the K-means algorithm, and 27.14% more accurate than the fuzzy C-means algorithm in the light-colored farmland category. It can be seen that the OEA-ISO data algorithm introduces the pixel block strategy, which successfully reduces the noise interference in the image, and the effect is more obvious when the image background is complex. (shrink)