In many cells, a nitric oxide (NO) synthase inducible by immunological stimuli produces a sustained flow of NO that lasts a long time. NO is a short‐lived molecule but it is a diffusibel ligand believed to be capable of reaching distal target sites. Further, several lines of evidence indicate that cysteine‐rich motifs of metal‐binding proteins, as well as redox‐sensitive metal clusters of metalloproteins, are natural sensors of bioradicals like NO. In metalloregulatory proteins, metals are often conveniently located at binding sites (...) and bound to cysteine residues. Accordingly, disruption of the metal‐thiolate polymetallic clusters should trigger significant remodelling of the protein structure involved in regulation. We can therefore postulate that the nitrosation reaction occurring at metal centres or cysteine‐rich motifs will preclude correct binding to regulatory sites. Several examples are given of metalloregulatory proteins whose metal is bound to thiols and may then become sensitive to NO. Recent observations indicate that in response to NO synthesis, iron regulatory protein, a eukaryotic bifunctional [Fe‐S] protein, switches from acting as aconitase to being an RNA‐binding regulator, and we suggest that the interplay between NO or a NO‐derived molecule and metal clusters at critical allosteric sites may be a crucial component of the cellular response to environmental stress. (shrink)

Cécile Fabre draws back the curtain on the ethics of espionage and counterintelligence. In a book rich with historical examples she argues that spying is only justified to protect against ongoing violations of fundamental rights. Blackmail, bribery, mass surveillance, cyberespionage, treason, and other nefarious activities are considered.

1. La philosophie politique contemporaine : en français et en anglais François Boucher (FB) : Votre travail semble habité par une volonté d'établir des ponts entre la pensée politique française et anglo-américaine. Cette volonté est déjà visible dans votre ouvrage de 2000, Pluralist Thought and the State in Britain and France (1900-1925), qui compare les penseurs pluralistes du début XXe en France et en Angleterre. Elle est également au cœur de Critical Republicanism, The Hijab Controversy an...

Christophe Bouton's Time and Freedom addresses the problem of the relationship between time and freedom as a matter of practical philosophy, examining how the individual lives time and how her freedom is effective in time. Bouton first charts the history of modern philosophy's reengagement with the Aristotelian debate about future contingents, beginning with Leibniz. While Kant, Husserl, and their followers would engage time through theories of knowledge, Schopenhauer, Schelling, Kierkegaard, and, Heidegger, Sartre, and Levinas applied a phenomenological and (...) existential methodology to time, but faced a problem of the temporality of human freedom. Bouton's is the first major work of its kind since Bergson's Time and Free Will, and Bouton's "mystery of the future," in which the individual has freedom within the shifting bounds dictated by time, charts a new direction. (shrink)

In his recent Rescuing Justice and Equality, G. A. Cohen mounts a sustained critique of coerced labour, against the background of a radical egalitarian conception of distributive justice. In this article, I argue that Cohenian egalitarians are committed to holding the talented under a moral duty to choose socially useful work for the sake of the less fortunate. As I also show, Cohen's arguments against coerced labour fail, particularly in the light of his commitment to coercive taxation. In the course (...) of defending those claims, I claim that Cohen's remarks on freedom of occupational choice and taxation exhibit partiality towards the interests of the better-off to the detriment of the less fortunate – a partiality which is in tension with his commitment to equality. (shrink)

Liberal societies conventionally treat religion as unique under the law, requiring both special protection and special containment. But recently this idea that religion requires a legal exception has come under fire from those who argue that religion is no different from any other conception of the good, and the state should treat all such conceptions according to principles of neutrality and equal liberty. Cécile Laborde agrees with much of this liberal egalitarian critique, but she argues that a simple analogy (...) between the good and religion misrepresents the complex relationships among religion, law, and the state. Religion serves as more than a statement of belief about what is true, or a code of moral and ethical conduct. It also refers to comprehensive ways of life, political theories of justice, modes of voluntary association, and vulnerable collective identities. Disaggregating religion into its various dimensions, as Laborde does, has two clear advantages. First, it shows greater respect for ethical and social pluralism by ensuring that whatever treatment religion receives from the law, it receives because of features that it shares with nonreligious beliefs, conceptions, and identities. Second, it dispenses with the Western, Christian-inflected conception of religion that liberal political theory relies on, especially in dealing with the issue of separation between religion and state. As a result, Liberalism's Religion offers a novel answer to the question: Can Western theories of secularism and religion be applied more universally in non-Western societies?--. (shrink)

Republicanism and Political Theory is the first book to offer a comprehensive and critical survey of republican political theory. Critically assesses its historical credentials, conceptual coherence, and normative proposals Brings together original contributions from leading international scholars in an interactive way Provides the reader with valuable insight into new debates taking place in republican political theory.

Introduction -- Cosmopolitanism -- Collective self-defense -- Subsistence wars -- Humanitarian intervention -- Commodified wars -- Asymmetrical wars -- Conclusion.

Do we have the right to deny others access to our body? What if this would harm those who need personal services or body parts from us? Ccile Fabre examines the impact that arguments for distributive justice have on the rights we have over ourselves, and on such contentious issues as organ sales, prostitution, and surrogate motherhood.

L'éternité n'est pour Hegel ni une sempiternité, ni un « maintenant » ponctuel figé, encore moins une atemporalité abstraite. Quelle en est dès lors la signification positive ? L'éternité doit se comprendre plutôt comme un présent absolu, un présent total qui dépasse la négativité destructrice du temps naturel et se déploie dans deux domaines : la logique, où l'éternité est la coprésence des moments de l'Idée, et la sphère de l'esprit absolu, en laquelle l'éternité de l'esprit acquiert la dimension de (...) l'historicité, comme l'illustrent notamment l'histoire de la religion et l'histoire de la philosophie. Par cette double compréhension — logique et historique — de l'éternité, Hegel parvient à résoudre le paradoxe de l'historicité de l'esprit absolu et à saisir la possibilité de sa manifestation temporelle. Hegel's conception of eternity should be differenciated from never-ending progress, from the punctual « now » , or even more from an abstract timelessness. Hence what could be the positive meaning of such a notion ? Eternity should rather be understood in terms of an absolute présent, i. e. a total présent superseding the destructive negativity of natural time and spreading out into two fields : the eternity of logics is the co-existence of différent stages in the realm of Idea, and the eternity of the absolute spirit encompasses the dimension of historicity, as may be illustrated in the history of religion and the history of philosophy. Through such a twofold interprétation — i. e.both logical and historical — of eternity, Hegel suceeds in solving the paradox of the historicity of the absolute spirit and in grasping an understanding ofits temporal manifestations. (shrink)

Le procès de l'histoire signifie chez Hegel à la fois que l'histoire est un processus, et qu'elle est un tribunal où l'esprit du monde exerce son droit absolu.

"Dans l'Antiquité grecque et romaine, la voix occupe une place éminente. Phénomène d'abord acoustique, elle se diffracte dans les nombreux domaines où elle est mise en oeuvre : chant, musique, poésie, médecine, philosophie, religion, rhétorique, théâtre. Les dix-huit études de ce volume pluridisciplinaire sont consacrées aux pouvoirs et aux effets de la voix, tels qu'ils sont exposés par la philosophie et la littérature antiques d'Homère à Augustin. Comment les modalités d'émission et de réception des voix sont-elles perçues, comprises et décrites? (...) Comment les textes des Anciens peuvent-ils encore résonner pour nous d'une voix forte?"--Page 4 of cover. (shrink)

Dans l'histoire de la philosophie, la question du temps a été abordée selon deux tendances opposées : le temps de la nature avec Aristote et le temps de la conscience avec Augustin. Ces deux formes irréductibles l'une à l'autre ont vu leur relation se complexifier, notamment avec la théorie de la relativité au début du XXe siècle, puis la mécanique quantique, qui ont bousculé notre perception et compréhension du temps. Cet ouvrage, écrit par des scientifiques et des philosophes, se concentre (...) plus particulièrement sur le concept de " temps naturel ", examiné à la lumière de ses utilisations en sciences, qui semblent remettre en cause son unité. Physique, biologie, sciences cognitives, paléontologie, philosophie sont ici convoquées, chacune de ces disciplines disposant d'instruments spécifiques de mesure et de définition d'échelles de temps. Que nous apprennent-elles sur la " nature du temps ", sur ses propriétés comme la continuité ou l'irréversibilité? Quel statut doit-on donner aux différences entre les échelles utilisées pour observer les phénomènes? Telles sont quelques-unes des questions abordées dans ce livre, nouvelle incursion dans les mystères du temps. (shrink)

À partir des données quantitatives et qualitatives tirées de l’enquête La vie en confinement, cet article analyse les effets du confinement du printemps 2020 en France dans une perspective de genre en questionnant les temporalités, leurs usages et leur articulation au sein des familles. La fermeture des institutions, la cessation d’activité des professionnel.le.s mobilisé.e.s en temps ordinaire et l’assignation à résidence ont entraîné une intensification du travail de care au sein des familles qui a tout particulièrement préoccupé et occupé les (...) répondantes à l’enquête. L’articulation des sphères d’activité s’est retrouvée mise tout particulièrement à l’épreuve pendant cette période au cours de laquelle il a fallu, pour de nombreuses enquêtées, tenter de continuer à articuler ce qui était imbriqué. L’extrême « porosité » des temporalités induite par le confinement a pu se révéler genrée et entraîner une forte diminution des espaces-temps restaurateurs ordinaires, indispensables à la reconstitution des capacités de care. (shrink)

L'entrée au Panthéon, le 27 mai 2015, de quatre personnalités de la Seconde Guerre mondiale, à parité entre les hommes et les femmes, devait signifier, aux yeux du Président de la République François Hollande, un changement notable dans la mise en scène de ce rituel républicain. À bien y regarder, cette forme d'innovation semble se heurter aux réalités de parcours bien plus complexes... Difficilement réductibles, en tout cas, à la trilogie traditionnelle, à laquelle il conviendrait d'ajouter...

Practical Knowledge, Science and Disasters. The History of Social Science Disaster Research, 1949–1979. During the second half of the twentieth century several US-American social science “disaster research groups” conducted field studies after earthquakes, factory explosions and “racial riots”. Their aim was to provide practical knowledge that could be applied in the planning and managing of future disasters of both peace- and wartime nature. In this paper, I will elaborate on how this research goal conflicted with some scientists’ aspirations to develop (...) more theoretical knowledge and their own ideals of “scientificity”. I will also show how the generated research results came to be ‘impractical knowledge’, which was difficult or impossible to apply. Furthermore this paper analyzes the scientific practices that were involved at different stages of the knowledge production process and contributed to disaster research's ‘precarious’ character. (shrink)

Comme une locomotive lancée à toute allure qui aurait perdu son conducteur, l’histoire des sociétés occidentales se caractériserait, à partir du milieu du xviiie siècle, par une accélération exponentielle qui serait devenue hors de contrôle. On a là une vision de la modernité dont Hartmut Rosa est le représentant le plus connu et qui est aujourd’hui largement partagée.Durant ces dernières décennies, les effets destructeurs de l’activité humaine sur la planète ont augmenté à une vitesse spectaculaire. Mais une sorte d’inversion apparaît (...) : la Nature, vue jadis comme lieu de la répétition, se trouve historicisée et même précipitée vers une fin, tandis que l’Histoire, lieu même du changement, semble étrangement stagnante.Associant étroitement histoire des concepts et réflexion sur la modernité, Christophe Bouton invite à une évaluation critique de ce récit de « l’accélération de l’histoire ». Qui sont ses défenseurs? Quelles sont les significations qu’elle revêt dans ses divers usages théoriques, pratiques et politiques? Vivons-nous vraiment à l’ère de l’accélération généralisée? Ne faut-il pas plutôt varier les perspectives en étant attentifs à d’autres expériences du temps historique, comme le souci du passé ou l’esprit de l’utopie, qui résistent à cette tendance de fond? (shrink)

In this paper, I provide a compositional semantics for sentences with enough and too followed by a to-infinitive clause and for resultative constructions with so... that within the framework of possible world semantics. It is proposed that the sentential complement of these constructions denotes an incomplete conditional and is explicitly or implicitly modalized, as if it were the consequent of a complete conditional. Enough, too, and so are quantifiers that relate an extent predicate and the incomplete conditional (expressed by the (...) sentential complement) and are interpreted as comparisons between two extents. The first extent is the maximal extent that satisfies the extent predicate. The second extent is the minimal or maximal extent of a set of extents that satisfy the (hidden) conditional, where the sentential complement supplies the consequent and the main clause the antecedent. This approach permits to predict (a) the context-dependent interpretation of these constructions and (b) the duality relations between the degree words. (shrink)

The first comprehensive analysis of the philosophical issues raised by the hijab controversy in France, this book also conducts a dialogue between contemporary Anglo-American and French political theory and defends a progressive republican solution to so-called multicultural conflicts in contemporary societies. It critically assesses the official republican philosophy of laïcité which purported to justify the 2004 ban on religious signs in schools. Laïcité is shown to encompass a comprehensive theory of republican citizenship, centered on three ideals: equality (secular neutrality of (...) the public sphere), liberty (individual autonomy and emancipation) and fraternity (civic loyalty to the community of citizens). Challenging official interpretations of laïcité, the book then puts forward a critical republicanism which does not support the hijab ban, yet upholds a revised interpretation of three central republican commitments: secularism, non-domination and civic solidarity. Thus, it articulates a version of secularism which squarely addresses the problem of status quo bias - the fact that Western societies are historically not neutral towards all religions. It also defends a vision of female emancipation which rejects the coercive paternalism inherent in the regulation of religious dress, yet does not leave individuals unaided in the face of religious and secular, patriarchal and ethnocentric domination. Finally, the book outlines a theory of immigrant integration which places the burden of civic integration on basic socio-political institutions, rather than on citizens themselves. Critical republicanism proposes an entirely new approach to the management of religious and cultural pluralism, centred on the pursuit of the progressive ideal of non-domination in existing, non-ideal societies. (shrink)

The republican tradition seems to have a blind spot about global justice. It has had little to say about pressing international issues such as world poverty or global inequalities. According to the old, if apocryphal, adage: extra rempublicam nulla justitia. Some may doubt that distributive justice (as opposed to freedom or citizenship) is the primary virtue of republican institutions; and at any rate most would agree that republican values have traditionally been realized in the polis not in the (oxymoronic) cosmopolis. (...) The article sketches a republican account of global non-domination which suggests that duties of distributive justice are not bounded to the institutions of a single society. In particular, it argues that republicans have good reasons to seek to curb those global inequalities which underpin what I call capability-denying domination. (shrink)

In this paper, I would like to show that Koselleck’s thesis on the dissolution of the topos historia magistra vitae in modernity is open to certain objections, to the extent that one finds in modernity a number of practical conceptions of history which are “useful for life”. My own thesis is that the topos of history as the “Guide to Life” is not so much dissolved as rather transformed with modernity, and in a sense which has to be specified. This (...) point of view will be defended with reference to European authors of the nineteenth century, though I will add some observations on the twentieth century in the last part of the paper. (shrink)

Many believe that agent-centred considerations, unlike agent-neutral reasons, cannot show that victims have the right to kill their attackers in self-defence, let alone establish that rescuers have the right to come to their help. In this paper, I argue that the right to kill in self- or other-defence is best supported by a hybrid set of reasons. In particular, agent-centred considerations account for the plausible intuition that victims have a special stake, which other parties lack, in being to thwart the (...) attackers. That special stake plays an important part justifying victims' right to obtain help, and rescuers' right to give it. (shrink)

This article explores the possible convergence between the capabilities approach and utilitarianism to specify CSR. It defends the idea that this key issue is related to the anthropological perspective that underpins both theories and demonstrates that a relational conception of individual freedoms and rights present in both traditions gives adequate criteria for CSR toward the company's stakeholders. I therefore defend "relational capability" as a means of providing a common paradigm, a shared vision of a core component of human development. This (...) could further lead to a set of indicators aimed at assessing corporate social performance as the maximization of the relational capability of people impacted by the activities of companies. In particular, I suggest a way of evaluating the contribution of extractive companies to the communities close to their industrial sites in extremely poor areas, not from the viewpoint of material resources and growth, but from the viewpoint of the quality of the social environment and empowerment. (shrink)

One of the starting points of Derrida’s deconstruction is the idea that metaphysics is dominated by an ontological primacy of the present. It is well known that Derrida took up this thesis of the ‘...

The filamentous and branched thallus of Antithamnion plumula is constitued of two different kinds of branches with apical growth: the cladomial axes with a continuous or indefinite growth, and the pleuridia with a limited growth. The size of the pleuridia depends on their position with respect to the lateral cladomial axes.The growth kinetics of 35 pleuridia were analysed using Nelder's generalized logistics. Each sigmoidal curve, which was divided into four growth stages from the instantaneous acceleration variations, was thus characterized by (...) ten kinetic parameters: lengths at the time of the changes in growth stage, durations of the growth stages and maximum growth rate. (shrink)

Résumé — Cette étude se propose de poser la question de la source ou de l’origine du temps. Son fil conducteur est la célèbre définition heideggérienne de la temporalité dans le § 65 d’être et temps : la temporalité, c’est-à-dire le temps originaire, est « l’Ckstatikpn sans réserves ». Il s’agit, dès lors : 1 / d’expliciter les significations de la notion d’ekstase à l’aide d’autres concepts qui lui sont liés ; et 2 / de confronter l’ekstase de la temporalité (...) avec l’Ckstatikpn du temps physique chez Aristote, qui avait employé dans sa Physique le même terme mais en un sens opposé. De l’opposition entre temps destructeur de la nature et temporalité authentique du Dasein découle une nouvelle conception de la liberté humaine, comprise comme alternative entre ces deux figures du temps. En vertu de cette liberté, on peut dire que l’homme se tient à la source du temps, sans être lui-même la source du temps. (shrink)

Le langage est le lieu de tous les possibles et de tous les impossibles. Par le langage l'homme exprime la realite, la depasse et la nie au niveau de l'imaginaire. Par quels chemins a-t-il pris conscience de ce pouvoir des mots sur les choses, sur son intelligence et sur sa sensibilite? La theorie de la signification s'est d'abord construite a partir d'une presupposition selon laquelle les mots postulent les choses. Mais le sens d'un enonce se revele bien souvent a partir (...) de la negation d'une telle relation, car l'usage que l'homme fait de son langage repose frequemment sur la liberte qu'il experimente a partir des mots de recreer un imaginaire qui s'oppose aux donnees du reel. C'est dans l'espace historique et dans celui, actuel, des theories linguistiques qu'il convient de proposer une interpretation des relations complexes de l'homme avec son langage. Le probleme du sens est actuellement au cur des preoccupations de la linguistique. Cet ouvrage de reflexion s'efforce d'eclairer le probleme du sens a la fois dans ses aspects diachroniques et synchroniques, tout en faisant siens les cadres theoriques herites de Saussure et de Guillaume. La demarche suivie bouscule bien des barrieres et se limite volontairement a l'esquisse d'une theorie de la signification integrant les dimensions convergentes d'une systematique de la langue, de la pragmatique du discours et d'une ontogenie du sens qui se construit d'abord dans le champ clos de toute conscience individuelle. La cle de toute theorie linguistique, depassant la langue saisie comme un objet, se trouve dans une approche neurolinguistique qui replace le sujet parlant au cur du debat. Si cet ouvrage heurte quelques principes et peut susciter de violentes reactions, sinon des contestations, conduisant a poser les problemes sous des jours nouveaux, il aura atteint son but essentiel. (shrink)

The epistemological status of semantic components of ethnosemantics is investigated with reference to Wittgenstein's definition of the meaning of a word as its use in language. Semantic components, like the intension of words in logistic philosophy, constitute the conditions which must pertain to objects in order that they are denoted by particular words. "Componential meaning" is determined to be another form of "unitary meaning" and hence subject to the same critical arguments made by Wittgenstein against the latter's three fundamental types: (...) (1) meanings are objects, (2) meanings are images, and (3) meanings are feelings and mental experiences. A rebuttal to D'Andrade's labeling rule objection to the usage theory of meaning is presented. (shrink)

This paper argues that the self, as both the centre of our identity and the focus of our spiritual life, has not been given enough consideration with regard to the ethics of managers and leaders. Informed by models of self-realisation and the Jungian process of individuation, our discussion suggests that the way we perceive and interpret our self affects our moral behaviour. In particular, integrity of the self fully participates in enhancing servant leadership and consistent ethical practice. We illustrate the (...) argument with comments from various managers on the statement: ‘Being true to your self’. (shrink)

According to the doxastic wrongs thesis, holding certain beliefs about others can be morally wrongful. Beliefs which take the form of stereotypes based on race and gender and which turn out to be false and are negatively valenced are prime candidates for the charge of doxastic wronging: it is no coincidence that most of the cases discussed in the literature involve false beliefs. My aim in this paper is to show that the thesis of doxastic wrongs does not turn on (...) the truth-value or valence of beliefs. (shrink)