Este artículo trata sobre la postura práctica de Aquino ante dos grandes dificultades filosóficas actuales que se encuentran en la base del debate ético contemporáneo. Como son la Is-ought thesis de Hume y la síntesis radical de Moore, la Open question. La posible solución tomista se puede encontrar en la triple función del intelecto humano, teórico y práctico a la vez: a) Aprehender las nociones ontológicas e intelectas ens, verum y bonum; b) Formular los primeros principios teóricos y prácticos; c) (...) E imperar que se haga el bien ontológico e intelecto y se evite lo contrario. (shrink)

This article concerns Aquinas’s practical doctrine on two philosophical difficulties underlying much contemporary ethical debate. One is Hume’s Is-ought thesis and the other is its radical consequence, Moore’s Open-question argument. These ethical paradoxes appear to have their roots in epistemological scepticism and in a deficient anthropology. Possible response to them can be found in that Aquinas’s human intellect (essentially theoretical and practical at the same time) naturally performs three main operations: 1º) To apprehend the intellecta and universal notions ens, verum (...) and bonum. 2º) To formulate the first theoretical and practical principles. 3º) To order that the intellectum and universal good be done and the opposite avoided. Thomistic philosophical response to both predicaments will not be exclusively ethical, but will harmonically embrace ontology, anthropology and epistemology. (shrink)

Este artículo académico trata sobre cómo Aquino entendía: a) la aprehensión de las primeras nociones intelectas universales: ens, verum et bonum simpliciter; b) la fructificación de los primeros preceptos y de los segundos preceptos prácticos en la persona genuinamente humana o racional; c) la ética, ley moral natural, como esencialmente derivada de la ontología. Ens compuesto de naturaleza humana, entendida metafísicamente y acto del ser, ordenado al bonum; d) por tanto, la ley natural solo tiene sentido desde una visión metafísica, (...) no meramente física o material. (shrink)

Este artículo se refiere a la doctrina práctica de Aquino sobre dos dificultades filosóficas que subyacen en gran parte del debate ético contemporáneo. Una es la Is-ought thesis de Hume y la otra es su consecuencia radical la Open-question argument de Moore. Estas paradojas éticas parecen tener sus raíces en un scepticismo epistemológico y en una antropología deficiente. La posible respuesta a ellas se puede encontrar en que: a) Tomás de Aquino defiende la esencial racionalidad y unidad del ser humano; (...) b) La ley natural tomista es una consecuencia natural del ser racional; c) La razón humana es esencialmente teórica y práctica al mismotiempo. El intelecto humano de Aquino naturalmente realiza tres operaciones principales: 1º) Aprehender las nociones inteligidas y universales ens, verum y bonum. 2º) Formular los primeros principios teóricos y prácticos. 3º) Ordenar que se haga el bien inteligido y universal y se evite lo contrario. Por estas razones,la respuesta filosófica de Aquino a ambas dificultades no es exclusivamente ética, sino que abarca armónicamente la ontología, antropología y epistemología. La ética de Tomás de Aquino es fundamentalmente diferente de las éticas que califican las acciones como buenas o por mero consenso social (contractualismo) o simplemente calculando sus consecuencias (consecuencialismo). (shrink)

This article explains how Aquinas understood: a) apprehension of the first intellectual concepts ens, verum et bonum simpliciter; b)establishment of the first and second commandments of natural law in a person, genuinely human or rational; and c) ethics as essentially derived from ontology.Metaphysically understood, Ens is a compound of human nature and act of being; d) therefore, natural law only makes sense from a metaphysical point of view, not a physical or material one.

This article explains how Aquinas understood: a) apprehension of the first intellectual concepts: ens, verum et bonum simpliciter (Ens is understood metaphysically as composed of human nature and the act of being, ordered according to the bonum); b) establishment of the first and the second practical commandments in a genuinely human or rational person; c) ethics and natural law as essentially derived from ontology. Therefore, natural law only makes sense from a metaphysical point of view, not merely a physical or (...) material one. (shrink)

Artistic images, of a universal nature and validated by global culture, are carriers of an emotional potential that can be used for therapeutic purposes in cultural centers as well as in clinical spaces. Esthetic studies reveal the mobilizing power in their contemplation and the capacity to bring out personal stories with healing potential. The general objective of this paper is to design and validate the PROJECTA instrument, consisting of the therapeutic use of artistic images to approach trauma or difficult conditions (...) in therapy, by means of the association between art images and emotions, feelings or states of mind related with a traumatic experience. A mixed approach of investigation with a concurrent triangulation design has been used for the integration of qualitative and quantitative results, where qualitative research outweighs quantitative, but both have been QUAL → quan sequentially developed. The study was carried out in two phases. The first was a systematic review of the literature. The second, divided into five steps, consisted of the validation of artworks and the associated emotions with the participation of students, experts in art therapy, psychologists and educators through focus groups, interviews and an online questionnaire. The analysis techniques were qualitative and quantitative. A set of 220 artistic images linked to emotional states were proposed by experts in education, psychology and art therapy, and validated through an online questionnaire. The respondents included 228 students and professionals and for 64.55% of these images a consensus of over 80% was obtained. These images and their associated emotions were again reviewed by a confirmatory focus group. Finally, 92 artistic works were linked to primary, secondary and tertiary emotions such as love, joy, victory, surprise, balance, sense of humor, anger, sadness, fear, and emptiness. In addition, there are mobilizing images that have not been related to any emotion because of the polysemy of their meanings. It concludes that PROJECTA is a visual art therapy tool that provides professionals with a resource that helps facilitate the identification, expression or demonstration of emotions or feelings related with trauma, and in challenging situations of vulnerability, psychological discomfort or post-traumatic stress. (shrink)

O caráter comunitário da filosofia de Aristóteles resulta das diversas formas de análise da política que o filósofo apresenta na articulação dos seguintes aspectos: a tese de que o ser humano é um animal político; o modo como esta é realizada na comunidade política, na qual o logos se manifesta como atividade discursiva compartilhada; o cultivo de determinadas virtudes ético-políticas presentes na convivência humana, sobretudo, a amizade; a autossuficiência do cidadão e o seu vínculo com a autarquia da comunidade política. (...) A retomada de um moderno conceito de comunidade, na tentativa de reatualizar os princípios gerais do comunitarismo aristotélico, pode ser compatível com determinadas teses liberais, sobretudo a questão da liberdade (autonomia) individual e o fato do pluralismo ético e político nas sociedades modernas. The communal nature of Aristotle's philosophy results from the various forms of analysis of the politics the philosopher shows in the articulation of the following features: the thesis that man is a political animal; the way the political community is accomplished through this thesis, in which the logos itself manifests as a shared discoursive activity; the cultivation of certain ethical and political virtues present in the human companionship, above all, friendship; citizen self-sufficiency and its relationship with the autarchy of the political community. In an attempt to bring up to date the general principles of Aristotelian communitarianism, the resumption of a modern concept of community can be compatible with certain liberal theses, especially the issue of individual freedom (autonomy) and the fact of the ethical and political pluralism in the modern societies. (shrink)

This text examines the determining characteristics of Descartes' methodological way of thinking. The first concerns the little importance Descartes attributed to the demonstrative expedient and its absorption into acquiring knowledge. The second is that the Cartesian method is resolutive rather than deductive, with knowledge generated by solving difficulties and problems. The third refers to the constitutive stages of resolution, summarized by the operations of analysis and construction. The fourth relates to Descartes' use of the unknown so that an epistemic structure (...) commanded by it generates knowledge. The fifth characteristic is that the method can be universalized, not only because of reason's unique way of operating but also because construction and resolution acquire determinations that can be adapted to the nature of the objects and the particularity of each domain. (shrink)

Diseñar experiencias de aprendizaje se convirtió en el gran desafío de los educadores en muchos puntos de la geografía tanto colombiana como de otros países, y que además de cumplir con los contenidos exigidos por los planes curriculares fueran memorables o que propiciaran anclajes de gratificación en los estudiantes. Por ello, el siguiente documento tiene como objetivo presentar las características del modelo que se ha denominado DEMA -Diseño de Experiencias Memorables de Aprendizaje- como contribución y reflexión de las prácticas educativas (...) tanto análogas como digitales que se construyen en los contextos educativos. (shrink)

No artigo A Negação Fregeana do Número 2 (2008), Greimann argumenta que a negação fregeana do número 2, presente no final do sexto parágrafo de Grundgesetze (1893, 1903), não envolve nenhum absurdo ainda que, segundo ele, seja uma negação do número 2 como um termo singular. Meu ponto aqui é mostrar que, na passagem em questão, Frege não necessariamente nega o número 2 como um termo singular, mas apenas exemplifica a possibilidade de se negar o emprego do número 2 como (...) uma classificação de outro objeto numa sentença falsa. (shrink)

O artigo se propõe a cumprir dois objetivos: a) avaliar em que sentido podemos atribuir autossuficiência aos famosos quatro preceitos metodológicos da Segunda Parte do Discurso do Método; b) propor uma leitura destes preceitos que considere seu entorno, as outras obras metodológicas e o pensamento cartesiano como um todo, mas, principalmente, que reavalie elementos metodológicos tanto pouco quanto excessivamente valorizados. As conclusões correspondentes mais importantes são: (1) os quatro preceitos do Discurso contêm a totalidade do método, mas apenas de uma (...) forma condensada; e, como tais, eles não são autocompreensíveis; 2) uma boa compreensão do método deve englobar outros textos (a começar pelos que compuseram a publicação de 1637), mas principalmente deve calibrar o peso de cada preceito em razão de sua função e do que lhe é atribuído executar, sendo o segundo o mais depreciado dentre eles. (shrink)

Joining the university context in the middle of the 19th century, Philology served as a comprehensive basis for what nowadays is meant by literary and linguistic studies. Depending on the specialization tendency that would settle down in the academic context, each of these areas followed separate or even divergent paths, losing, to a great extent, the contact with its initial basis. Despite this state of affairs, Philology has displayed a strong capacity of resistance, maintaining its traditional dimension active or going (...) through metamorphoses that resulted from the incorporation of new technologies, as well as from the epistemological adjustment that enabled it to overcome its first positivist stages. Trying to find a new place inside the general framework of Social Sciences and Humanities, literary studies need to recover its order and credibility, two factors that the new face of Philology can inspire. The present study aims at reconstructing the most recent trajectory undergone by this field of research and education, by identifying a space of reconnection that already seems to be adequate and beneficial. (shrink)

A partir de una discusión sobre el concepto de pobreza desde la perspectiva de las necesidades, absoluta y relativa, y su satisfacción, se exponen estrategias metodológicas y alternativas para su medición. Considerando zonas espaciales, se estima la pobreza territorial para las delegaciones del Distrito Federal sincrónica y diacrónicamente en el periodo 2000-2040. Se hace uso del método de ESNBI a fin de comparar espacios territoriales demarcados por una división política, lo cual se desarrolla a través de variables de Necesidades Básicas (...) o variables directas y un indicador de feminización de la pobreza. A las variables seleccionadas se les da un tratamiento con base en el Método de Componentes Principales que da como resultado un índice de pobreza. (shrink)

El presente trabajo busca responder cómo se plantearon la cuestión de la representación política aquellos autores a quienes se considera como las fuentes del pensamiento y la teoría política modernos’ atendiendo por un lado a que actualmente la representación se encuentra vinculada con elecciones libres y democracia, que carecían de existencia real cuando ellos escribieron; y por otro lado, que al poner el consentimiento de los individuos como base de la legitimidad política, necesariamente debieron enfrentar el problema de la representación (...) política. El artículo hace un breve esbozo de los rasgos que definen la novedad que representó la teoría del contrato en relación con el pensamiento filosófico político precedente, y luego se examina el problema de la representación en algunos autores seleccionados, para terminar con algunas reflexiones sobre el valor y presencia de sus contribuciones en la actualidad. (shrink)

Los patios interiores de la democracia de Norbert Lechnerademás de los contenidos específicos de cada artículo que convocan con inteligencia a la reflexión y al estudio de temas particulares actuales –la revolución, la democracia, la vida cotidiana, el realismo político, el miedo, la cultura posmoderna, etc–, es sugerente a lo menos en tres aspectos generales: el primero, tiene que ver con el discernimiento de la «situación epistemológica» del investigador contemporáneo latinoamericano despué..

Este trabajo examina el Contrato social de Rousseau como exposición de los principios de derecho político de la “república legítima” (Estado), que están en la base de la comprensión de los cuerpos políticos modernos. Tomando en cuenta el campo agonístico de la teoría del contrato y de la tradición republicana en que se inserta, el interés recae en la identificación y sistematización de los principios formales que subyacen a su concepción de la república como un todo compuesto y complejo, así (...) como al enunciado de sus principios constitutivos. A partir de ello, el artículo identifica el modelo de la república en estado de equilibrio, que le permite dar el paso para el desarrollo de su teoría sobre el funcionamiento del Estado y el papel del gobierno. (shrink)

Este trabajo trata de los planteamientos sobre el funcionamiento del Estado y el papel del gobierno que Rousseau presenta en el Contrato Social. Primero se resume la perspectiva teórica del autor, según la cual la república puede verse como un todo compuesto y complejo, para luego examinar el papel del ambiente natural y humano en que ella se instituye, tanto respecto de su funcionamiento como del comportamiento del gobierno. A continuación se sistematizan sus hipótesis teóricas –de orden más bien sociológico– (...) sobre los determinantes del funcionamiento de la república y del gobierno. En las conclusiones se argumenta sobre la importancia de la teoría de Rousseau para el establecimiento de una perspectiva sociológica en el estudio del orden político. (shrink)

Se presenta un breve y sintético recorrido de la producción teórica publicada de Amartya Sen y algunos textos clásicos que acompañan la fundación del campo del desarrollo Humano. La intención es mostrar el proceso de su pensamiento y la diversidad de temas que plantea. El supuesto es que Sen expresa sintéticamente la complejidad del campo.

Editorial: Crisis and emancipation on the horizon of non-religious spiritualities. Horizonte, v. 12, n. 35, Jul./Sept. 2014.

Markus Gabriel's pluralism and Graham Priest's monism can be considered new forms of skepticism in contemporary philosophy. Gabriel considers 'emptiness' and Priest 'nothingness' as safe havens for logic and philosophy. Similarly, traditional skeptics also considered nothing secure. Furthermore, we can also observe in this book that both Priest and Gabriel present quite eloquent theories, even though they still lack more substantial proofs, much like many important theories in philosophy, such as Leibniz's monadology.

No livro “As vozes da igualdade” (“Las voces de la igualdad. Bases para una teoría crítica de la justicia”. Ed. Proteus, 2010. 288 páginas – Ainda sem tradução para o português), o Prof. Dr. Gustavo Pereira, da Universidad de la Republica, Uruguai, procura analisar estas questões investigando as principais teorias de justiça contemporâneas que pretendem respondê-las e apresenta sua proposta de um caminho para a fundamentação de uma teoria crítica de justiça renovada, mais abrangente, que ofereça meios mais adequados e (...) eficazes para promover a justiça social e desenvolver as capacidades humanas necessárias para a construção de uma “eticidade democrática”. (shrink)

Seekers know that they will search all their lives not only for what they have lost, but above all for what they do not yet know and that they are not even sure exists. Augusto Cavadi, to whom this book is dedicated on his 70th birthday, is an indomitable seeker. For this reason a group of friends and colleagues wrote these collected testimonies, reflections, ideas and suggestions inspired by his writings and his life as an anti-academic philosopher without a (...) tie--Translated from back cover. (shrink)

El objetivo de este texto es determinar las formas como se ha constituido el campo de la educación en Colombia, en el plano epistemológico. A partir de la identificación de sus principales discontinuidades y rupturas en una perspectiva que privilegia el análisis historiográfico, reflexiono sobre las definiciones que ofrece la categoría de campo, las tendencias investigativas a nivel local y los diversos desdoblamientos epistemológicos que han delineado su devenir como campo de estudio en el contexto nacional. De este modo, propongo (...) la construcción de una suerte de topografía del campo educativo que de luces sobre sus nuevos horizontes de sentido. (shrink)

When considering the value of friendship, most philosophers ignore the negatives. Most assume that humans need friends to flourish, and some argue that friendships can be good, no matter the risks entailed. This makes conversations about the value of friendship one-sided. Here, I argue that Cynics and Pessimists have an important view on friendship, despite it being ignored. They hold that: (a) friendship is unnecessary for flourishing, and (b) friendship presents ethical risks, especially to one’s own self-sufficiency. I defend these (...) views. Then I conclude with reflections on why Cynics and Pessimists actually make great friends. By helping people to focus on vulgar human nature and the flaws that humans have, they create an unpretentious basis for friendship. (shrink)

Selection of Salazar Bondy's works with new critical materials.

This paper is devoted to the mathematical rationale of the Kapitsa's hypothesis about interference nature of the phenomenon known as “ball lightning.” It is shown that (i) there are exact solutions of the free Maxwell equations in vacuum describing closed spherical magnetic surfaces (with a tangential time dependent magnetic field, and without an electric field) and (ii) ring-like formations with tangential time-dependent electric field (and with a zero magnetic field everywhere on the ring). It is concluded that the form of (...) these spheres and rings does not suffer changes with time. (shrink)

The symbols of the Feminine throughout the dystopian novel The Handmaid’s Tale are the object of study of the article. It is argued that feminine symbology is a unifying thread that makes possible an analysis of the main features of dystopian societies and the possibility of a critical dystopia. The category of analysis is the symbol understood from the perspective of Ricoeur’s hermeneutics of symbols, which proposes that the understanding of a text should be based on what they pretend to (...) say. Therefore, the symbols of the Feminine make possible the resistance within dystopian regimes, and without resistance there is no dystopia. As a result, it is possible through the symbols of the Feminine to interpret the main features of dystopias and, particularly, to develop the possibility of a feminist critical dystopia. (shrink)

En este breve comentario discuto algunos aspectos de la interpretación de la epistemología de Davidson que sugiere Willian Duica en su reciente libro. Luego de una presentación somera del libro me centro en tres asuntos centrales de la interpretación de Duica. En primer lugar, argumento que su lectura de la crítica de Davidson al dualismo esquema/contenido es muy restrictiva y deja abierta la posibilidad de un realismo directo empirista. En segundo lugar, argumento que en su lectura el propio Duica se (...) compromete inadvertidamente con un empirismo de este tipo y, de este modo, su interpretación entra en tensión con el coherentismo de Davidson. Finalmente, discuto algunos aspectos de la interpretación que hace Duica de la tesis davidsoniana de la triangulación. In this short comment I discuss some aspects of William Duica's interpretation of Davidson's epistemology in a recent book. After a brief review of the book, I focus on three central issues of Duica's interpretation. First, I argue that his reading of Davidson's criticism of the scheme/content dualism is too restrictive and leaves open the possibility of an empiricist direct realism. Second, I argue in his reading Duica inadvertently commits himself to an empiricism of this sort and, as a result, his interpretation is in tension with Davidson's own coherentism. Finally, I discuss some aspects of Duica's interpretation of Davidsonian triangulation. (shrink)