W kontekście wielości pojęć osoby i ich znaczenia dla sposobu organizowania przez człowieka życia jednostkowego i społecznego, sprawą kluczową jest zwrot w kierunku realistycznego pojęcia osoby. W niniejszym studium przeprowadzono krytyczną analizę kilku wybranych relacjonalnych koncepcji osoby z pozycji tomizmu egzystencjalnego. W efekcie przeprowadzonej analizy potwierdzono założoną hipotezę, iż wybrane relacjonalne koncepcje osoby mają charakter aprioryczny, jednakże tylko w odniesieniu do istoty osoby. Studium odpowiada na pytanie, dlaczego analizowane koncepcje nie wyjaśniają samej istoty realnej osoby ludzkiej, a tylko wskazują na (...) jej cechy rozpoznawcze, opisując egzystencję i drogi spełniania się osoby. In search of a realistic concept of person In the context of the multiplicity of concepts of the person and their importance for the way in which man organizes his individual and social life, a turn toward a realistic concept of the person is crucial. In this study, a critical analysis of several selected relational concepts of the person from the position of existential Thomism is carried out. As a result of the analysis, the assumed hypothesis was confirmed that the selected relational conceptions of the person are a priori, however, only with regard to the essence of the person. The study answers the question of why the analysed concepts do not explain the very essence of the real human person, but only point to its identifying features, describing the existence and ways of fulfilment of person. (shrink)

In introductory logic courses the authors often limit their considerations to the truth-value operators. Then they write that conditionals and biconditionals of natural language ("if" and "if and only if") may be represented as material implications and equivalences ("⊃" and "≡"), respectively. Yet material implications are not suitable for conditionals. Lewis' strict implications are much better for this purpose. Similarly, strict equivalences are better for representing biconditionals (than material equivalences). In this paper we prove that the methods from standard first (...) courses in logic can be used for testing arguments with strict implications, strict equivalences and other operators which may represent connectives from natural language. (shrink)

By and large, Inferential Erotetic Logic (IEL, for short) is an approach to the logic of questions which puts in the centre of attention inferential aspects of questioning. IEL is not an enterprise of the last few years only. The idea originates from the late 1980s. It evolved through time. Initially, the stress was put on the phenomenon of question raising. This changed gradually, as some forms of reasoning that involve questions have appeared to be analyzable by means of the (...) conceptual apparatus developed. In this essay I present the basics of IEL and comment on them. Most, though not all, of the ideas discussed here have been scattered across my earlier publications. The invitation from the organizers of the Asking and Answering workshop (Greifswald, September 2020) resulted in an attempt of presenting the themes of IEL in a concise but, as I hope, also comprehensible way. (shrink)

The Author is of the opinion that cultural impact of modern theoretical physics is entirely negative. This is so because modern theoretical physics does not have a consistent view of the world. This is to be compared with the blessing of having a consistent and understandable view of the world, as given, for example, by the mediaeval astronomy and theology.

The article attempts to characterize three key doctrinal controversies in the Carolingian Renaissance, namely: the disputes over the Eucharist, the so-called trina deitas, and predestination. The core of the article is an exposition of the controversy concerning predestination, whose main protagonist is Gottschalk of Orbais. The article discusses four crucial issues related to the problem: (i) the concept of God, (ii) the understanding of grace, nature and free will, (iii) the relation of foreknowledge to predestination, and (iv) the doctrine of (...) redemption, i.e., specifically the relationship betweenjustice and mercy. The article is largely an attempt at an interpretation of the texts of the epoch, mainly those of Gottschalk of Orbais and his adversary, Hincmar of Reims. The conclusions point to difficulties in the issues discussed and outline what attempts at solving this problem have taken place in the coming centuries. (shrink)

This chapter introduces three economic systems related to the ageing population. The silver economy, the creative economy, and the social and solidarity economy, to some extent, correspond to the needs of older people. Moreover, they foster and use the diverse forms of older people’s capital.

Zapis rozmowy z dr. Andrzejem Klimczukiem, adiunktem w Kolegium Ekonomiczno-Społecznym Szkoły Głównej Handlowej w Warszawie; ekspertem z zakresu gerontologii, ekonomii pracy, zarządzania publicznego i polityki społecznej.

Ein Grundbedürfnis der Menschheitsgeschichte ist die Suche nach gemeinsamen ethischen Massstäben. Das Naturrecht hat sich besonders in der christlichen Interpretation zu einem universalen "Wegweiser" in der abendländischen Geistesgeschichte herausgestellt. Es bietet allgemein gültige Handlungsorientierungen. Die gegenwärtige Pluralisierung durch verschiedene normative anthropologische Entwürfe bewirkt eine allgemeine Verunsicherung. Diese globalen Entwicklungen sind der Anlass, das Naturrecht neu zur Geltung zu bringen, um den heutigen ethischen Herausforderungen gerecht zu werden.

Natural Deduction Natural Deduction is a common name for the class of proof systems composed of simple and self-evident inference rules based upon methods of proof and traditional ways of reasoning that have been applied since antiquity in deductive practice. The first formal ND systems were independently constructed in the 1930s by G. Gentzen and S. Jaśkowski and … Continue reading Natural Deduction →.

This note presents a point of view upon the notions of programsubstitution which are the tools for proving properties of programs of algorithmic logics [5], [3] being sufficiently strong and universal to comprise almost all previously introduced theories of programming, and the so-called extended algorithmic logic [1], [2] and algorithmic logic with nondeterministic programs [4]. It appears that the mentioned substitution rule allows us to examine more deeply algorithmic properties of terms, formulas and programs. Besides the problem of Post-completeness and (...) structural completeness of algorithmic logics strengthened additionally by the rule of substitution is raised. (shrink)

The changes brought about in Poland and elsewhere in Europe by the fall of Communism have given rise to hopes for the establishment of a political system differing from the one which had been the fate of these countries. In place of totalitarianism, a new political system is to be created based on the democratic principles of a state under the rule of law. The transformation from totalitarianism to democracy is a process which has not yet been completed in Poland (...) and still requires many efforts to be made before this goal may be achieved. One may also enumerate various pitfalls jeopardising this process even now. The dangers cannot be avoided if their sources and nature are not identified. Attempts to pervert the law and the political system may only be counteracted by legal means if the system based on the abuse of the law has not yet succeeded in establishing itself. Resistance by means of the law only has any real chance of success provided it is directed against attempts to set up a totalitarian system. Once the powers which are hostile to the state bound by the rule of law take over the institutions of the state, such resistance is doomed to failure. (shrink)