Drawing on a half century of scholarship, of Polish studies of Copernicus and Cracow University, and of Copernicus's sources, this book offers a comprehensive re-evaluation of Copernicus's achievement, and explains his commitment to the ...

Moral reasoning typically informs environmental decision-making by measuring the possible outcomes of policies or actions in light of a preferred ethical theory. This method is subject to many problems. Environmental pragmatism tries to overcome them, but it suffers also from some pitfalls. This paper proposes a new method of environmental pragmatism that avoids the problems of both the traditional method of environmental moral reasoning and of the general versions of environmental pragmatism. We call it ‘justificatory moral pluralism’ – it develops (...) the intuition that normative ethical theories need not be mutually exclusive. This leaves room for important forms of pluralist environmental ethics that do not require a once-and-for-all prior commitment to an ethical theory when deciding about policies or courses of action related to the protection of the environment. Justificatory moral pluralism offers a viable solution to the recurrent conflicts between efficient environmental decisions and the need for moral reasoning. (shrink)

O presente artigo objetiva discutir a lógica subjacente ao movimento dialético da figura do Senhor e do Servo. Jean-Pierre Labarrière é quem afirma categoricamente a tese segundo a qual há uma Lógica por trás do movimento da Consciência. Ora, a questão fundamental que se coloca, nesse caso, é: qual a lógica que preside o movimento da consciência para a consciência de si, culminado em sua unidade no momento da Razão? A hipótese aqui perseguida, situando-se na esteira da interpretação de Labarrière, (...) é de que a lógica que se encontra "por trás da consciência", nessa figura da Fenomenologia do Espírito, é a mesma lógica que Hegel apresenta na Doutrina da Essência, na Ciência da Lógica. Para tanto, explicitar as categorias lógicas da Doutrina da Essência e acompanhar o seu desdobramento configuram o objetivo central deste trabalho. This paper aims to discuss the logic that underlies the master-servant dialectic. Jean-Pierre Labarrière categorically claims that there is a logic underlying the movement of the consciousness. The fundamental issue at stake is this: What is the logic that regulates the movement of the consciousness of the self, which culminates in its unity in the moment of reason? The hypothesis advanced here, following Labarrière's suggestions, is that the logic that lies "behind the consciousness" in this figure in Phenomenology of the Mind, is the same logic that Hegel presents in the doctrine of essence in the Science of Logic. The central goal of the present work is to make explicit the logical categories of the doctrine of essence, and to follow their unfolding. (shrink)

A l'occasion du 150e anniversaire de la mort de Soren Aabye Kierkegaard, cette série d'études proposée par le philosophe français André Clair contribue à situer ce penseur danois dans le réseau moderne des philosophies de l'existence. Penseur singulier, mais nullement isolé, Kierkegaard y est ainsi mis en perspective avec d'autres philosophes. Si l'interrogation éthique est privilégiée, les autres aspects d'une œuvre complexe mais unifiée sont également bien présents. De même que les précédents livres d'André Clair sur Kierkegaard, celui-ci (...) se situe dans le contexte des débats internationaux, en insistant toujours à la fois sur l'unité de l'œuvre et sur la singularité de chaque écrit. André Clair poursuit son entreprise philosophique de lecture de grands textes, dans le but notamment de mettre en lumière la manière dont la dimension déontologique de l'éthique doit être rapportée aux enracinements et aux traditions dans lesquels s'inscrivent les fins que poursuit un sujet éthique. (shrink)

John McDowell and Bill Brewer famously defend the view that one can only have empirical beliefs if one’s perceptual experiences serve as reasons for such beliefs, where reasons are understood in terms of subject’s reasons. In this paper I show, first, that it is a consequence of the adoption of such a requirement for one to have empirical beliefs that children as old as 3 years of age have to considered as not having genuine empirical beliefs at all. But we (...) have strong reasons to think that 3-year-old children have empirical beliefs, or so I argue. If this is the case, McDowell and Brewer’s requirement for one to have empirical beliefs faces a strong challenge. After showing this, I propose an alternative requirement for one to have empirical beliefs, and argue that it should be favoured over McDowell and Brewer’s requirement. (shrink)

Neste artigo discutiremos o conceito de experiência [Erfahrung] em Walter Benjamin a partir de seus ensaios entre 1913 e 1936. Partiremos de seus escritos de militância juvenil a respeito da experiência com a intenção de identificarmos uma oposição entre figuras que reivindicam para si a experiência, a saber, o adulto, o que aconselha o jovem a desistir de si mesmo, e o jovem, que se encontra desorientado em razão dessa cisão entre gerações conflitantes, impossibilitando a continuidade da experiência, mesmo que (...) aqui seja compreendida de forma singular. Em seu ensaio sobre a experiência em Kant e nos neokantianos, a definição de experiência deve ser expandida, não deixando de alcançar o ato de contar histórias e de dar conselhos. Nos escritos de 30, consideraremos a abordagem da decadência da experiência (enquanto coletiva e perpassada por gerações), bem como a ascensão da vivência, que se trata de um vínculo isolado com as coisas em geral, restando formas privadas de lidar com a vida, causando desorientação no indivíduo isolado de sua comunidade real. (shrink)

The land has come Into its own. At last it has become the focus of great national problems which until now were evoked most frequently with regard to and for the benefit of cities, or even of metropolitan areas. Its very representation, until very recent ages held to be terribly abstract and reserved to technicians, today belongs to the public domain. Exhibitions bearing titles such as Maps and Illustrations of the Earth (Paris, 1980) or Landscape: Image and Reality (Bologna, 1981) (...) attract as many visitors as an Impressionist retrospective, not only because of the novelty of the theme, the rarity of certain documents or the beauty of most of them, as proven by the success of even more specialized events such as those dedicated to the 1730 Sardinian cadastre in Savoy or to the one of Maria-Theresa in Lombardy (Chambéry and Pavia, 1980). (shrink)

Burge famously argued that one can have thoughts involving a concept C even if one’s understanding of C is incomplete. Even though this view has been extremely influential, it has also been taken by critics as less than clear. The aim of this paper is to show that the cases imagined by Burge as being ones in which incomplete understanding of concepts is involved can be made clearer given an account of direct concept ascriptions—such as “Peter has the concept of (...) arthritis”—according to which these ascriptions are to be analysed in terms of ascriptions of the knowledge of what something is. The upshot is that the cases imagined by Burge can be explained is terms of the idea of subjects knowing in part what something is. (shrink)

Si les relations des Regulae avec leurs sources antiques ou médiévales ont été bien traitées, leur mise en place dans l'environnement immédiat laisse à désirer. Pourquoi n'a-t-on jamais mis ce premier ouvrage de Descartes en relation avec les "Dialectiques" qui font du xvie siècle un "siècle logique"? Une documentation surabondante prouve que ces logiques renaissantes sont tombées dans les oubliettes de l'histoire. De multiples courants rendent très vivant le développement de ces ouvrages consacrés à l'invention, au jugement et à la (...) méthode. Leurs profils deviennent forts apparents à qui les étudie. Or les Regulae, dont le profil typique exige la considération d'autres concepts que celui de méthode, épousent les schèmes conceptuels du ramisme, sans références à d'autres courants. D'où cette étude qui consiste à prendre pour point de référence la Dialectique française de La Ramée et à tendre l'axe critique et spéculatif qui ne cesse d'être tracé entre La Ramée et Descartes. Mais ce n'est pas là seulement une rétrospection créatrice : c'est aussi une nouvelle entrée dans la philosophie cartésienne de "la lumière naturelle". Les œuvres mûres seront à reconsidérer sous cet éclairage. (shrink)

This essay explores the thought of Heidegger and Sartre concerning whether existentialism is conducive to a certain ethics conceived of as a theory of moral conduct. In the Letter on Humanism, Heidegger stresses the importance of a return to the idea of “ethos” as a replacement for the metaphysically conceived “ethics.” Sartre, conversely, in his essay Existentialism is a Humanism outlines an ethics that draws heavily from the philosophical tradition. This paper’s guiding question is whether the study of human existence, (...) given the views of these thinkers, leads to a particular ethics, or whether it suggests something like Heidegger’s return to the ancient Greek notion of “ethos,” that is, morality conceived of as a manner of being. The paper outlines the basic conceptions of human being held by these two thinkers, and shows how their individual conceptions of ethics unfold from these. I explicate and bring these thinkers’ conceptions of ethics into contrast in order to approach an answer to the question of whether existentialism is conducive to an ethics. (shrink)

Le concept logico-métaphysique d¿éminence trouve une abondante illustration dans l¿oeuvre de Descartes. On se doit de l¿interpréter au travers des usages qui en furent connus de l¿auteur des Méditations, que ce soit selon les perspectives créationnistes de Suarez de Salamanca ou de Grégoire de Valencia, que ce soit selon celle, dans l¿acte interne divin, qu¿expose Gibieuf. Les conséquences pour l¿étude du concept de ¿cause de soi¿ en sont considérables aussi bien en métaphysique qu¿en physique.