Ecotheology involves the fundamental awareness of local communities and their social solidarity to protect the sustainability of nature. Therefore, it is critical to address problems in nature caused by increasing tourism industry development. This article discusses social movements sparked by religious and critical awareness of the development issue in conservation zones. We conducted a qualitative participatory interview with 9 key actors in Batu, Indonesia, using an ecotheological approach. Group discussions were held with the participants during demonstrations, festivals, and cultural rituals. (...) This research found that individuals who rely for their daily needs only on water springs have significant connections to ecological and spiritual values, and they resist with their cultural capital when the government’s actions threaten the sustainability of the springs. Environmental ethics as a theological belief has shaped the community’s traditions and cultural traits. Thus, the current study serves as the basis for policymakers in planning development, prioritizing a cultural approach, and considering the possibility of environmental degradation. (shrink)

Could some social kinds be natural kinds? In this paper, I argue that there are three kinds of social kinds: 1) social kinds whose existence does not depend on human beings having any beliefs or other propositional attitudes towards them ; 2) social kinds whose existence depends in part on specific attitudes that human beings have towards them, though attitudes need not be manifested towards their particular instances ; 3) social kinds whose existence and that of their instances depend in (...) part on specific attitudes that human beings have towards them . Although all three kinds of social kinds are mind-dependent, this does not make them ontologically subjective or preclude them from being natural kinds. Rather, what prevents the third kind of social kinds from being natural kinds is that their properties are conventionally rather than causally linked. (shrink)

Although Les Philosophes was an ordinary comedy, and Palissot was far from the caliber of Molière or Voltaire, it successfully consolidated conservative criticisms of the philosophes within a satirical framework, enjoying a successful three-month run in 1760. The reason behind its success was that it was at the center of a debate between the Enlightenment philosophers and the Counter-Enlightenment figures. In addition to being an example of 18th-century French comédie, the play serves as a valuable source for understanding the key (...) points of conservative discourse of the time. While Palissot seemed to focus on attacking individual philosophes’ personalities, he paired these attacks with conceptual critiques, and directed the most of his criticism primarily at Diderot and Rousseau. The play remains significant for two reasons: First, it captures almost all of the concerns and arguments of the conservative reaction to the Enlightenment. Second, it sheds light on Enlightenment thinkers' personal and intellectual struggles. This paper examines Palissot’s Les Philosophes not as a mere literary dispute but as a rich text that reveals the Counter-Enlightenment discourse that emerged in the second half of the 18th century. (shrink)

The aim of this paper is to highlight an interdependence between procedural and agential norms that undermines their neat separation when appraising argumentation. Drawing on the munāẓara tradition, we carve a space for sequencing in argumentation scholarship. Focusing on the antagonist’s sequencing of critical moves, we identify each sequence’s corresponding values of argumentation: coalescence, reliability, and efficacy. These values arise through the mediation of virtues and simultaneously underpin procedural as well as agential norms. Consequently, an ambiguity between procedure and agent (...) becomes apparent. This ambiguity hints at the potential for a virtue theory of argumentation that draws on procedural norms. (shrink)

Bu araştırmanın amacı, imam-hatip liselerinde çalışan öğretmenlerin mesleki sorunlarının belirlenmesidir. Araştırma, nitel araştırma yöntemlerinden fenomenolojik yaklaşıma göre tasarlanmıştır. Çalışma grubu, amaçlı nitel araştırma örneklem yöntemlerinden maksimum çeşitlilik örneklemesi kullanılarak belirlenmiştir. Çalışma grubunu Ankara ilinin çeşitli imam-hatip liselerinde çalışan 58 öğretmen oluşturmaktadır. Verilerin toplanması amacıyla bir görüşme formu kullanılmış ve görüşmeler kayıt altına alınmıştır. Görüşmelerle elde edilen veriler, içerik analizine tabi tutularak nitel veri analizi yöntemlerinden olan Miles-Huberman modeli ile analiz edilmiştir. Araştırma sonuçlarına göre öğretmenlerin sorun olarak belirlediği ilk beş tema: (...) “Din eğitimi, öğretmen, öğrenci, okul yöneticileri ve üst yönetim kaynaklı sorunlar” olarak belirlenmiştir. Din eğitimi literatüründe öğretmenlerin mesleki sorunlarını ele alan çalışma olması ve okullarda yaşanan çeşitli ve çok sayıda soruna ilişkin nitelikli bilimsel veri sunması, bu araştırmanın önemine vurgu yapmaktadır. İmam-hatip liselerinde karşılaşılan mesleki sorunlara ilişkin din eğitimi politika belirleyiciler ile akademik çevrelerin dikkatini çekmeyi hedefleyen bu araştırmanın, literatürdeki önemli bir boşluğu kapatacağı ve konuya ilişkin ilgi uyandıracağı umulmaktadır. (shrink)

IDEALS AND REALITIES: IBN KHALDUN'S JUSTIFICATION OF ASABİYYA AND POLITICAL POWER.

Sovyetler Birligi rejimi kendi topraklarında yasayan insanların sosyalist düsünceyi benimsemelerini, komünizm idealini hedeflemelerini istemis, daha dogrusu buna mecbur etmisti. Bu dogrultuda Sovyetler Birliginde yasayan Müslümanların inancına, ahlakına ve aile yapısına müdahale eden rejim tarafından dinsizlik, tanrı tanımazlık zorla kabul ettirilmeye çalısıldı. Sovyet rejiminin hedefi, istisnasız her Sovyet vatandasının Tanrı inancından, dini ahlaktan ve aile kültüründen yoksun birer “Sovyet #nsanı” modelinde yetistirmekten ibaretti. Bu amaç dogrultusunda okul öncesi egitimden Üniversite egitimine kadar hiçbir manevi ve dini altyapıya dayanmayan beser ürünü moral ve (...) etik ögretisine dayalı ahlak ve egitim sistemi hayata geçirildi. Ateizmi, tanrı tanımazlıgı rejimin ana ideolojisi olarak benimseyen Sovyetler Birligi döneminde, basta Hıristiyanlar ve Müslümanlar olmak üzere diger din mensupları da inançlarını ve dini yasantılarını asgari boyutta, gizlice yasamaya çalısmıstır. Ateist olan Sovyet bireylerinin birçogunun yasam tarzı incelendiginde onların dürüst, sade, medeni, devlete sadık, disiplinli, hak ve hukuka riayet eden bireyler oldugu gözlemlenmistir. Acaba bu özelliklere sahip olan Sovyet insanı rejimin baskısından korktugu için mi dürüst ve ahlaklı idi, ya da sosyalist egitim sisteminin basarısından dolayı mı, yoksa toplumda ve aile içinde devam eden dini inancın ve bilincin var olmasından mı kaynaklanıyordu? Sorusu özellikle bagımsızlık sonrası akla gelen soruların basında gelmekteydi. Ayrıca SSCB’nin inançsız ama ahlaklı, egitimli toplum yetistirmeye çalısırken ahlak sınırlarını, ahlak ilkelerini belirlemede neyi ölçü alacagına tam olarak karar veremedigi, belirli bir dönemden sonra inancından vazgeçmedigi Müslümanların dini egitim almasına izin verdigi ancak dini egitimi de sıkı takip altına aldıgı görülmektedir. (shrink)

Hukuk kurallarının konulması kadar uygulanması da büyük önem arz etmektedir. Bu sebeple hukuk bilimcileri uygulamayı kolaylaştırmak üzere kuralların emredici-yedek kural şeklinde ayrılması fikrini ortaya atmışlardır. Bununla kamu düzeni alanına giren kurallar ile girmeyenleri belirleyerek insan iradesinin hukuk düzeni içindeki hareket alanını tespit etmeyi amaçlamışlardır. Bu yazıda bu ayrımın amacı, emredici-yedek kuralların mahiyeti açıklanmakta, doğurduğu hukuki sonuçlara yer verilmektedir. Bu bilgiler ışığında İslam hukuk sistemi açısından bu ayrımın mümkün olup olmadığı değerlendirilmektedir.

Bu makalede tasavvufun şiir poetikası tasavvuf dışı şiir anlayışlarıyla karşılaştırmalı olarak ele alınmaktadır. Aynı şekilde bu çalışmada tasavvuf şiiri ile tasavvuf dışı şiirin poetikasının belli başlı özellikleri ortaya konulmaktadır. Öncelikle diğer şiirin poetikası genel hatlarıyla irdeledikten sonra tasavvuf şiirin sanat anlayışı detaylı bir şekilde incelenmektedir. Daha sonra Sûfilerin şiirlerini hangi gayeyle ve nasıl icra ettikleri açıklanarak tasavvufî şiirin Türk edebiyatına etkisi ve yeri üzerinde durmaktadır. Bundan sonra da tasavvufî şiirin kullandığı sembolik dil ele alınmakta ve tasavvufla diğer şiirin poetik farkını (...) anlatan tasavvufî bir şiir örneği verilmektedir. Tasavvufta şiir, Allah’la hemhâl olup bütünleşen kişinin, O’nu benliğiyle yaşamaya çalışırken aldığı bu zevkten dolayı Allah’a olan bağlılığını dışarıya yansıtmasıdır. Bu bütüncül yaşayış, ya sevinçle, ya huşu duyarak ya da teslimiyetin vermiş olduğu tevâzuyla “hiç”liğini anlamak suretiyle olur. Şiir, kişinin, kalp dünyasında bu hatırlayış türlerinden hangisiyle etki yaparsa, Allah insanı, Hakk’ı bu hâl üzere hatırlar. Bu yüzden sûfîlerin şiir poetikası, hangi inançtan ve felsefeden olursa olsun diğer bütün şâirlerin şiir anlayışlarının tamamen ötesinde bir hakikattir. (shrink)

As a Turkish philosopher, it is important in terms of indicating the news perspectives that brought to Islamic political philosophy in al-Madīna al-Fāḍilah and his other works, which al-Fārābī wrote with a different point of view. Al-Fārābī’s thought of virtuous state, which he framed with moral principles, stands in a original place in terms of signifying what should be, although it is claimed to be utopian. The Second Teacher divides the state into two as virtuous and unvirtuous in general. Besides, (...) the most basic point to be underlined in al-Fārābī’s understanding of ideal or world state within the virtuous society is that all individuals in there have an comprehension of living together and for this reason they agree on certain principles. Some of these principles are related both the ruler and ruled. Nevertheless, al-Fārābī emphasizes other principles such as justice, cooperation, love and merit. These teachings put forward by the philosopher exactly coincide with the universal principles that humanity reached as a result of various experiences in the modern period. In this study, we will examine the principles that al-Fārābī emphasized in his ideal state and try to evaluate how these will contribute to the opinion of living together. (shrink)

Here, a novel conservative chaotic oscillator is presented. Various dynamics of the oscillator are examined. Studying the dynamical properties of the oscillator reveals its unique behaviors. The oscillator is multistable with symmetric dynamics. Equilibrium points of the oscillator are investigated. Bifurcations, Lyapunov exponents, and the Poincare section of the oscillator’s dynamics are analyzed. Also, the oscillator is investigated from the viewpoint of initial conditions. The study results show that the oscillator is conservative and has no dissipation. It also has various (...) dynamics, such as equilibrium point and chaos. The stability analysis of equilibrium points shows there are both stable and unstable fixed points. (shrink)

The notions of soju filters in a hoop algebra are introduced, and related properties are investigated. Relations between a soju sub-hoop, a soju filter and an implicative soju filter are discussed. Conditions for a soju filter to be implicative are displayed, and characterizations of an implicative soju filters are considered. The extension property of an implicative soju filter is established.

A Theory of Universal Democracy empowers cultures and communities across the world to custom design democracy in consonance with their traditional values. For example, the book makes concrete proposals for Muslim countries to democratize their constitutions without accepting Western values and without violating the principles of Islamic law. More importantly, Universal Democracy further develops the idea of Free State, which the author first presented in his previous book, The Extinction of Nation-States (Kluwer, 1996). The proposed fusion of Universal Democracy and (...) Free State is designed to revolutionize the classical theory of government and to offer a new paradigm that accommodates both universality and uniqueness. Scholars, teachers and students of international law, constitutional law, legal theory, and Islamic law will find this book a source of valuable ideas. (shrink)

More general form of -neutrosophic ideal is introduced, and their properties are investigated. Relations between -neutrosophic ideal and )-neutrosophic ideal are discussed. Characterizations of )-neutrosophic ideal are discussed, and conditions for a neutrosophic set to be an )-neutrosophic ideal are displayed.

Arab spring, 2010; Arab countries; history and criticism.

Historiography; historians; Arab countries.

Islamic ethics in the light of Qurʼanic teaching and Hadith; Customs and practices.

Intergenerational altruism is an important area of research to understand the impact of culture on economic outcomes. We hypothesize based on recent research about intergenerational altruism and tough love model that worldviews, religious beliefs, and people’s confidence about their worldviews affect intergenerational altruistic economic behaviour. We extend the research on the impact of worldviews on intergenerational altruism by focusing on Turkey. In the empirical analysis, we run probit regressions using data from a large national survey. We find that worldviews, religiosity, (...) and confidence of individuals about their worldviews impact on intergenerational altruistic economic behaviour in Turkey. (shrink)

On religion, philosophy philosophical study of religions and universe.

Elementary school teacher has an important role as a learning agent to motivate, facilitate, educate, and train students to be qualified persons who can actualize their human potency optimally. One factor that can influence teacher to be good teacher is her/his job satisfaction. Teacher who has high job satisfaction will have positive attitude and action toward the job. Many research showed that psychological climate, as one of environmental factor, affect the teacher’s job satisfaction. The aim of this research is to (...) know the relationship between psychological climate and job satisfaction of Al-Azhar Islamic Elementary School Teacher at Bekasi. Psychological Climate Questionnaire (PCQ) and Job Satisfaction Survey (RSS) are filled by 80 teachers who have worked over one year. Result shows that there is a significant correlation between psychological climate and teacher’s job satisfaction. However, there is no significant correlation between demographic variables (age, gender, educational level, job status, and tenure) and job satisfaction.  . (shrink)

Code of conduct in society according to Islam.