Communication campaigns often highlight environmental progress to encourage further pro-environmental behaviour. Consequently, the drop in carbon emissions caused by the COVID-19 restrictions has been framed as a positive environmental outcome of the pandemic. We conducted an experimental study with a US-representative sample (N = 500) to show that raising awareness of emissions reduction has the contrary effect: an increase in moral self-concept facilitated a negative spillover, namely, it reduced climate-friendly behavioural intentions. Normative influence was able to prevent this negative spillover (...) because activating environmental norms inhibited compensatory feelings. Besides, awareness of recent emissions reduction was less likely to increase the moral self-concept of participants with a strong environmental self-identity. Our findings demonstrate that environmental progress increases moral self-concept which, in turn, could cause a negative spillover (i.e., reduce climate-friendly low-carbon behaviour and increase climate-harmful high-carbon behaviour). Normative influences and environmental self-identity can inhibit this negative spillover. (shrink)

PurposeCodes of ethics are important instruments in journalism, as they promote transparency and self-regulation of media, in addition to monitoring the quality of information. The purpose of this paper is to analyse the perceptions that Spanish journalists have of the effectiveness of codes of ethics and to evaluate the different personal and professional variables which condition this vision.Design/methodology/approachThe methodology used in the present study is based on quantitative content analysis using the survey technique. This technique makes it possible to obtain (...) empirical data on various key aspects of the profession that are determining factors in ascertaining Spanish journalists’ views of one of the instruments of accountability that is external to the media: general ethical codes.FindingsThe results show that Spanish journalists are largely confident in the effectiveness of ethical codes in their profession. Likewise, it was seen that variables such as age, professional experience or the media with which they work influence the perceptions that professionals have of such instruments.Originality/valueIf understanding journalism as a profession whose mission is to guarantee the citizens their right to information, then it is essential to be familiar with the tools provided by the profession itself to be accountable to the public regarding this professional mission. Hence the importance of instruments of accountability and the perceptions of the professionals themselves regarding their effectiveness. (shrink)

El texto “¿Qué es la Ilustración?” de 1984 señala en Foucault un punto de inflexión en la manera de leer la obra de Kant. Nuestra propuesta consiste en realizar una aproximación a ese texto tomando como punto de partida los trabajos sobre la parrhesía del pensador francés. De esta manera, la Ilustración aparece bajo una nueva luz que ya no sería la que nos muestra sus oscuras invenciones o los límites de su propio pensamiento; tampoco sería solamente el punto de (...) aparición de una actitud crítica cuya radicalidad iría más allá de la crítica kantiana. Tomando como marco más general el estudio de la parrhesía, la Ilustración reaparece ahora como coraje de la verdad y nos muestra a Kant como un parresiasta, como aquel que dice la verdad. Dicho en otros términos, la “actitud crítica” se reformula como un decir veraz valeroso. (shrink)

La Ilustración es un gran torrente que marcó un hito en la Historia del mundo, por sus implicaciones po-líticas, sociales, culturales y económicas. Este fenómeno es conocido popularmente desde Kant como la en-trada en la mayoría de edad de la sociedad: abandonar viejos fanatismos y tener valor de servirse del propio entendimiento. El objetivo de este artículo es mostrar las interpretaciones dominantes de este fenómeno his-tórico que han marcado su recepción en la academia y mostrar la singular aproximación del filósofo (...) francés Michel Foucault. (shrink)

O presente trabalho tem como objetivo central indicar alguns pontos de aproximação e distinção entre o sentido atribuído por Kierkegaard à angústia na obra O conceito de angústia, e o modo pelo qual Heidegger aborda tal conceito no âmbito da analítica existencial desenvolvida em Ser e tempo. Muito embora seja possível apontar inegáveis semelhanças no modo pelo qual os dois autores compreendem o fenômeno da angústia, algumas distinções podem ser feitas se analisados os contextos a partir dos quais os pensadores (...) se ocuparam do tema em questão. Enquanto que para Kierkegaard a angústia é vista em estrita relação com o pecado, a fé e a liberdade, Heidegger busca atribuir ao fenômeno do angustiar-se um sentido ontológico, inscrito no projeto da ontologia fundamental, a partir do qual torna-se possível ao Dasein ser livre para escolher a si mesmo, e assim assumir o modo próprio de ser. (shrink)

In this article, I address a controversial aspect of Rawls’s treatment of the question of justice between generations: how the parties in the original position could be motivated to select Rawls’s preferred principle of intergenerational savings, which he dubs the just savings principle. I focus on the explanation found in his later work, where he proposes that the correct savings principle is the principle that any generation would have wanted preceding generations to have followed. By expanding upon this explanation, I (...) respond to the objection that this explanation disregards the perspective of the first generation. I demonstrate that this objection ceases to be a concern when a proper account of the parties’ reasoning is developed. What is notable about the explanation I defend is that it relies on the parties adopting maximax – not maximin – as a rule for rational decision making. Having established this intermediary conclusion, I depart with Rawls and consider what savings principle the parties would choose if given more options. Ultimately, I argue that the parties would select a principle that Rawls would have undoubtedly rejected if presented to him at face value. This is because the principle of savings I argue would be selected requires continual economic growth over generations to increase upwards indefinitely – a conclusion Rawls is explicitly trying to avoid in his theory of justice. (shrink)

A central feature of experimental development economics is the use of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) to evaluate the effectiveness of prospective socioeconomic interventions. The use of RCTs in development economics raises a host of ethical issues which are just beginning to be explored. In this article, I address one ethical issue in particular: the routine use of the status quo as a control when designing and conducting a development RCT. Drawing on the literature on the principle of standard care in (...) medical research ethics, as well as considerations of distributive justice in non-ideal circumstances, I argue that the practice of using the status quo as a control is ethically justifiable. However, I add an important qualification based on the natural duty of rescue to address the concern that my account is overly permissive. (shrink)

What is the fundamental insight behind truth-functionality ? When is a logic interpretable by way of a truth-functional semantics? To address such questions in a satisfactory way, a formal definition of truth-functionality from the point of view of abstract logics is clearly called for. As a matter of fact, such a definition has been available at least since the 70s, though to this day it still remains not very widely well-known. A clear distinction can be drawn between logics characterizable through: (...) (1) genuinely finite-valued truth-tabular semantics; (2) no finite-valued but only an infinite-valued truthtabular semantics; (3) no truth-tabular semantics at all. Any of those logics, however, can in principle be characterized through non-truth-functional valuation semantics, at least as soon as their associated consequence relations respect the usual tarskian postulates. So, paradoxical as that might seem at first, it turns out that truth-functional logics may be adequately characterized by non-truth-functional semantics . Now, what feature of a given logic would guarantee it to dwell in class (1) or in class (2), irrespective of its circumstantial semantic characterization? (shrink)

An overcomplete logic is a logic that ‘ceases to make the difference’: According to such a logic, all inferences hold independently of the nature of the statements involved. A negation-inconsistent logic is a logic having at least one model that satisfies both some statement and its negation. A negation-incomplete logic has at least one model according to which neither some statement nor its negation are satisfied. Paraconsistent logics are negation-inconsistent yet non-overcomplete; paracomplete logics are negation-incomplete yet non-overcomplete. A paranormal logic (...) is simply a logic that is both paraconsistent and paracomplete. -/- Despite being perfectly consistent and complete with respect to classical negation, nearly every normal modal logic, in its ordinary language and interpretation, admits to some latent paranormality: It is paracomplete with respect to a negation defined as an impossibility operator, and paraconsistent with respect to a negation defined as non-necessity. In fact, as it will be shown here, even in languages without a primitive classical negation, normal modal logics can often be alternatively characterized directly by way of their paranormal negations and related operators. So, instead of talking about ‘necessity’, ‘possibility’, and so on, modal logics could be seen just as devices tailored for the study of (modal) negation. This paper shows how and to what extent this alternative characterization of modal logics can be realized. (shrink)

O objetivo deste artigo é mostrar que o papel e o valor da ciência, em Bacon e em Espinosa, diferem segundo o papel e o valor que cada um deles atribui à metafísica como ramo do conhecimento. Em Bacon, o valor da ciência é grande na medida mesma em que o valor da metafísica é nenhum. Em Espinosa, esses valores se invertem. Mas enquanto a teoria do conhecimento em Bacon obedece a pressupostos teológicos, e portanto, em última instância, à fé, (...) em Espinosa o valor da metafísica e da ciência nasce das próprias concepções metafísicas, fruto de um trabalho de conhecimento que obedece, não à fé, mas ao próprio intelecto. (shrink)

Resenha do livro Espinosa e Vermeer: imanência na filosofia e na pintura, de Sara Hornäk, publicado no Brasil, em 2010, pela editora Paulus.

Resenha do livro Le devenir actif chez Spinoza, de Pascal Sévérac, publicado na França em 2005.

Unlike with randomized controlled trials (RCTs) in clinical research, little has been said about the ethical principles that should regulate the use of RCTs in experimental development economics. One well-known principle in clinical research ethics is the principle of clinical equipoise. Some recent commentators suggest that an analogue of clinical equipoise should play a role in experimental development economics. In this article, I first highlight some difficulties with importing the concept to experimental development economics. I then argue that MacKay’s (2018, (...) 2020) notion of policy equipoise avoids these difficulties and has a role to play in experimental development economics. (shrink)

We say that things happen accidentally when they do indeed happen, but only by chance. In the opposite situation, an essential happening is inescapable, its inevitability being the sine qua non for its very occurrence. This paper will investigate modal logics on a language tailored to talk about essential and accidental statements. Completeness of some among the weakest and the strongest such systems is attained. The weak expressibility of the classical propositional language enriched with the non-normal modal operators of essence (...) and accident is highlighted and illustrated, both with respect to the definability of the more usual modal operators as well as with respect to the characterizability of classes of frames. Several interesting problems and directions are left open for exploration. (shrink)

Judo is a multifactorial sport where many variables or key performance indicators such as force-velocity profile, bioenergetic capacity, technical and tactical skills, and cognitive and emotional competence play a role and influence the final result. While there have been many academic studies of these variables, usually in isolation, none have examined KPIs holistically or analyzed their impact on strategic performance. The main objective of the present study, therefore, is to apply a novel and easily replicable methodology to identify and prioritize (...) the main KPIs affecting performance in professional judo. Such a methodology was applied to the High-Performance Judo Centre of Valencia, using a multi-criteria decision aid technique: the analytic network process. The ANP is used to identify and quantify cause and effect relationships not only between KPIs but also between KPIs and performance objectives. Further, the ANP offers effective results when there is a lack of historical KPI data, because it is based on experts' opinions and judgments. A judo expert group comprising elite judo coaches and half-lightweight male judokas applied the methodology to discriminate between the characteristics required when aiming to reach high-level strategic objectives. The JEG, which consisted of five elite judokas, national and international champions, and three Olympic coaches—including a former European champion and silver medalist in a world championship—provided high added value to the study. The main findings were that the KPIs that made the most difference were mostly psychological, specifically motivation, stress, and team cohesion. Of these, motivation was by far the most important KPI for success in our case study, so judokas should make sure that they analyze it properly. Motivation is usually intrinsic to the competitor and should be maintained at a high level, not only during tournaments but also during daily training and lifestyle activities. Physical and other specific forms of training, as well as lifestyle KPIs, are very important for the elite competitor but are not sufficient to reach high-level objectives. The most important of these KPIs were Kumi-Kata, dual career, focus and concentration level, scouting, nutrition, and basic technique. Power and strength were the most important physical KPIs. In general, these are essential for meeting strategic objectives, but they do not make the crucial difference. This suggests that professional psychological support should be provided in daily training and that international team composition and internships should be fostered. (shrink)

Este artigo tem como objetivo resgatar o Brasil de Darwin por meio das obras dos pintores viajantes Augustus Earle (1793-1838) e Conrad Martens (1801-1878). Os locais por onde passou, a beleza da floresta tropical, os horrores do sistema escravista narrados por Darwin em seu diário, estão presentes nas aquarelas desses dois artistas, cujo papel a bordo do Beagle foi o de relatar, através da arte visual, as experiências vividas durante o levantamento geográfico da Terra do fogo e da costa sul (...) da América do Sul, sob o comando do capitão Robert FitzRoy (1805-1865). (shrink)

La ética ambiental nació como justa contestación a los excesos del antropocentrismo. Sin embargo, un énfasis obsesivo en lo ético y en lo ambiental, con el consiguiente olvido de lo antropológico, puede estar dañando la vida humana, la libertad de las personas y la vida en general. Abogamos aquí por la construcción de una ecología humana que vaya más allá y más al fondo que las éticas ambientales al uso. Defendemos que el humanismo es perfectamente compatible con el reconocimiento del (...) valor inherente de todos los seres naturales. Lo hacemos basándonos principalmente en algunas ideas de Hans Jonas, aunque rechazamos su heurística catastrofista. De él retomamos la idea de que existe una responsabilidad moral hacia los demás seres vivos, empezando por los más próximos en el tiempo y en el espacio, y hacia el libre florecimiento de las personas actuales. Con ello, también, se rebaja el peso de lo ético sobre nuestra acción ecológica. Esta ha de atender principalmente a criterios experienciales, antropológicos, científicos y de sentido común. Por último, defendemos que la política, la educación y la comunicación ambiental deben orientarse directamente hacia la libertad y el desarrollo virtuoso de las personas actuales, y no hacia el control de las mismas por culpabilización. El tránsito desde la ética ambiental hacia la ecología humana —concluimos— puede ser beneficioso tanto para las personas como para la naturaleza. (shrink)

El intento marcusiano de llevar a cabo una síntesis entre fenomenología y materialismo histórico tendría como hilo conductor la noción de historicidad.. Desde la construcción heideggeriana de la misma, Marcuse pretende conciliar la fenomenología y el materialismo histórico en una filosofía "concreta" fundada en la historicidad radical de la existencia. En ese proceso Marcuse interpretará la filosofía de la vida de Dilthey como complementación del planteamiento ontológico heideggeriano, en la dirección de una concepción material y concreta de la historicidad.

The modern world was in part born as a reaction against Aristotelianism. However, the image of Aristotle to which modern philosophers reacted was partial, to say the least. Paradoxical though it may seem, today, more than twenty-three centuries on, we may now be in the most advantageous position for understanding the Stagirite's philosophy and applying it to contemporary problems. The present book contributes to the forming of an idea of Post-modern reason inspired by a constellation of Aristotelian concepts, such as (...) prudence (phronesis), practical truth (aletheia praktike), science in act (episteme en energeiai), metaphor (metaphora), similarity (homoiosis) and the imitation-creation pair (mimesis-poiesis). They all form an interconnected network and together they make up an idea of reason that may prove suitable for the present. These concepts offer the most promising basis for undertaking a series of urgent reconciliations: of facts and values, of means and ends, of theoretical and practical reason, of intelligence and emotion. Aristotle's notions could help solve many dualisms of modern times. He offers a third way between identity and difference in ontology and politics, between algorithm and anarchism in methodology, between naïve realism and plain relativism in epistemology, between equivocity and univocity in language, between Enlightenment and Romanticism in culture... On the way, this shift facilitates the relationships between science, arts and ethics - the three parts of the sphere of culture which Modernity had separated - as well as the integration of the sphere of culture itself with the world of life. (shrink)

[This is a pre-print; please cite the published version] This paper employs structural topic modeling (STM) to describe the academic philosophy landscape in Brazil. Based on a public national database, a corpus consisting of 12,515 abstracts of monographs defended in philosophy graduate programs between 1991 and 2021 was compiled. The final STM model identified 74 meaningful research topics, clustered into 7 thematic categories. This study discusses the prevalence of the most significant topics and categories, their trends across three decades, and (...) their (positive or negative) association with the supervisor's gender. Results show the first empirical evidence that Brazilian philosophical research exhibits a greater focus on philosophers than on specific themes or problems. Moreover, by visualizing the variations in topic prevalence over time, it was possible to track the rise or decline of the major interest categories and topics. Finally, results also show which topics are more influenced or less influenced by gender. (shrink)

In many real-life applications of logic it is useful to interpret a particular sentence as true together with its negation. If we are talking about classical logic, this situation would force all other sentences to be equally interpreted as true. Paraconsistent logics are exactly those logics that escape this explosive effect of the presence of inconsistencies and allow for sensible reasoning still to take effect. To provide reasonably intuitive semantics for paraconsistent logics has traditionally proven to be a challenge. Possible-translations (...) semantics can meet that challenge by allowing for each interpretation to be composed of multiple scenarios. Using that idea, a logic with a complex semantic behavior can be understood as an appropriate combination of ingredient logics with simpler semantic behaviors into which the original logic is given a collection of translations preserving its soundness. Completeness is then achieved through the judicious choice of the admissible translating mappings. The present note provides interpretation by way of possible-translations semantics for a group of fundamental paraconsistent logics extending the positive fragment of classical propositional logic. The logics PI, Cmin, mbC, bC, mCi and Ci, among others, are all initially presented through their non-truth-functional bivaluation semantics and sequent versions and then split by way of possible-translations semantics based on 3-valued ingredients. (shrink)

This paper discusses how to define logics as deductive limits of sequences of other logics. The case of da Costa's hierarchy of increasingly weaker paraconsistent calculi, known as $ \mathcal {C}$n, 1 $ \leq$ n $ \leq$ $ \omega$, is carefully studied. The calculus $ \mathcal {C}$$\scriptstyle \omega$, in particular, constitutes no more than a lower deductive bound to this hierarchy and differs considerably from its companions. A long standing problem in the literature (open for more than 35 years) is (...) to define the deductive limit to this hierarchy, that is, its greatest lower deductive bound. The calculus $ \mathcal {C}$min, stronger than $ \mathcal {C}$$\scriptstyle \omega$, is first presented as a step toward this limit. As an alternative to the bivaluation semantics of $ \mathcal {C}$min presented thereupon, possible-translations semantics are then introduced and suggested as the standard technique both to give this calculus a more reasonable semantics and to derive some interesting properties about it. Possible-translations semantics are then used to provide both a semantics and a decision procedure for $ \mathcal {C}$Lim, the real deductive limit of da Costa's hierarchy. Possible-translations semantics also make it possible to characterize a precise sense of duality: as an example, $ \mathcal {D}$min is proposed as the dual to $ \mathcal {C}$min. (shrink)

Although ethical decision‐making theory has evolved over the years, within the field of management, research still revolves around James Rest’s (1986) four‐step framework, dominated by a positivist epistemology and a quantitative methodology. Given that currently there is a call for a theoretical, epistemological, and methodological renovation for the enlargement and enrichment of knowledge about how decisions are morally made in organizations, this paper has a double aim. First, by showing the models’ main flaws and limitations, it critically assesses the prominent (...) theoretical models of Rest, Trevino, and Jones. Then, for decision making in organizations, the paper aims to posit a fresh moral theory that addresses the phenomenon from a comprehensive epistemological perspective. To do so, it steps back from those prominent models in order to review John Dewey’s “theory of moral life.” At the core of the proposed comprehensive theoretical framework are Dewey’s concepts of a “moral standard” and “valuation.” Finally, the paper shows how the Dewey‐based framework can both overcome the flaws and limitations that are identified in those prominent models and can enrich empirical research, therefore contributing to developing as a whole the ethical decision‐making field. (shrink)

Genetic engineering has been a topic of discussion for over 50 years, but it is only recently that gene editing has become a reality. CRISPR biotechnologies have made gene editing much safer, precise and feasible. We have witnessed the first cases of human germline genetic modification resulting in live births, conducted by He Jiankui. In this paper, we will analyse He Jiankui’s case in relation to one of the most difficult problems in procreative ethics (or the ethics of future generations): (...) the non‐identity problem. We believe that this analysis will help us to understand the ethics involved in gene editing and hopefully allow for a better, more philosophically grounded legislation on CRISPR and other gene‐editing technologies. (shrink)

Resumen En este artículo se tratará de mostrar hasta qué punto y en qué sentido se puede considerar la filosofía orteguiana como una forma de antropología filosófica, explicando cómo su tratamiento de la técnica conforma el punto diferencial respecto del resto de propuestas de esta corriente. Para ello, expondremos algunas ideas del propio Ortega sobre el tema, contrastando su evolución intelectual con la del propio campo de la antropología filosófica; un campo cuya pro- blematicidad añade varios grados de dificultad a (...) este análisis. Concluiremos que la propuesta “antropo-técnica” orteguiana constituye, a la vez, un fiel reflejo de las discusiones de su tiempo -con Scheler y Heidegger a la cabeza-; pero, tam bién, una concepción única por su tratamiento específico de la técnica y el lugar que se le otorga a esta dimensión.In this article we will try to show to what extent and in what sense Orteguian philosophy can be considered a form of philosophical anthropology, explaining how its treatment of technology forms the differentialpoint with respect to the rest of the proposals of this current. To this end, we willpresent some of Ortega's own ideas on the subject, contrasting his intellectual evolution with that of the field ofphilosophical anthropology itself; a field whose problematic nature adds various degrees of difficulty to this analysis. We will conclude that Ortega's "anthropo- technical" proposal constitutes, at the same time, a faithful reflection of the discussions of his time -with Scheler and Heidegger at its lead-; but, also, a unique conception due to its specific treatment of technology and the place given to this dimension. (shrink)

Como ocorre o progresso científico? Existem critérios para a escolha de teorias científicas? Qual o impacto de valores cognitivos e extra-cognitivos sobre as comunidades científicas? Para tratar de questões como estas, o filósofo da ciência Thomas Kuhn adota uma perspectiva estruturalista com embasamento histórico. Apresentamos a estrutura das revoluções científicas proposta por este pensador. Tratamos, inicialmente, da noção de paradigma, conceito chave da sua explicação do funcionamento da ciência e do progresso científico. Em seguida, expomos as fases pelas quais uma (...) área de pesquisa comumente passa ao longo de sua trajetória: pré-ciência, ciência normal, crise e revolução. Finalizamos o artigo traçando alguns paralelos da posição deste pensador com outras perspectivas epistemológicas do século passado. (shrink)

No seu texto A Refutação do Idealismo, faz, primeiro, uma análise lógica da proposição esse é percipi pois considera-a o fundamento da crença idealista de que o universo é espiritual. Após demonstrar a inconsistência lógica da proposição, Moore, ao invés de dar o artigo por encerrado, dá uma guinada fenomenológica e passa a discutir a fenomenologia da percepção idealista que identifica o perceber com o percebido. Por que Moore julga necessário complementar sua análise lógica com uma análise fenomenológica? O texto (...) carrega passagens pouco claras, e julgamos que o diálogo com Bradley é a chave para o entendimento dessas passagens. Assim, este estudo levanta as hipóteses de que Moore, na segunda parte da Refutação, dirige sua artilharia contra argumentos específicos de Bradley, e assim indiretamente contra o hegelianismo inglês, à procura de uma brecha para concluir contra o princípio de imanência. (shrink)

Suele entenderse la Filosofía como el desarrollo de problemas guiados por un método que el autor del texto propone, siendo este generalmente un método racional. Pero la propuesta que aquí se hace es que los textos capitales de Miguel de Unamuno se configuran como una estrategia, para que el lector se implique con el autor en problemas y métodos que deben comprenderse en claves distintas a los usuales. Los textos de Unamuno entienden la tarea del lector como condición de posibilidad (...) para su propia comprensión. Y en este sentido necesitan al lector. Pero el tipo de lector que requiere no es un lector científico sino un lector mitológico. Mostrar esta propuesta, en la lectura Del sentimiento trágico de la vida, es lo que me propongo en este trabajo. (shrink)

La “tolerancia” es un valor que se puede entender como inclusión entusiasta del otro en el propio mundo. Partimos de esta visión, resaltando que, desde ella, ser tolerante requeriría tener la capacidad y la posibilidad de escuchar. Aludimos, en este sentido, tanto a una disposición interior del s..

This article highlights the dialect of failure and hope you can find in the oppressed, which every utopical thought should take into consideration. To justify it, we start from Walter Benjamin’s ideas on History, and in particular, we consider the perspective of the oppressed in Kafka’s literature, although he considered hope as a weak hint among catastrophe. And finally, we show this dialect as a specific and explicit place of the Liberation Theology.

Problematizamos o conceito de informação, sob a perspectiva da Linguística Sociocognitiva, em especial da teoria da metáfora conceptual e da teoria dos frames semânticos, a fim de verificar se a terminologia predominante da Ciência da Informação (CI) é próxima do “senso comum”, como querem alguns autores da área. De fato, pudemos descrever o esquema cognitivo em que o conceito de informação é produtivo. Identificamos um componente da metáfora do canal, a metáfora INFORMAÇÃO É CONTEÚDO, capaz de confirmar a suspeita dos (...) epistemólogos da CI e ir além: ela revela uma maneira mecânica de “falar sobre comunicação” que é de um “senso comum” desde há muitos séculos. Qual “senso comum”? Argumentando que a metáfora INFORMAÇÃO É CONTEÚDO faz mais sentido no contexto da comunicação escrita do que na falada, sugerimos uma revisão crítica dos efeitos que o letramento em massa aos seis anos poderia estar provocando na mentalidade ocidental: ao valorizar a escrita, tecnologia fundamental para a sustentabilidade das “sociedades da informação”, estaremos negligenciando a oralidade e, em consequência, negando nossa humanidade? THE COMMONSENSE OF INFORMATION: TEMPESTIVE QUESTIONSAbstractWe problematize the concept of information, from the perspective of socio-cognitive linguistics, especially that from the conceptual metaphor and semantic frames theories, in order to check whether the prevailing terminology of the Information Science (IS) is close to the “commonsense”, as some authors whish. In fact, we describe a cognitive scheme in which the concept of information is productive. A component of the conduit metaphor, INFORMATION IS CONTENT, seems to confirm the suspicion of IS epistemologists and more: it reveals a mechanical way to “speek about communication” that is a “commonsense” for centuries. Which “commonsense”? Arguing that the metaphor INFORMATION IS CONTENT makes more sense in the context of written language than in spoken one, we suggest a critical review of the effects that mass literacy at age six could be causing in Western mind: giving prestige to the writing language, a key technology for the sustainability of “information societies”, are we neglecting orality and therefore denying our humanity? (shrink)

Tanto nas leis como nas propostas educacionais ou nos discursos das organizações sociais, a relação do homem com o ambiente é tratada de maneira fragmentada – o homem está fora do meio, cabendo-lhe o papel de fiscalizador, predador ou controlador. Tal percepção revelaria hoje um “efeito colateral” que vem sendo descrito como uma “crise ambiental” ou, como queremos, uma “crise do letramento massivo”. Para atestá-lo, empreendemos uma análise exploratória fundamentada na Linguística Sociocognitiva. Argumentamos que os processos orais se organizam em (...) torno da “pouca distância” que o “conhecedor” tem do “conhecido”, enquanto que, com a escrita, a linguagem interpõe “entre o conhecedor e o conhecido um objeto que é o texto escrito”. O fenômeno explicaria a ampla reanálise de uma cosmogonia em que o homem ocidental se via no “centro do mundo” e passou a compreender-se como um ser que distingue claramente o eu e a natureza (Descartes), um ser “fora do mundo”, que o lê como um “livro da Natureza”, como dirá Galileu. Para mudar tal percepção, como quer a educação ambiental contemporânea, será necessário “adquirir um sentimento vivo da unidade do saber humano”, o que significará transformar a educação formal. (shrink)

La ciencia cognitiva ha evolucionado bastante y, en la actualidad, ha logrado generar grandes cambios en el pensamiento filosófico que, referido al ámbito científico, nos permite indagar respecto al proceso de generar ciencia y conocer mejor cómo ocurre la elección de teorías científicas; algo que por mucho tiempo fue entendido por los filósofos como un proceso puramente racional, en el que no había cabida para las emociones, pero ahora podemos decir que esto ha cambiado significativamente, dándole a los científicos su (...) lugar como seres humanos más que como entidades lógicas. (shrink)

Um dos problemas recorrentes na História da Filosofia Ocidental é o “problema dos futuros contingentes”, que tem seu início em Aristóteles, mas que atingiria vários pensadores até à Modernidade. Durante esse longo percurso, a problemática foi levantada de diversas formas, dentre essas, na Filosofia Medieval, de cunho cristã, em que o problema aparece de forma implícita nos debates acerca do suposto conflito entre a Providência divina e a liberdade humana. E dentre os pensadores medievais, destaca-se Santo Agostinho, o qual será (...) objeto de estudo do presente artigo. (shrink)