Este artigo tem como objetivo apresentar, como Introdução, a definição de Lógica como o estudo das formas válidas de raciocínio. Raciocinar é inferir conclusões de proposições tidas ou dadas por verdadeiros, denominadas premissas. Como estudo das formas válidas não é escopo da Lógica determinar se as premissas são verdadeiras ou falsa. Apenas considera as premissas como tidas por verdadeiras. A seguir trata-se da filosofia da ciência que estuda, entre outras questões, em que consiste a natureza da ciência, quais são suas (...) características, o que a diferencia do senso comum. Entre seus objetivos está em determinar em que consiste a explicação científica em especial o modelo da explicação dedutivo nomológico, sobretudo. Em terceiro lugar, trata-se deste modelo específico, que o tema central destas reflexões, sua estrutura um conjunto de proposições que constituem o Explanans no qual figuram 1. As condições iniciais em que se produz o fenômeno a ser explicado (denominado de Explanandum) e 2. As leis universais que estimadas como explicações do fenômeno a ser explicado. Do Explanans por meio de regras lógicas deduz-se o Explanandum. Este modelo é também denominado modelo de Hempel-Openheim considerado clássico e vigente até a década de 1960. A dedução lógica acarreta necessidade da ocorrência do Explanandum. A quarta secção do capítulo examina em que consiste esta necessidade, sobretudo quando é notório que em ciência tudo é revisível e sujeito ao princípio de incerteza de Heisenberg. Segue finalmente a conclusão. (shrink)

BackgroundThe ARRIVE (Animal Research: Reporting of In Vivo Experiments) guidelines are widely endorsed but compliance is limited. We sought to determine whether journal-requested completion of an ARRIVE checklist improves full compliance with the guidelines.MethodsIn a randomised controlled trial, manuscripts reporting in vivo animal research submitted to PLOS ONE (March–June 2015) were randomly allocated to either requested completion of an ARRIVE checklist or current standard practice. Authors, academic editors, and peer reviewers were blinded to group allocation. Trained reviewers performed outcome adjudication (...) in duplicate by assessing manuscripts against an operationalised version of the ARRIVE guidelines that consists 108 items. Our primary outcome was the between-group differences in the proportion of manuscripts meeting all ARRIVE guideline checklist subitems.ResultsWe randomised 1689 manuscripts (control: n = 844, intervention: n = 845), of which 1269 were sent for peer review and 762 (control: n = 340; intervention: n = 332) accepted for publication. No manuscript in either group achieved full compliance with the ARRIVE checklist. Details of animal husbandry (ARRIVE subitem 9b) was the only subitem to show improvements in reporting, with the proportion of compliant manuscripts rising from 52.1 to 74.1% (X2 = 34.0, df = 1, p = 2.1 × 10−7) in the control and intervention groups, respectively.ConclusionsThese results suggest that altering the editorial process to include requests for a completed ARRIVE checklist is not enough to improve compliance with the ARRIVE guidelines. Other approaches, such as more stringent editorial policies or a targeted approach on key quality items, may promote improvements in reporting. (shrink)

The paper examines a possible ethics for the current scenario, in order to bring human beings closer together and awaken in them a feeling of solidarity. For such an examination, at first, theories such as the utilitarianism reviewed by Rawls are questioned. It searches for a valid criterion for all participants of a certain universalism or for a real and non-exclusive “us”. The call for solidarity is proposed as a way of uniting people, as opposed to selfishness. Then solidarity is (...) defended, according to Richard Rorty. This philosopher affirms the need for an agreement among the members of society, because only then would there be a real “we”. Next, there is the question about how to make people more supportive, but without resorting to the traditional metaphysical perspective on humanity: there is a bet on the existence of shared characteristics that lead to democratic equality, however, respecting the differences of each one. It is still questioned what would lead the richest to sympathize with the poorest, observing the proposals made by Rorty about raising awareness, presenting the risk of poverty to the rich and appealing to the feeling of humanity. Finally, Rortyan egalitarianism is considered, according to which solidarity is beyond rationality. It would be historically constituted and based on the relationship with the other, on the common feeling of vulnerability, crucial to society in times of pandemic. (shrink)

Big Water é um livro da estante dos Latin American Studies. Mais que isso, pretende definir os estudos sobre a tríplice fronteira entre Argentina, Brasil e Paraguai como um “novo campo de estudos históricos”. Trata-se de um livro coletivo, organizado por Jacob Blanc e Frederico Freitas, sobre “uma das áreas mais dinâmicas e menos estudada” da América Latina.

Sot︠s︡ialʹnye nauki i pravo -- Gosudarstvennoe pravo (lekt︠s︡ii) -- Stranit︠s︡y proshlogo.

Condensed metrical version of Śaṅkarācārya's Śārīrakamīmāṃsābhāṣya, Advaita Vedanta commentary on Bādarāyaṇa's Brahmasūtra; includes Sārasaṅgraha supercommentary of Madhusūdana Sarasvatī.

For the first time in print, well-known spiritual teacher A.H. Almaas presents the highest level and most profound teachings of the Diamond Approach on the true nature of reality and the path to enlightenment. For more than thirty years, A.H. Almaas has been developing and teaching the Diamond Approach, a spiritual path of self-realization and maturity based on an original synthesis of modern discoveries in the field of psychology and a new paradigm about spiritual nature. If we can say the (...) Diamond Approach has a goal it is to realize the truth at progressively deeper levels until one reaches the ultimate Truth, the Absolute, and to become integrated into that truth so that we are a living presence and embodiment of that truth. The teachings of this path have been unfolding over time, and Runaway Realization presents--for the first time in print--the highest level of teachings in the Diamond Approach in the most profound work by Almaas so far. In this book, Almaas offers a detailed look at the true nature of reality and the nature of enlightenment. He also talks about practice--what it is and what it isn't, and how practice relates to the process of realization. He looks at what it is to be a human being and what our role is in the totality of the universe. The material includes a discussion of the nature of space and time, as well as a view of more and more subtle levels of realization. (shrink)

The paper proves that a historical method in Marxism is not identified to a dialectical method. The logic of history and the logic of its analysis in Marxism do not always coincide. The Logical coincides with the Historical only in eternity as it actually occurs in the works by G.V.F. Hegel. Eternity which has already witnessed everything does not know history any more. In the same way, history also begins there where the eternity comes to an end. Therefore, artificial identification (...) of the Logical with the Historical in Marxism led sometimes to actual mistakes. It is no wonder that it has always caused discussions in Marxism. They are mainly explained by the fact that the deductive, abstract-to-concrete method in which the “General” appears before the “Concrete” is an anti-historical method in its Nature. In real human history the “General” which is generalization of many “Concrete” could not appear before the latter in any way. For this reason, the real historical materialism needs an inductive method of knowledge. Only in that case historical materialism will cease to remain the soviet “histmat” and becomes the real form of a new world outlook. The author is of the opinion that the Party spirit of the Soviet philosophy promoted preservation of the anomalies mentioned in Marxism. The open discussion could help to find valid but not inherited from Hegel relation of historical and logical methods in Marxism. (shrink)

We investigate to what extent theorems about quantum mechanical or classical entropy can be generalized to functionals of the type ρ→Tr f(ρ), or ψ→∫f(ψ)dμ, respectively, wheref is an arbitrary concave function.

This article addresses key concepts pertaining to Adab on the one hand and Abbasid administrative practices on the other, by focusing on an unpublished work that straddles both themes. It is shown that Arabic works on both Adab and bureaucracy are difficult to isolate and categorise conclusively as both genres were receptive to diverse flavourings, be they of an ornamental nr of a strictly practical nature. Although the article adopts a comparative approach to these issues, detailed attention is paid to (...) the character of the particular work under discussion and its author. (shrink)