La normativa sobre agricultura orgánica de los principales mercados está diseñada conforme al entendimiento de que la distancia entre el productor y el consumidor de alimentos orgánicos es considerable, lo cual no tiene que ser necesariamente cierto. En consecuencia se han desarrollado iniciativas orientadas a la utilización de canales comerciales cortos para la producción orgánica, basados asimismo en la participación de los agentes que los integran en los procesos de certificación. Dentro de este contexto destacan los Sistemas Participativos de Garantía (...) como modelos de certificación participativa en red, los cuales buscan potenciar la generación de confianza y el aprendizaje mutuo. El presente artículo tiene como objetivo describir los principios en los cuales se fundamentan, así como el funcionamiento, de los Sistemas Participativos de Garantía acorde con una estrategia de fomento de la participación comunitaria, la agricultura tradicional y el desarrollo rural endógeno. (shrink)

El propósito principal de este artículo es presentar un modelo teórico-metodológico de estudios del discurso desde una perspectiva social e ideológica y precisar el papel de los recursos interpersonales del lenguaje para dar cuenta de la explicación de fenómenos sociales. De manera particular se describe y explica el potencial analítico que ofrece el sistema de valoración para los estudios del discurso. Con el objeto de dar cuenta de una manera comprehensiva de este sistema, se ilustra cada uno de (...) los sub-sistemas y categorías propuestas con ejemplos provenientes de un corpus oral y escrito sobre las prácticas discursivas de transmisión pedagógica de las memorias históricas de un pasado reciente de violación a los derechos humanos cometidos durante la dictadura civil-militar de Augusto Pinochet en Chile. (shrink)

No bojo de uma exposição "positiva" do marxismo` a obra do último Engels, além de promover uma expansão das fronteiras dessa doutrina, promove uma outra articulação, distinta daquela pensada por Marx - entre método e sistema. Tomada como uma ordenação categorial independente a dialética toma-se a liga de um encadeamento enciclopédico que reduz o marxismo ao projeto de um conhecimento unificado do homem e da natureza.

Esta obra aproxima al lector a los conceptos de acción, ética y racionalidad práctica tomando como eje de articulación el análisis del modo en que los clásicos de la historia de la filosofía, desde Platón hasta Donald Davidson, han reflexionado sobre ellos. Se abordan así problemas vinculados con la explicación y narración de la acción al igual que con la relación entre la razón y los deseos o entre la acción, la felicidad y la virtud. Y se analiza también el (...) sentido de la libertad y la autonomía, la distinción entre las acciones y los eventos de la naturaleza, la manera en que deben ser comprendidos la responsabilidad, el mal y el progreso moral, o incluso las complejas relaciones entre la razón práctica y la revelación divina. Con todo ello se proporciona una mirada lo más completa posible y desde diversas perspectivas sobre un problema central para la filosofía desde sus inicios. (shrink)

Sistemas jurídicos -- Enunciados jurídicos preinterpretivos -- Enunciados jurídicos interpretivos.

Este artículo expone y discute los principales problemas referidos al status de la Filosofía del espíritu como parte componente del sistema, por un lado, y como realización de la historicidad, por el otro. Dicha polémica exige revisar el estado de la producción hegeliana y sus ediciones, pues se advierte una diferencia textual que, sin duda, influye en la determinación sistemática de la filosofía de Hegel.

During the 19th and the 20th century the concept of system undergoes significant transformations. The interplay of biology and sociology gives rise to an olistic definition of the concept, in order to understand society by means of schemes developed in the field of theoris of organisms. It is possible to follow this development from Pareto and Henderson, to Parsons, and finally to Luhmann, by examining the various biological models to which they refer.

A diferencia de todos los demás sistemas de imputación, Jakobs ubica el acento de la relevancia jurídico-penal del hecho en su significado normativo, como algo que trasciende la mera causalidad exterior y la finalidad del autor, de manera que lo decisivo para la imputación jurídico-penal no es ni lo psíquicoreal querido por el autor, ni la causalidad desplegada por su conducta, sino el significado normativo de esa conducta como la expresión de un sentido objetivo de desautorización de la vigencia de (...) la norma en un determinado contexto social. (shrink)

One of the possible interpretations for the esteem Arendt had for the res publica makes us think of a form of government which is potentially capable of stimulate citizens to the exercise of public liberty. This form of government, based on a system of councils, constitutes, according to Arendt, the “real” republic which, although born from inside one of the branches of the revolutionary tradition, was destroyed by the State bureaucracy as well as by party apparatuses. The point in this (...) essay is to analyse the not so well known principal of organisation of these areas of liberty, which are born from the experience of the political action per se. (shrink)

El Tratado de Amistad y Cooperación hispanoportugués implementa la reactivación económica de ambos países y los fondos europeos Next Generation EU impulsan las iniciativas tecnológicas de estos. Permitiendo la puesta en marcha de un proyecto que establecerá una red espacial compuesta por 16 satélites, que proporcionarán diversas y sustanciosas informaciones para prever emergencias, mejorar la calidad de vida, adaptar la transición ecológica, generar empleo de calidad, fomentar el crecimiento empresarial con capital público o privado y simultáneamente la obtención de datos (...) e informes requeridos por las agencias de inteligencia estatales, de la UE, o los miembros de la OTAN. (shrink)

A obra pretende indicar a bipolaridade que constitui o objeto central da abordagem; por um lado, a problematização da funcionalidade do sistema penal e da expansão, sem precedentes, que experimenta na era da globalização; de outro, o problema dos déficits do conceito e da dimensão da cidadania, que experimentam ímpar minimização.

En el presente artículo evalúo el concepto de violencia, explorando casos hipotéticos que permitan establecer cuáles son las condiciones o criterios que muestran cuándo una acción puede ser calificada como violenta. Frente a esto, parto de la idea de que una acción es violenta cuando rompe reglas o normas, las cuales son establecidas por sistemas sociales que se fundan en sistema de creencias. Concluyo, así, que hay que examinar los sistemas de creencias, donde se fundan los sistemas sociales, para (...) erradicar todo tipo de acción que pueda romper reglas o normas. (shrink)

Combining ethics and economics has become one of the greatest challenges of our times. Today’s economic globalisation processes increasingly demand more respect for the universal-isable rights, values and principles defended by societies with a post-conventional level of moral development. The credibility and legitimacy of the activity, and therefore its correct development, depend on this respect. However, the prevailing economic theory continues to perceive moral reflection as an external question, and regards its orientations as impositions which, if followed, minimise the satisfaction (...) of maximum profits. For this reason the aim of the present paper is twofold: first, to show ethics as a constitutive activity, necessary for the economy to develop in the right way through Peter Ulrich’s integrative proposal and especially through Jesús Conill’s critical hermeneutic approach; and second, to propose guidelines for designing a system for monitoring and managing the moral climate in firms and economic organisations that can be applied and implemented in practice. (shrink)

Las fronteras han experimentado grandes cambios ligados principalmente al desarrollo de la globalización, la desigualdad de sus beneficios y el aumento inédito de las migraciones y movilidad internacionales. Este artículo se centra en la discriminación como uno de los grandes desafíos de la sociedad democrática asociado a la resignificación de las fronteras. Frente a las graves desigualdades y exclusiones que atentan contra la libertad y dignidad de las personas, se reivindica a la política, en diversos ámbitos y escalas, como posibilidad (...) de construir un mundo menos injusto y violento, dejando atrás la ley del más fuerte. (shrink)

Temporal validity of norms is tied to due process and legal certainty principles. Likewise, a norms possibility to be applied at different moments in time is based in certainty and fairness principles. It is with this background and framework that the subject of retroactivity is addressed, understanding its nature, aims and reach, arguing that this form of application of norms does not undermine the unity and coherence of a legal system.Abstract:Temporal validity of norms is tied to due process and legal (...) certainty principles. Likewise, a norms possibility to be applied at different moments in time is based in certainty and fairness principles. It is with this background and framework that the subject of retroactivity is addressed, understanding its nature, aims and reach, arguing that this form of application of norms does not undermine the unity and coherence of a legal system. (shrink)

If Fichte influenced in Kant like a reagent so that this took conscience of thelast consequences of his unfinished system, Would it be necessary to say thesame of Schelling? In principle, everything leads us to a negative answers.During the nineties Schelling was considered as a mere pupil and until..

A Fuzzy-Set Theoretical Framework -resting on a paraconsistent infinite-valued logic- is sketched, wherein a thorough ontological-reduction program can be carried out. The framework includes formulae of the form “x comprises z in the time-interval e”. Reducing aggregates to sets thus handled is shown to escape usual objections. Likewise, systems generally can be regarded as aggregates, hence as (fuzzy) sets -the purported nonextensionality of systems objection being disposed of owing to our system’s recognizing infinitely many membership degrees. So do bodies, too, (...) which enables us to find a solutionto Unger’s sorites concerning ordinary material bodies. (shrink)

En este libro se reconstruye el modelo de fundamentación ética naturalista que el estoicismo desa¬r¬rolló a partir de la noción clave de la oikeiosis. Lo sorprendente de este modelo con¬sis¬te en el hecho de que, a pesar de orientarse a partir de la noción de autoconservación, los estoicos no desarrollaron una ética de la supervivencia ni asumieron ninguna otra variante habitual del egoísmo moral, sino que elaboraron, por el contrario, una ética de marcado contenido social, que adquiere in¬clu¬so un carácter (...) decididamente universalista y cosmopolita. A través de un estudio detallado de los textos estoicos más relevantes y en diálogo con las voces contemporáneas que lideran el estudio de esta escuela helenística, el autor analiza las diferentes fases del proceso de modulación de los impulsos naturales que se da en el ser humano con el surgimiento de la razón, y explica en qué sentido el logro de la virtud equivale para un estoico a una “vida en conformidad con naturaleza”. This book makes a critical examination of the Stoic theory of oikeiosis offering a systematic reconstruction of the natural basis of morality within this philosophical school. What is striking about this theory is the fact that, despite being guided by the notion of self-preservation, the Stoics did not develop an ethics of survival or assume any other variant of the usual ethical egoism but rather developed a model of ethics replete with social content, which takes on a decidedly universal and cosmopolitan character. Through a detailed study of classical sources and in dialogue with leading contemporary scholars in the field of Stoic studies, the author accounts for the different stages of the process of modulation of natural impulses that occurs in human beings with the emergence of reason, and also explains in what sense the attainment of virtue is for a Stoic equivalent to a “life in accordance with nature”. (shrink)

A number of commentators on Smith's philosophy have observed that the relationship between his moral theory and his theological beliefs is "exceedingly difficult to unravel". The available evidence, as generally presented, suggests that although Smith was not entirely orthodox by contemporary standards, he has no obvious or significant irreligious commitments or orientation. Contrary to this view of things, I argue that behind the veneer of orthodoxy that covers Smith's discussion in The Theory of the Moral Sentiments there are significant irreligious (...) themes present in his work. Two irreligious themes, I maintain, are especially important. The first is that the impartial spectator, as described in Smith's moral system, serves to sustain and support moral conduct and practice without any reliance on the goodness and justice of God in a future state. By this means, Smith is able to show how moral life is grounded in human nature without collapsing into the scepticism and "licentiousness" associated with the moral systems of Hobbes and Mandeville. On the other hand, related to this first irreligious theme, Smith also points out that there is no perfect match between virtue and happiness in this life. More specifically, he notes that even the mechanism of the impartial spectator cannot protect the innocent person from the miseries associated with unjust condemnation by others in our society. The general force of Smith's observations on this matter is not to justify the credibility of the doctrine of a future state but rather to explain its deep psychological roots in our (human) moral nature. In the final section of this paper I argue that although these two irreligious themes are clearly present in The Theory of the Moral Sentiments, Smith does not manifest the kind of systematic hostility to the influence of religion on moral life that features prominently in Hume's writings. On this basis, I conclude that Smith's views on ethics should be characterized as "weakly irreligious" in contrast with Hume's "strongly irreligious" ethical views. (shrink)

Adorno’s negative dialectics wants to free the thought from the dictates of the system, taking position against the illusion to grasp the essence of reality by logic. Against that false idea of totality, Adorno devises a philosophy of fragment, a logic of disgregation that presupposes a different concept of totality: a fragmented, scattered and conflicting wholeness. The anti systematic thinking of Adorno is configured, however, as a systematic rejection of any systematic formulation: philosophy can at most claiming a pretension to (...) truth by the practice of interpretation. A dialectic configuration of fragments of totality is at stake here: so, the arrangement of such fragments can both produce an image of reality endowed with meaning and also unfold through heterogeneous combinations that are not definitive, but always renewable from time to time. In Adorno’s reflection are so expressed two different instances which are complementary at the same time: on the one hand it represents the critical and negative element against the system and its hybris, on the other hand it expresses the need of the thought to go beyond and overcome that fragmentation, showing how the need of unity of the system is a need of the thought in itself. (shrink)