Resumo: A proposta deste trabalho é problematizar a relação entre cinema e educação. Percebemos que o cinema é, geralmente, tratado apenas como plataforma ilustrativa nas aulas, ocupando papel secundário, inferior ao texto escrito ou à explicação oral. No entanto, a partir da perspectiva filosófica de Gilles Deleuze e Félix Guattari, entendemos que o encontro entre a filosofia e o cinema oferece ao aluno-espectador um novo campo de experimentação, visto que esse pode ser um potente instrumento de formação, não só cultural, (...) mas também educacional, tanto quanto é a Literatura, a Filosofia e a Sociologia. O cinema, em sala de aula, como plataforma de ensino-aprendizagem (não apenas ilustrativo), acompanhado das intervenções do professor, pode possibilitar ao estudante o trânsito em diferentes campos do saber e da sociedade. Ademais, a imagem-movimento, mediante seus afectos e perceptos e em conjunto com a filosofia, abre espaço para que o estudante construa ativamente relações entre o pensamento e a criação de conceitos, isto é, entre a filosofia e o cinema. Palavras-chave: Cinema; Educação; Filosofia; Sensibilidade; Pensamento A historical-philosophical look at the encounter between cinema and education and its use in classrooms Abstract: The purpose of this work is to problematize the relationship between cinema and education. We noticed that cinema is generally treated only as an illustrative platform in classes, occupying a secondary role, inferior to the written text or oral explanation. However, from the philosophical perspective of Gilles Deleuze and Félix Guattari, we understand that the encounter between philosophy and cinema would offer the student-spectator a new field of experimentation, since this can be a powerful instrument of formation, not only cultural., but also educational, as well as Literature, Philosophy and Sociology. The cinema, in the classroom, as a teaching-learning platform (not just illustrative), accompanied by the teacher's interventions, can allow the student to transit in different fields of knowledge and society. Furthermore, the movement-image, through its affects and percepts and together with philosophy, opens space for the student to actively build relationships between thought and the creation of concepts, that is, between philosophy and cinema. Keywords: Movie; Education; Philosophy; Sensitivity; Thought Un regard historique-philosophique sur la rencontre du cinéma et de l'éducation et ses usages en salle de classe Résumé: Le but de ce travail est de problématiser la relation entre cinéma et éducation. Nous avons remarqué que le cinéma n'est généralement traité que comme une plate-forme illustrative dans les classes, occupant un rôle secondaire, inférieur au texte écrit ou à l'explication orale. Cependant, dans une perspective philosophique de Gilles Deleuze et Félix Guattari, on comprend que la rencontre entre philosophie et cinéma offrirait à l'étudiant-spectateur un nouveau champ d'expérimentation, puisque celui-ci peut être un puissant instrument de formation, non seulement culturelle, mais aussi également pédagogique, ainsi que littérature, philosophie et sociologie. Le cinéma, en classe, en tant que plateforme d'enseignement-apprentissage (pas seulement illustratif), accompagné des interventions de l'enseignant, peut permettre à l'élève de transiter dans différents champs du savoir et de la société. De plus, l'image-mouvement, à travers ses affects et ses perceptions et avec la philosophie, ouvre un espace pour que l'étudiant construise activement des relations entre la pensée et la création de concepts, c'est-à-dire entre la philosophie et le cinéma. Mots-clés: Cinéma; Éducation; Philosophie; Sensibilité; Pensée Data de registro: 22/03/2023 Data de aceite: 20/09/2023. (shrink)

Voltaire teve um importante papel na disseminação do newtonianismo no continente europeu. Mas também ele foi responsável pela tentativa mais direta de estender a autoridade de Newton a outros temas filosóficos, além daqueles relativos à matemática e à física. O livro La Métahysique de Newton , publicado em 1740, é uma prova disso. Neste artigo, o livro de Voltaire é analisado a partir do contexto das polêmicas entre partidários de Newton e de Leibniz. Procura-se identificar nexos entre o projeto esboçado (...) no La Métaphysique e as especulações de Hume e de Kant sobre os problemas metafísicos da teoria newtoniana da gravitação universal. (shrink)

Le philosophe constitue l’une des figures les plus remarquables de la vie intellectuelle française. De Bergson à Foucault en passant par Sartre, il est l’ambassadeur à l’étranger d’une forme de « francité », paradoxale pour celui qui s’est installé d’emblée dans une perspective universelle. Au cours du xxe siècle, la discipline qui venait couronner l’enseignement secondaire classique a connu à la fois le succès mondial d’un style de pensée et les affres du déclassement institutionnel en France. Ce récit vivant décrit (...) au plus près ce qu’est la philosophie française : une construction conceptuelle, dont toutes les lectures et réceptions sont à prendre en compte, une institution et des pratiques sociales, de la salle de classe à la scène médiatique. Ce livre est aussi un hommage, ironique et quelquefois impertinent, à ceux qui ont fait une bonne part de notre histoire culturelle. (shrink)

Este ensaio introdutório faz uma breve apresentação do tratado de óptica atribuído a Euclides de Alexandria, inserindo-o no contexto das teorias sobre a visão formuladas pelas doutrinas filosóficas antigas. Ressalta-se o antagonismo entre a análise geométrica da visão, empreendida por Euclides, e as considerações filosóficas acerca dos processos físicos subjacentes à sensação visual. Pretende-se mostrar que o objeto da óptica euclidiana é a percepção visual daquilo que Aristóteles denomina "sensível comum". This introductory essay provides an abridged presentation of the optical (...) treatise attributed to Euclid of Alexandria, placing it in the context of theories about vision formulated by the ancient philosophical doctrines. I emphasize the antagonism between the geometric analysis of vision, undertaken by Euclid, and the philosophical considerations about the physical processes underlying visual sensation. In addition, I aim to show that the object of Euclidean optics is the visual perception of what Aristotle calls "common sensible". (shrink)

Este artigo apresenta um diagnóstico crítico da expansão universitária ocorrida no Brasil, entre os anos de 2010 e 2020, destacando a forte atuação de grupos empresariais privados. A partir de um corpus de fontes heterogêneas – tais como dados quantitativos do censo da educação superior divulgados pelo INEP (Instituto Nacional de Estudos e Pesquisas Educacionais Anísio Teixeira), análise de discursos jornalísticos, fontes jurídicas etc. – mostramos que essa expansão foi financiada por meio do investimento público que levou sobretudo à expansão (...) do ensino plataformizado à distância (EAD) que, por sua vez, gerou redução de postos formais de emprego, a heteromação do trabalho e sua consequente precarização (CASILLI, 2019). Adotamos a perspectiva de análise foucaultiana, realizando uma ontologia crítica do presente a fim de refletir sobre novas formas de resistências às políticas educacionais vigentes, que incluam a valorização dos profissionais de educação, geração de empregos formais assegurados direitos trabalhistas e a melhoria da qualidade do ensino superior no Brasil. Palavras-chave: Ética, Política, Educação, Ensino superior e Michel Foucault “No classrooms, no teachers”: neoliberal governmentality and the precarization of teaching work in brazilian higher education (2010- 2020) Abstract: This article presents a critical diagnosis of university expansion in Brazil, between the years 2010 and 2020, highlighting a strong performance of private groups. From a corpus of heterogeneous sources - such as studies of sources of studies and legal research from the higher education census released by INEP (Anísio Teixeira’s National Institute of Educational Studies), analysis of journalistic discourses, legal sources, etc. – we show that this expansion was financed through a public investment, which revealed above all things the expansion of a distance education platform (EAD) which, in turn, generated a reduction in formal job positions, the heteromation of work and its consequent precariousness (CASILLI, 2019). We adopted a Foucauldian perspective, carrying out an analysis of the philosophy of the present, intending to reflect new forms of resistance to current educational politics, which criticize the valorization of education professionals, creating formal jobs and ensuring labor rights and improving the quality of higher education in Brazil. Key-words: Ethics, Politics, Education, Higher Education and Michel Foucault “Sans salles de classe, sans enseignants”: la gouvernementalité néolibérale et la précarité du travail enseignant dans l'enseignement supérieur brésilien(2010- 2020) Résumé: Cet article présente un diagnostic critique de l'expansion universitaire qui a eu lieu au Brésil, entre 2010 et 2020, en soulignant la forte performance des groupes d'entreprises privées. À partir d'un corpus de sources hétérogènes - telles que les données quantitatives du recensement de l'enseignement supérieur publiées par l'INEP (Institut national d'études et de recherches pédagogiques Anísio Teixeira), l'analyse des discours journalistiques, les sources juridiques, etc. – nous montrons que cette expansion a été financée par l'investissement public, ce qui a surtout conduit à l'expansion de l'enseignement à distance sur plateforme (EAD) qui, à son tour, a généré une réduction des emplois formels, l'hétéromisation du travail et sa précarité conséquente (CASILLI, 2019). Nous adoptons la perspective de l'analyse foucaldienne, effectuant une ontologie critique du présent afin de réfléchir sur les nouvelles formes de résistance aux politiques éducatives actuelles, qui incluent la valorisation des professionnels de l'éducation, la création d'emplois formels, la garantie des droits du travail et l'amélioration de la la qualité de l'éducation est plus élevée au Brésil. Mots-clés: Ethique, politique, éducation, enseignement supérieur et Michel Foucault Data de registro: 17/02/2023 Data de aceite: 21/02/2024. (shrink)

Pour entrer dans l’intelligence de ce qu’est un exercice selon Francis Ponge, peut-être n’est-il pas de meilleure méthode que d’ouvrir le Littré. On y découvre que si « exercice » est bien sûr un synonyme d’« entraînement », « exercer » une chose revient à en « vérifier le fonctionnement ». Émile Littré nous précise surtout qu’étymologiquement, le verbe « exercer » vient du latin ex arcere, expression qui signifie quant à elle « faire sortir », « délivrer ». On (...) tente ici de mettre à l’épreuve de quelques textes de Francis Ponge ces définitions (complémentaires) de la notion d’exercice. On s’attache notamment à démontrer que cet auteur, feignant parfois de s’installer dans une salle de classe (où il jouerait tout à la fois le rôle de l’instituteur et celui de l’élève), place en réalité sa pratique sous le signe de la joie : le moment de la « délivrance » – celui de la formulation « réussie » – est celui de la jouissance. (shrink)

Cet article tente à la fois de parler des nouvelles réalités empiriques en Inde que la mondialisation a introduites et d’explorer les raisons de l’hypervisibilité de certaines de ces réalités empiriques et de la négligence d’autres. Les deux questions liées que cet article pose à la sociologie indienne sont les suivantes : Pourquoi la montée en puissance de nouveaux espaces urbains, d’une classe moyenne en expansion et d’une culture de la consommation, propulsée par la mondialisation, a-t-elle attiré autant d’attention (...) de la part de la sociologie indienne? Et pourquoi la crise simultanée de la société rurale, la précarité du travail, la montée du nationalisme culturel et son sectarisme de clocher ont-ils été si peu pris en compte? Les réponses aux questions ci-dessus, je suggère qu’elles peuvent être trouvées (i) dans les traditions intellectuelles dominantes de la sociologie indienne ; et (ii) dans ses pratiques locales quotidiennes. Cette double approche part du principe que la tentative de la sociologie indienne de s’adapter à la mondialisation ne peut être comprise en se limitant aux seules idées intellectuelles, mais qu’elle doit être appréhendée à travers les chemins désordonnés que le concept de mondialisation, comme d’autres concepts du Nord global auparavant, a empruntés pour arriver dans nos salles de classe, nos programmes d’études et notre sens commun. (shrink)

Les étudiants sourds et malentendants (ÉSM) représentent une catégorie de personnes dont les besoins éducatifs spécifiques sont restés sans réponse dans le système éducatif indien. Cette étude, basée sur un travail de terrain, a été menée à l’Anushruti Académie pour les sourds (AAS), une école pour les étudiants ÉSM située dans la ville de Roorkee en Inde. Elle repose sur l’observation de ces enfants dans les salles de classe et des entretiens approfondis avec leurs professeurs afin de cerner leurs (...) positions à l’égard des grands débats sur l’éducation des élèves ÉSM. Les questions de la langue et l’acquisition du langage parlé, les méthodes d’enseignement, la relation dialectique des élèves à la technologie et leur confrontation avec la stigmatisation sont utilisés afin de cerner les expériences vécues des élèves. L’étude souligne la nécessité d’utiliser un langage unificateur qui intègre le contenu usuel du développement académique. Cela renforcera l’accès des étudiants aux différentes disciplines académiques et leur permettra de d’aller au-delà des niveaux élémentaires de réussite scolaire. (shrink)

Nosso objetivo geral consiste em situar a filosofia moral de David Hume no debate iniciado pela publicação da Fábula das Abelhas de Bernard Mandeville. Pretende-se com isso, matizar a suposta filiação de Hume à filosofia moral de Francis Hutcheson, em especial, e às filosofias do senso moral de um modo geral. Para tanto, além de uma breve exposição das posições de Mandeville e Hutcheson, buscamos realizar uma análise mais detida da concepção humiana de juízo e sentimentos morais, de maneira a (...) indicar em que medida Hume se afasta e em que medida se aproxima das teses do filósofo holandês. Dessa forma pretende-se determinar a originalidade da solução de Hume para as questões postas pela obra de Mandeville. (shrink)

edited by Tuija Takala and Matti Häyry, welcomes contributions on the conceptual and theoretical dimensions of bioethics.

O objetivo deste texto é, primeiramente, expor os contornos gerais as críticas deDavid Hume ao que o filósofo escocês chamou epicurismo moderno. Trata-se das filosofiasde Hobbes e de seus supostos epígonos, que, aos olhos de Hume, elegeram o amor própriocomo origem fundamental de nossas ações e juízos. Num segundo momento, trata-se dedelinear o lugar central do conceito de simpatia nesta crítica, bem como na constituiçãoda moral humeana.

El presente artículo propone la reflexión sobre la complejidad inherente a la dinámica de los grupos humanos, entre ellos, la interacción dentro de una sala de clases. Se muestra cómo las estrategias de la planificación extrema o de la improvisación absoluta pueden tener consecuencias nefastas para los procesos educativos. Precisamente, en el punto intermedio entre el completo orden y el desorden total, se encontraría la máxima complejidad, que permitiría alcanzar objetivos de alto nivel. Finalmente, se propone la utilización de simulaciones (...) computacionales para estimar los alcances que podría tener una innovación en la interacción en aula. (shrink)

This text is present as a snip of a set of reflexions that composes a dissertation that inserts itself in the current discussion around the place given to children and childhood in the space destined to childhood education in the city of Caruaru – PE, from the understanding of the teacher's discourses that work in that level of education. This work has as an objective to capture the discourses attributed by the teachers of Childhood Education to the children, to the (...) childhood and to the Childhood Education, focusing on the discourses which have subsidized the teachers’ forms of intervention in the space/time of Childhood Education. In this context, we have bound as our investigative field Municipal Centers of Childhood Education in the city of Caruaru – PE (CMEIS), from which it were contemplated 06 Educational Centers and interviewed a total of 12 (twelve) teachers. As a methodological procedure, we used semistructured interviews and for data analysis we supported ourselves in theoretical-methodological contributions of the discourse analysis. We start with the assumption that, despite the changes and the proccess of resignification ocurred in this field, including the own understanding of child, childhood and Childhood Education, the school of the children/childhood is assuming a link with the childhood that inserts it in a chronological time, associating it to the future, to a dubious minority. From a theoretical view, we start from the questioning of the very notion of childhood and Childhood Education, its meanings and the implications of those in the field of child education. The analyzed discourses, distributed in discoursive networks, generally speaking, present various statements and temporalities to the childhood, the child and the Childhood Education, but not excluding ones. Although in all the discourses is possible to identify an enlargement of the concern with tha place of the child, the childhood in the practices of Childhood Education, it shows evidences of permanence so as of changes in the form of discourse to the child, the childhood and, consequently, the Childhood Education. The data, therefore, express a diversity of meanings and interpretations, but indicates how much the school and its subjects still lack of a more assertive relationship with the child and the childhood. (shrink)

Diagnosing Challenging Oppositional Disorder on children and young people is approached by health as a disorder that has a compilation of features that can even make the disorder easily camouflaged or confused with others, such as Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder or Disorder. In addition to the discussions of a TOD’s clinical perception, it’s necessary to deconstruct some norms and look at this difference, through another perception in which it allows us to reflect TOD from a philosophical social perspective.This research sought (...) to reflect on characteristics present in the Disorder and problematize them according to the theory proposed by Michael Foucault about governmentality, this being a concept that basically expresses a manifestation of power in which conducts the conduct of the persons. As a result, the research points out that it is essential to analyze and monitor the behavior of children with suspicion of COD in different contexts, not supporting them only in medical characteristics. Relating to the concepts of the difference’s philosophy, can see children’s attitudes, seen by society as a diversion of behaviors, as manifestations of reverse-behaviors or even, resistance stemming from a normalizing society in the various institutions scattered by social knitting: at school, or family, which are the two most cited in this article. In short, society must have a distinctly deconstructed way of subjectivizing children to future subjects who practice freedom. Keywords: Challeging oppositional Disorder. Governmental. Power relationship. (shrink)

Recently, some have proposed moral bioenhancement as a solution to the serious moral evils that humans face. Seemingly disillusioned with traditional methods of moral education, proponents of bioenhancement believe that we should pursue and apply biotechnological means to morally enhance human beings. Such proposal has generated a lively debate about the permissibility of moral bioenhancement. We argue here that such debate is specious. The claim that moral bioenhancement is a solution - whether permissible or not - to the serious moral (...) problems that affect human beings is based on several problematic framing assumptions. We evaluate here three of such assumptions: the first rests on a contested understanding of morality, the second consist in a mistaken conception of human moral problems, and the third relates to problematic presuppositions grounding the interpretation of existent scientific evidence presented to defend moral bioenhancement. Once these framing assumptions are identified and critically evaluated, it becomes clear that the moral bioenhancement debate is misguided. (shrink)

ABSTRACT By defending the general thesis that “private vices” were indispensable to obtaining “public benefits,” Bernard Mandeville’s The Fable of the Bees provoked outraged reactions and earned its author the reputation of an enemy of virtue. Among the criticisms made against him, the one according to which he had cunningly used a rigorist conception of virtue to demonstrate the impossibility of any genuinely virtuous action stands out. Taking this criticism as a motto and trying to see to what extent it (...) can be pertinent or not, this paper intends to examine the thesis contained in the subtitle of the Fable considering the philosophical project in which it is inserted: that of an “anatomy of the invisible part of man”. From there, we hope it will be possible to indicate what questions The Fable of the Bees aims to answer and how it does answer them, what place it holds for morality, as well as which are the consequences of the Mandevillian critique of morals. (shrink)

The attempt to convene a discussion about childhood suggests a plurality of educative issues and raises important problems in the context of basic education. To recognize children in their specificity, and to engage and encounter them beyond the discourses produced about them seems to be a challenge today, most especially in the field of childhood education. The large majority of educational discourses assume a notion of childhood as inserted in chronological time, associated with the future, and constituting a doubtful minority. (...) The objective of this paper is to understand what significations and meanings are configuring the discursive practices maintained among teachers about the childhood.I start with the hypothesis that, despite the reconstitution of meaning that has occurred in the field, educators still associate the concept of childhood and its formation with the idea of becoming adult, and presume to explain the notion of childhood technically, in terms of a body of “scientific” knowledge. The research described here is based on an inquiry that took place in various Childhood Education Centers of the Public Municipal Network of the state of Pernambuco, Brazil. Although it is unfinished, this research, based on interviews, suggests that teacher discourses inhabit two discursive temporalities, and two childhoods: on the one side, the affirmation of the same, of unification, of linearity; on the other, the affirmation of difference, of novelty, of the singular. Although they enunciate different meanings for childhood, these meanings are not in themselves contradictory. They do, however, function in some way to maintain a form of schooling that lacks sensitivity to children and a more affirmative relationship to childhood in general, and which encloses itself in an adult vision of what children’s needs might be the. I try to show that those needs exceed the specificity of the teaching and learning typically encountered in schools, and to evaluate to what extent they are affirmed by scholarly notions of childhood. (shrink)

A partir de uma revisão bibliográfica do século XVIII, resgataremos elementos que estavam naraiz da concepção universalista de homem desse século, como pertencente ao continuum da natureza.Com recurso aos métodos da antropologia estrutural, analisaremos nosso objeto que está situado nosdomínios do pensamento científico do século XVIII. O principal objetivo consistirá em identificar erecuperar a influência de alguns “mitos” acerca de seres antropomorfos, recuperando a origem dealgumas representações gráficas desses seres. A partir de algumas fontes de Rousseau e seuscontemporâneos, esboçaremos algumas (...) versões desses mitos para, ao final, aplicarmos recursos a queLévi-Strauss recorreu diante de elementos sincrônicos e anacrônicos de sua análise do mitemas. (shrink)

O priming semântico é um tipo de memória implícita que se caracteriza pelo efeito facilitador de um estímulo precedente no processamento de um estímulo posterior, causado pela relação semântica existente entre os dois. O objetivo deste estudo foi verificar relações entre os efeitos de priming semânt..

A Escolástica medieval elevou a teologia ao grau de ciência. Tendência que começou a se manifestar no final do século XI e início do século seguinte, e que atinge seu apogeu no século XIII. Tomás de Aquino torna-se a maior expressão deste novo estatuto da teologia, embora não o único. A primeira questão de sua Suma Teológica trata justamente dos princípios que permitem considerar a teologia como ciência e formam um conjunto de dez artigos que são o objeto de estudo (...) desta investigação. A apresentação destes artigos, por si só, revela a concepção de Tomás sobre a teologia na segunda metade do século XIII, contudo uma reflexão sobre suas fontes, seu método e suas conquistas são igualmente objeto deste estudo. (shrink)

There is a growing resurgence in the study of psychedelic medicines for the treatment of mental health and substance use disorders. However, certain early investigations are marred by questionable research methods, abuses against research participants, and covert Central Intelligence Agency financial involvement. The purpose of this study was to understand how and to what extent people of colour and other vulnerable populations, specifically, individuals who were incarcerated or incapacitated due to mental health issues, were exploited during the first wave of (...) psychedelic research in the USA. To do so, we reviewed available empirical publications according to current ethical standards. Variables of interest included race and ethnicity of participants, population vulnerability, drug administration conditions, informed consent and undue influence. Our findings draw attention to the history of research abuses against people of colour in Western psychedelic research. In light of these findings, we urge a call-to-action to current psychedelic researchers to prioritise culturally inclusive and socially responsible research methods in current and future studies. All data relevant to the study are included in the article. (shrink)

O presente artigo pretende examinar as linhas gerais da crítica de Condillac à metafísica, tentando indicar os elos entre sua recusa dos grandes sistemas do século XVII e sua concepção de linguagem. Para tanto, parte-se do Tratado dos sistemas, onde essa crítica é empreendida de maneira intensiva e detalhista, para se chegar à teoria dos signos linguísticos, apresentada pelo filósofo no Ensaio sobre a origem dos conhecimentos humanos e retomada em obras subsequentes. A tese fundamental aqui é a de que, (...) aos olhos do abade, se os grandes filósofos da metafísica clássica equivocaram-se ao fundarem seus sistemas em “máximas abstratas” e “suposições da imaginação”, foi por terem sido induzidos a erro devido à própria natureza dos signos linguísticos. Se essa hipótese de leitura estiver correta, tanto esse diagnóstico quanto a chave para solução do problema dependeriam do exame da origem e dos progressos da linguagem, realizado por Condillac no Ensaio.AbstractThis paper intends to examine the general lines of Condillac’s critique of metaphysics, trying to indicate the links between his refusal of the great systems of the seventeenth century and his conception of language. It begins with a short presentation of the Treatise of Systems, where this criticism is undertaken intensively and in detail, and aims to arrive at the theory of linguistic signs presented by the philosopher in the Essay on the Origin of Human Knowledges and resumed in subsequent works. The fundamental thesis here is that, to Condillac, if the great philosophers of classical metaphysics were wrong to base their systems on “abstract maxims” and “assumptions of the imagination,” it was because they were misled by their own nature of the linguistic signs. If this reading hypothesis is correct, both this diagnosis and the key to solving the problem would depend on his examination of the origin and progress of language presented to the reader in his Essay.Key words: Metaphysics; Empiricism; Signs; Language; History of language. (shrink)

Cet article est consacré à un emploi singulier des descriptions définies dans la presse people sur Internet. De nombreuses descriptions définies, telles le mari de Jill Biden, pour désigner Joe Biden, et le mari de Melania, pour désigner Donald Trump, y apparaissent sans lien avec le propos des articles, et cela parfois dans des contextes où un pronom personnel serait plus approprié qu’une expression nominale. Nous soulignerons d’abord combien ces descriptions définies s’écartent des emplois ordinaires des expressions référentielles très spécifiées (...) en général et des descriptions définies en particulier et quels risques certaines d’entre elles, relevant de la catégorie des « anaphores présuppositionnelles » de Milner, peuvent présenter pour la bonne interprétation référentielle. Nous spécifierons ensuite leur fonction, fonction liée à la fois à la coloration « people » de ce type de presse et à son support numérique. (shrink)

In this paper, I explore the Presocratic antecedents of the Stoic theory of conflagration and argue that, even though three central theses of this theory have solid antecedents in Presocratic physics, the logical connection between them is a Stoic innovation. I label the Presocratics who hold these theses ‘Anaximandreans’ and include in this group Anaximander himself, Heraclitus and Diogenes of Apollonia, and reveal that Anaximenes, Democritus and Antiphon share with them central meteorological and cosmological assumptions.

Cet article est consacré aux emplois dits « génériques » des pronoms de deuxième personne _tu_ et _vous_, emplois dans lesquels ils peuvent concurrencer certains emplois indéfinis du pronom _on. _Selon certaines analyses, en particulier celles qui font valoir une restructuration du système pronominal français, _tu_ et _vous_ apparaissent comme de simples équivalents de _on_. Selon d’autres analyses, au contraire, le choix de _tu_ ou _vous_ à la place de _on_ n’est pas arbitraire et _tu_ et _vous_ génériques conservent une (...) valeur d’interpellation de l’interlocuteur ou de l’interlocutrice. Nous tenterons de montrer que _tu_ et _vous_ génériques, bien qu’ils ne correspondent pas nécessairement au pronom d’adresse utilisé (notamment _tu_ générique, qui peut être utilisé en contexte de vouvoiement) et qu’ils puissent être indifférents au statut de l’interlocuteur ou de l’interlocutrice (genre ou nombre de celui-/celle-ci, ceux-/celles-ci), conservent bien une valeur d’adresse. (shrink)

This contribution presents two perspectives: one based on AI expertise and the other on the importance of knowledge as human knowledge. The later focuses on the purpose of education by revisiting Alexander von Humboldt’s concept of Bildung as the main purpose of education. Resisting the shifting to radically pragmatic models of education, without Bildung, in recent decades, in the Global North which develops a system of disposable education that focuses on training a workforce for the market. Concerned by the production (...) of disposable knowledge and assessments, with the sole goal of achieving good grades and securing employment, we see Generative AI, as mirroring this functionalist and economist vision of society, revealing strongly the limits of this paradigm. This article first explains how automatic learning, the foundation of generative AI, works. Second, we shall discuss human deep learning, as opposed to surface learning showing how it is required to develop as a person in the Bildung perspective. Third, we highlight this first intuition that AI reveals the functioning of our societies and move beyond, with an art of questioning in philosophy. (shrink)

Neste artigo, analiso o Nominalismo de Classe como uma solução para o problema dos universais. Inicialmente, apresento a forma como entendo o problema dos universais. Em um segundo momento, caracterizo de maneira geral o Nominalismo de Classe. Neste ponto, indico as características gerais dessa posição. Posteriormente, analiso as posições de Quinton e Lewis. Além de apresentar as suas posições, mostro como eles tentam se livrar de algumas críticas clássicas. Defendo que esses autores não são bem sucedidos e que, (...) portanto, a teoria deles apresenta sérios problemas. Por último, discuto dois tópicos críticos ao Nominalismo de Classe: o problema das relações e a questão da economia ontológica. Apresento razões para essa posição não fornecer uma análise adequada para as relações. Por fim, defendo que, apesar dessa posição ser uma teoria nominalista, ela não é tão econômica de um ponto de vista ontológico como se poderia esperar de uma forma de Nominalimo. (shrink)

My goal in this paper is to present and analyze some versions of make-believe theories for singular negative existentials. I will quickly present Evans’ perspective and, in greater detail, the perspectives of Kroon and Walton. I will claim that neither Evans nor Walton provide the right account of the phenomenon of singular negative existentials, and that Kroon’s perspective is better than both. However, I will argue that the three theories have the same problem, which I call the problem of semantic (...) motivation. (shrink)

Salud reproductiva, legislación y opciones de maternidad brings together articles by fourteen Spanish scholars of law, philosophy, psychology, bioethics, and aesthetics that focus on a central and pressing issue within feminist thought: traditional conceptions of motherhood and how they shape people’s understanding of reproduction, reproductive choices, and women’s agency. The volume includes essays with diverse theoretical and methodological approaches. The organizing thesis is that a fruitful investigation of the issues surrounding reproduction and particularly abortion must challenge the fixed and mistaken (...) set of understandings that have historically been... (shrink)

Este trabajo intenta resolver una tensión que existe en el modo en que Aristóteles concibe el apeiron de Anaximandro, la substancia a partir de la cual se genera el cosmos. En algunas partes del corpus, Aristóteles la presenta como un cuerpo básico que genera el cosmos por medio de un cambio de sus cualidades, pero en otras como un cuerpo compuesto de substancias básicas que el cual generaría el cosmos cuando éstas se separan la una de la otra. Como veremos, (...) sin embargo, sólo este segundo modelo es el que Aristóteles realmente le atribuye a Anaximandro. Al final, se propone una hipótesis respecto de quién podría ser entonces la persona, o grupo de personas, que Aristóteles tiene en mente cuando se refiere al primer modelo. (shrink)

Cet essai se penche sur un aspect méconnu de l’œuvre d’El Lissitzky : ses relations avec le cinéma. Il propose une analyse détaillée des deux salles d’exposition conçues entièrement par El Lissitzky, les Demonstrationsräume [Salles de démonstration] construites respectivement à Dresde (1926) et Hanovre (1927), fondée sur ses écrits théoriques du milieu des années 1920, ainsi que sur les notions de « cinéma élargi » et de « cinéma par d’autres moyens ». En soulignant l’importance de la matérialité du dispositif (...) cinématographique, cet essai décrit ces salles d’exposition modernistes comme des lieux d’expérimentation radicale visant à renégocier les relations entre les différents médias artistiques. (shrink)

This review will develop a theme from the theoretical contrast between Max Weber and Adorno approach of the concept of “progress”, read by their discussions on, respectively, “The Meaning of Wertfreiheit in Sociology and Economics” (1917) and “Fortschritt”, (Progress, 1962). After establishing a comparison between both writings and their theoretical tools, we shall identify the differences in resources by the critical and traditional theory elements. The opposition shall become more distinctly as the comparison reach the historical examples from their readings (...) on Art History. Weber has employed a general bias to equate musical productions and painting, as Adorno, on the other hand, forecast something quite different as he followed the same guideline, the technical progress. (shrink)

La contribución de Ricardo Salles se centra en la interpretación peripatética de Alejandro en contra de la tesis estoica de que la lógica no es “instrumento”, sino “parte” de la filosofía. Según Alejandro, si la lógica fuera parte de la filosofía, como pretenden los estoicos, la filosofía no podría ocupar el lugar más elevado en la jerarquía del conocimiento; pero esto sería, en cierto modo, paradójico, argumenta Salles, pues todos –tanto estoicos como peripatéticos– consideran, por diversas razones, que la filosofía (...) es, por su objeto, la disciplina más elevada. De acuerdo con Salles, sin embargo, esta aguda crítica no es lo suficientemente penetrante para poner de manifiesto una verdadera inconsistencia en el estoicismo. Salles cree que esto sería paradójico, pues todos –tanto estoicos como peripatéticos– consideran, por diversas razones, que la filosofía es, por su objeto, la disciplina más elevada. De acuerdo con Salles, sin embargo, la aguda crítica de Alejandro no es lo suficientemente penetrante para poner de manifiesto una verdadera inconsistencia en el estoicismo. Su principal debilidad, en su opinión, radica en el hecho de que el razonamiento sobre el cual descansa depende de supuestos aristotélicos que los estoicos rechazan. (shrink)

En este trabajo discuto el argumento de Crisipo a favor de la indestructibilidad del cosmos que aparece en Eusebio, Praeparatio Evangelica 15.18.1-3. Este argumento complementa al que aparece en Plutarco, De Stoicorum Repugnantiis1052C, pero descansa sobre una base distinta, a saber, la teoría de la disolución de los cuerpos complejos en los cuatro elementos y la teoría sobre cómo estos últimos se transforman los unos en los otros. Según veremos, existen antecedentes importantes de estas teorías en Anaxímenes y su teoría (...) del cambio. Al final, me ocupo de dos objeciones que los propios estoicos formularon en contra del argumento de Crisipo. (shrink)