La televisión se constituyó en el dispositivo comunicacional de mayor importancia en los años 1990, al llegar a todos los hogares de clase media y ocupar un rol preponderante en la elaboración de sentidos sociales compartidos. El objetivo de este artículo es indagar distintas dimensiones y sentidos del humor en El palacio de la risa, programa humorístico de gran relevancia conducido por Antonio Gasalla entre 1992 y 1996 y transmitido por ATC y Canal 13, en Argentina. Nos enfocaremos en los (...) números protagonizados por los actores Alejandro Urdapilleta y Humberto Tortonese, quienes, junto a Gasalla, introducen importantes innovaciones en la producción humorística televisiva. En la primera sección, analizaremos qué elementos del teatro underground de los años 1980 son recuperados y puestos en juego en la propuesta televisiva. A continuación, se examinarán tres dimensiones que funcionan como materia prima para la producción humorística del trío: la crítica a las clases dominantes argentinas, la tensión entre sexualidades dominantes y disidentes, y las menciones paródicas realizadas sobre la propia televisión. En cuanto a la metodología, el trabajo fue realizado en base a un análisis de 30 sketches del trío Urdapilleta-Gasalla-Tortonese, registrando temas, aspectos estéticos, gestualidad corporal y usos discursivos. En suma, el trabajo realiza una contribución al conocimiento de la cultura de masas y las posibilidades paródicas y de desestabilización del sentido común de la televisión durante los años 1990 en Argentina. (shrink)

La novela Elvira (1940), de Moisés Vincenzi, y su adaptación cinematográfica (1955), producida por Carlos Alfaro McAdam, ofrecen, a través del protagonista de ambos relatos, Alberto Manara Bassi, un símbolo del intelectual costarricense de mediados del siglo XX. Estas representaciones, una anterior y otra posterior al establecimiento de la Segunda República en 1949, incluyen posiciones respecto a la patria, la etnia, las clases sociales y el género que pueden ser vinculadas al momento histórico de su producción. Por otra parte, (...) el juego especular por el que coinciden las ideas y escritos del sujeto literario Manara Bassi (quien toma el nombre de Mariano González) y el autor Vincenzi, conocido principalmente por su obra filosófica, convierten la novela y el filme en una vía para examinar las aspiraciones, inquietudes y contradicciones de un sector de la intelectualidad nacional del período. (shrink)

El presente artículo propone la reflexión sobre la complejidad inherente a la dinámica de los grupos humanos, entre ellos, la interacción dentro de una sala de clases. Se muestra cómo las estrategias de la planificación extrema o de la improvisación absoluta pueden tener consecuencias nefastas para los procesos educativos. Precisamente, en el punto intermedio entre el completo orden y el desorden total, se encontraría la máxima complejidad, que permitiría alcanzar objetivos de alto nivel. Finalmente, se propone la utilización (...) de simulaciones computacionales para estimar los alcances que podría tener una innovación en la interacción en aula. (shrink)

Resumen: Este ensayo analiza los desafíos que plantea el desarrollo de la competencia comunicativa intercultural en el marco de la formación de profesores en el contexto poscolonial chileno. A partir de una revisión de antecedentes bibliográficos se reconoce que la preparación de los nuevos educadores no ha logrado implementar de manera transversal el enfoque educativo intercultural. Esto ha permitido conservar la hegemonía de la monoculturalidad eurocéntrica, generando que los profesores en formación mantengan una comprensión insuficiente de las culturas presentes en (...) la sala de clases. Con el propósito de aportar a la discusión crítica, se reflexiona acerca de las posibilidades que entrega la CCI en la búsqueda de nuevas formas de conocer y comunicar que confronten la educación monocultural, para avanzar en la construcción de procesos educativos interculturales, ya sea en territorios indígenas o en los nuevos contextos que surgen por la inmigración.: This paper explores the challenges posed by the development of intercultural communicative competence in relation to teacher training in the postcolonial Chilean context. Through a review of bibliographic sources it is recognized that the preparation of new teachers has failed to transversely implement an intercultural educational approach. This has allowed Chile to keep the hegemony of eurocentric monoculturality, resulting in these teachers’ insufficient understanding of the cultures present in the classroom. In order to contribute to this critical discussion in the field, this paper reflects on the possibilities that ICC provides when seeking new ways of knowing and of communicating that confront monocultural education and develop intercultural educational processes, either in indigenous territories or in the new immigration contexts. (shrink)

Enmarcada en el área Docencia y referida específicamente a nuevas fórmulas docentes, esta reflexión profundiza en la metodología Didáctica del m2 (P.I. 269.529), que propone su propio marco teórico y referentes y que se presenta como un aporte a la formación de formadores, así como una posibilidad de educación en el aula. Entrega oportunidades para la expresión y creación en espacios de restricción, resignificando la escuela, los patios y las propias salas de clases, promoviendo experiencias significativas de conocimiento y (...) soluciones. Relevando así procesos artísticos de experiencia-acción en educación, así como también la aplicación de nuevas metodologías posibles de transferir. (shrink)

Este artículo busca presentar una lectura posestructuralista sobre el Programa de Educación Ciudadana orientado a estudiantes de tercero medio que se implementa actualmente en Chile desde el 2021. Al respecto, pareciera que la educación cívica se entiende como una posible solución a las críticas expuestas en las revueltas estudiantiles que inician el 2006 y que se han mantenido hasta el día de hoy, el análisis del discurso permite indagar qué aspectos de la ciudadanía se buscan enseñar en la sala (...) de clases. La educación ciudadana ha sido históricamente implementada desde la creación del Estado chileno para abordar momentos de crisis, es por esto que la elaboración de programas nuevos podría vincularse a la necesidad de organizar una nación con problemáticas estructurales a nivel educativo. Se ha elegido realizar un análisis del discurso de los documentos curriculares a través de una perspectiva posestructuralista, porque se cree que este enfoque permite comprender los programas desde otros lugares, posibilitando la comprensión y el análisis crítico de las ideas que se encuentran en el objetivo de educar a la ciudadanía. (shrink)

Resumo: O aumento significativo de discursos de ódio e a violência contra minorias sociais revela a sala de aula como microcosmo de uma sociedade estruturada por políticas de violência colonial e patriarcal. Experiências de sala de aula evidenciam contradições que variam em torno de práticas de libertação e/ou dominação de corpos e mentes. O ensaio propõe uma discussão sobre as políticas de dominação e o processo pedagógico na perspectiva da intelectual, ativista social e crítica cultural bell hooks. Sua (...) concepção de educação deriva de sua própria experiência de opressão de classe, raça e gênero, culminando em seu projeto ético-político de educação. Partimos da perspectiva de que a experiência do corpo em sala de aula pode ser lócus privilegiado de reflexões críticas dos sistemas interligados de opressão. Palavras-chave: Políticas de dominação; Processo pedagógico; bell hooks. Politics of domination and the pedagogical process in bell hooks Abstract: The significant increase in hate speech and violence against social minorities reveals the classroom as a microcosm of a society structured by policies of colonial and patriarchal violence. Classroom experiences reveal contradictions around practices of liberation and/or domination of bodies and minds. This essay discusses the politics of domination and the pedagogical process from the perspective of the intellectual, social activist, and cultural critic bell hooks. Her conception of education derives from her experience of class, race, and gender oppression, culminating in her ethical-political education project. We start from the perspective that the experience of the body in the classroom can be a privileged locus for critical reflections on interconnected systems of oppression. Key-words: Politics of domination; Pedagogical process; bell hooks. Política de dominación y el proceso pedagógico en bell hooks Resumen: El aumento significativo del discurso de odio y de la violencia contra las minorías sociales revela el aula como un microcosmos de una sociedad estructurada por políticas de violencia colonial y patriarcal. Las experiencias en el aula revelan contradicciones que giran en torno a prácticas de liberación y/o dominación de cuerpos y mentes. El ensayo propone una discusión sobre las políticas de dominación y el proceso pedagógico desde la perspectiva de la intelectual, activista social y crítica cultural bell hooks. Su concepción de la educación deriva de su propia experiencia de opresión de clase, raza y género, culminando en su proyecto ético-político de la educación. Partimos de la perspectiva de que la experiencia del cuerpo en el aula puede ser un locus privilegiado de reflexiones críticas de sistemas de opresión interconectados. Palabras clave: Política de dominación; Proceso pedagógico; bell hooks. Data de registro: 18/05/2023 Data de aceite: 20/09/2023. (shrink)

Se buscó identificar las habilidades que debe tener un buen docente desde la percepción de futuros profesores. Se analizaron 1047 respuestas de estudiantes de pedagogía al ingresar a la universidad los años 2021 y 2022. Los resultados arrojan que los futuros profesores consideran el desarrollo de la ética y responsabilidad, la empatía y el manejo del comportamiento de los estudiantes en la sala de clases como las habilidades más importantes a desarrollar en la universidad. Se concluye que tener (...) habilidades para interactuar es más importante que el dominio conceptual para ser buen profesor según este grupo de futuros docentes. (shrink)

O presente artigo tem como objetivo pensar a importância da territorialidade para a produção da música ao vivo contemporânea. A partir da análise da turnê “Na Sala de Estar” da banda gaúcha Apanhador Só, da rede global Sofar Sounds e de iniciativas independentes como a Undertow Music Collective, busca-se entender, com base nas noções de território-rede, territorialidade e território sônico-musical, a apropriação de ambientes domésticos para a produção de concertos independentes. Contribuindo para uma percepção das estratégias de ocupação de (...) novos produtores, artistas e fãs ao redor do mundo. (shrink)

We present an inferentialist account of collective rationality and intentionality, according to which beliefs and other intentional states are understood in terms of the normative statuses attributed to, and undertaken by, the participants of a discursive practice—namely, their discursive or practical commitments and entitlements. Although these statuses are instituted by the performances and attitudes of the agents, they are not identified with any physical or psychological entity, process or relation. Therefore, we argue that inferentialism allows us to talk of collective (...) intentionality and agency without needing to posit the existence of any sort of collective psychology or mind. (shrink)

I argue that if there are nondisabled reasons to believe p, then there cannot be nondisabled reasons to believe something incompatible with p. I first defend a restricted version of the view, which applies only to situations where the relevant agent has complete evidence. Then, I argue for a generalized version of the view, which holds regardless of the agent's evidence. As a related result, I show that, given plausible assumptions, there cannot be nondisabled reasons to believe something false.

El presente artículo de reflexión es el resultado de una investigación que tuvo un enfoque metodológico cualitativo que se expresó en dos dimensiones: uno analítico-conceptual y otro crítico-hermenéutico, y está dirigido primordialmente a examinar el problema de la obediencia moral al derecho desde los presupuestos teóricos y conceptuales de la ética normativa. Sosteniendo como tesis principal que la ética no puede equipararse a una moral aplicada, en la medida que esto implicaría confundir la ética con la moral y por el (...) contrario, el cumplimiento de las normas se da por ser lo moralmente correcto, en consecuencia, será posible concluir a través del presente trabajo que existe una obligación moral de cumplir el derecho, salvo juicios morales concretos frente a ciertas regulaciones de conductas establecidas por normas que no estén acorde a los valores críticos o morales. (shrink)

Leibniz’s role en current political and social thought is complex. On the one hand, he represents the last great synthesis built on the idea of the World as a creation of God and man as his cooperator in history. However his notion of contingency can help to explain some of the problems facing social sciences today in so far as he understandsthis concept not only from an ontological but also from an epistemological point of view. To this one should add (...) that criticisms of classical and modern philosophy such as those of Isaiah Berlin and Hannah Arendt leave intact the need of reason to organise society and we can see in Leibniz use of reason a forerunner of public choice postions. In sum, his vision of reason is very much alive though in new contexts. (shrink)

In this paper we investigate ways to comply with justice in a liberal democracy. In order to do that, we sketch Rawls’s account of moral-consensus stability and discuss the alternative idea of stability reached through a modus vivendi. We defend modus vivendi as a way to achieve stability backed by a variety of reasons and even by ‘non-reasons’. By ‘non-reasons’ we mean alternative sources of motivation for compliance as a precondition of a stable coexistence. We focus on such sources, which (...) differ from reasons and beliefs, that are practices, shared values, and value experiences, in light of both a theoretical-political and a qualitative social-ontological perspective. We argue that individuals who experience the same values become collectives and even stable ones: the sharing of values creates social unity and makes collectives solid and resistant to individualistically centrifugal tendencies. (shrink)

It is possible to describe certain basic principles that underlie Leibniz’s political activities. These principles do not literally determine the specific steps Leibniz takes, but play a much more decisive role than that due to mere metaphysical principles. They provide a general frame work for his activities and a point of reference towards which his reflections tend. Particular attention is paid here to the concept of perspective and its presence in Leibniz’s correspondence with Bossuet, Pellison and Madame de Brinon and (...) the way in which a theological dialogue enables Leibniz to develop his vision of reality. (shrink)

I argue for the possibility of the thesis that metaphors are indispensable for grasping and expressing certain propositions. I defend this possibility against the objection that, if metaphors express propositions, once these propositions are identified they should be specifiable by non‐metaphorical means. I argue that this objection loses its strength if one adopts a Wittgensteinian, particularist view of thought, according to which grasping a propositional thought requires the ongoing exercise of a suitable skill often not characterizable by algorithmic rules. Within (...) this particularist framework, thus, it becomes possible that metaphorical skills have an indispensable role in cognition and communication. (shrink)

Una de las aportaciones más importantes de la obra de Ortega se encuentra en su teoría y práctica de la perspectiva. Independientemente de su filiación nietzscheana, el artículo se plantea una posible segunda inspiración en Renan, autor que Ortega conocía bien en el momento de sus primeros trabajos. Para ello, se realiza una comparación de la posición de Renan ante el pensador Lamennais y la de Ortega ante Pío Baroja, donde se aprecian coincidencias no sólo en la interpretación de los (...) personajes, sino en la forma de concebir la práctica intelectual que subyace en sendos trabajos. (shrink)

Ascriptions of rationality are related to our practices of praising and criticizing. This seems to provide motivation for normative accounts of rationality, more specifically for the view that rationality is a matter of responding to normative reasons. However, rational agents are sometimes guided by false beliefs. This is problematic for those reasons-based accounts of rationality that are also committed to the widespread thesis that normative reasons are facts. The critical aim of the paper is to present objections to recent proposed (...) solutions to this problem, according to which the responses of deceived agents would be rationalized by facts about how things appear to them. My positive aim is to argue that accounts of reasons in terms of apparent reasons manage to capture the intuitions that seem to favor a normative account of rationality. (shrink)

One of Ortega y Gasset's more important contributions was his theory and methodological use of the concept of perspective. Clearly he´s indebeted to Nietzsche on this issue, but it can also be surmised that Renan was also important in this issue at the time that Ortega was preparing Meditaciones del Quijote. The article compares Renan's criticism of Lamennais with Ortega's interpretation of Pío Baroja focusing not only on the paralelism of their criticisms of established and prominent personalities of their intelectual (...) community, but also on the underlying understanding of cultural practice. (shrink)

Traditional expressivists want to preserve a contrast between the representational use of declarative sentences in descriptive domains and the non-representational use of declarative sentences in other areas of discourse. However, expressivists have good reasons to endorse minimalism about representational notions, and minimalism seems to threaten the existence of such a bifurcation. Thus, there are pressures for expressivists to become global anti-representationalists. In this paper I discuss how to reconstruct in non-representationalist terms the sort of bifurcation traditional expressivists were after. My (...) proposal is that the relevant bifurcation can be articulated by appeal to the contrast between relativistic and non-relativistic assertoric practices. I argue that this contrast, which can be specified without appeal to representational notions, captures the core intuitions behind the expressivist bifurcation. (shrink)

It is often thought that bets on the truth of known propositions become irrational if the losing costs are high enough. This is typically taken to count against the view that knowledge involves assigning credence 1. I argue that the irrationality of such extreme bets can be explained by considering the interactions between the agent and the bookmaker. More specifically, the agent’s epistemic perspective is altered by the fact that the bookmaker proposes that unusual type of bet. Among other things, (...) being willing to offer a bet with unnecessarily harmful losing costs is likely to undermine the baseline level of trustworthiness required for it to be rational to engage in betting exchanges. This sort of explanation does not require granting either that we assign credence lower than 1 to known propositions or that knowledge is sensitive to practical stakes. Moreover, I show that, in our ordinary lives, we frequently perform actions that we know would be disastrous if certain conditions did not obtain. This behaviour can be seen as a form of implicit extreme betting and, nevertheless, it is often rational. (shrink)

In this paper I argue that defeasible inferences are occasion-sensitive: the inferential connections of a given claim depend on features of the circumstances surrounding the occasion of inference. More specifically, it is an occasion-sensitive matter which possible defeaters have to be considered explicitly by the premises of an inference and which possible defeaters may remain unconsidered, without making the inference enthymematic. As a result, a largely unexplored form of occasion-sensitivity arises in inferentialist theories of content that appeal to defeasible inferences.

I argue that, while Hume’s approach to Newton is sometimes critical and sometimes not, Hume’s position with regard to newtonian method is coherent overall. Rather than speaking of two Humes (one a newtonian, the other not), from an humean perspective we should rather speak of two Newtons: the positivist and the theologian.

Leibniz’s role en current political and social thought is complex. On the one hand, he represents the last great synthesis built on the idea of the World as a creation of God and man as his cooperator in history. However his notion of contingency can help to explain some of the problems facing social sciences today in so far as he understandsthis concept not only from an ontological but also from an epistemological point of view. To this one should add (...) that criticisms of classical and modern philosophy such as those of Isaiah Berlin and Hannah Arendt leave intact the need of reason to organise society and we can see in Leibniz use of reason a forerunner of public choice postions. In sum, his vision of reason is very much alive though in new contexts. (shrink)

Resumo: Este artigo resulta de pesquisa que mapeou programas e atores privados que incidiam em redes públicas de educação dos 26 estados e Distrito Federal entre 2005 e 2018. Além do mapeamento, a pesquisa analisa programas educacionais operados por atores privados em cada uma das três dimensões da política - oferta educativa, currículo e gestão - conforme ADRIÃO (2018). Neste trabalho, analisa-se o Programa Acelera Brasil, criado pelo Instituto Ayrton Senna e selecionado por sua capilaridade, institucionalidade e longevidade na dimensão (...) da privatização do currículo no estado de Goiás. Consideramos as características do programa nas escolas estaduais e as implicações para o Direito Humano à Educação (DHE), com base em Tomasevski (2004). O artigo deriva de estudos bibliográficos e documentais. Os resultados identificam consequências negativas para o DHE, dentre as quais: falta de transparência acerca do Programa e seus resultados, dificultando o Controle Social, segregação dos alunos participantes do Acelera em salas separadas das turmas regulares e a ausência de monitoramento dos alunos egressos do Programa ou a não divulgação de seus resultados, desrespeitando as características fundamentais do DHE, quais sejam disponibilidade, acessibilidade, adaptabilidade e aceitabilidade. Palavras-chave: Privatização; Currículo; Programa Acelera Brasil; Direito Humano The “Acelera Brasil” Program in the state of Goiás: implications for the Human Right Education (HRE) Abstract: This article is the results of research that mapped programs and private actors that focused on public education networks in the 26 states and the Federal District between2005 and 2018. In addition to mapping, the research analyzes educational programs operated by private actors in the period, in each of the three dimensions of the policy - educational offer, curriculum and management - according to ADRIÃO (2018). In this work, we analyze the “Acelera Brasil” Program, created by the Ayrton Senna Institute and selected for its capillarity, institutionality and longevity in the dimension of privatization of the curriculum in the state of Goiás. We consider the characteristics of the program in state schools and the implications for the Human Right to Education (HRE), based on Tomasevski (2004). The article derives from bibliographic and documentary studies. The results identify negative consequences for the HRE, among which: lack of transparency about the Program and its results, hindering Social Control, segregation of students participating in “Acelera” in separate rooms from regular classes and the absence of monitoring of students who graduated from the Program or the non-disclosure of its results, disregarding the fundamental characteristics of HRE, wich are availability, accessibility, adaptaptability and acceptability. Key-words: Privatization; Curriculum; Acelera Brasil Program; Human Right El Programa “Acelera Brasil” en el estado de Goiás: implicaciones para el Derecho Humano a la Educación (DHE) Resumen: Este artículo es el resultado de una investigación que mapeó programas y actores privados que se enfocaron en redes de educación pública en los 26 estados y el Distrito Federal entre 2005 y 2018. Además del mapeo, la investigación analiza programas educativos operados por actores privados en el período, en cada una de las tres dimensiones de la política - oferta educativa, currículo y gestión - según ADRIÃO (2018). En este trabajo, analizamos el Programa “Acelera Brasil”, creado por el Instituto Ayrton Senna y seleccionado por su capilaridad, institucionalidad y longevidad en la dimensión de privatización del currículo en el estado de Goiás. Consideramos las características del programa en las escuelas públicas y las implicaciones para el Derecho Humano a la Educación (DHE), con base en Tomasevski (2004). El artículo deriva de estudios bibliográficos y documentales. Los resultados identifican consecuencias negativas para la DHE, entre las cuales: la falta de transparencia sobre el Programa y sus resultados, dificultando el Control Social, la segregación de los estudiantes participantes de “Acelera” en salones separados de las clases regulares y la ausencia de seguimiento de los estudiantes egresados ​​de el Programa o la no divulgación de sus resultados, lesionando las características fundamentales lo DHE, que son la disponibilidad, accesibilidad, adaptaptabilidad y la aceptabilidad Palabras clave: Privatización; Plan de estudios; Programa Acelera Brasil; Derecho Humano Data de registro: 31/05/2022 Data de aceite: 26/10/2022. (shrink)

We discuss the role of practical costs in the epistemic justification of a novice choosing expert advice, taking as a case study the choice of an expert statistician by a lay politician. First, we refine Goldman’s criteria for the assessment of this choice, showing how the costs of not being impartial impinge on the epistemic justification of the different actors involved in the choice. Then, drawing on two case studies, we discuss in which institutional setting the costs of partiality can (...) play an epistemic role. This way we intend to show how the sociological explanation of the choice of experts can incorporate its epistemic justification. (shrink)

Pragmatist views inspired by Peirce characterize the content of claims in terms of their practical consequences. The content of a claim is, on these views, determined by what actions are rationally recommended or supported by that claim. In this paper I examine the defeasibility of these relations of rational support. I will argue that such defeasibility introduces a particularist, occasion-sensitive dimension in pragmatist theories of content. More precisely, my conclusion will be that, in the sort of framework naturally derived from (...) Peirce’s pragmatist maxim, grasping conceptual contents is not merely a question of mastering general rules or principles codifying the practical import of claims, but decisively involves being sensitive to surrounding features of the particular situation at hand. (shrink)

This paper discusses practical akrasia from the perspective of the sophisticated form of moral subjectivism that can be derived from Nuno Venturinha’s (2018) remarks on moral matters.

The goal of this dissertation is to offer a practice-based account of intentionality. My aim is to examine what sort of practices agents have to engage in so as to count as talking and thinking about the way the world is – that is, what sort of practices count as representational. Representational practices answer to the way the world is: what is correct within such practices depends on the way things are, rather than on the attitudes of agents. An account (...) of representation must explain how such objective standards of correctness are introduced in human practices: one must explain how the world gets to have a say in what is correct in human discursive practices. Roughly, my proposal is that human discursive practices become responsive to the way things are by virtue of involving practical interactions with the world. The outcomes of these interactions depend on the way the world is and the evaluation of such outcomes contributes to determining which moves within the practice count as correct. Due to our practical engagement with the environment, thus, the world gets to constrain discursive practices. In order to flesh out my proposal, I develop a practice-based characterization of intentional or representational content. On this sort of approach, expressing intentional contents is seen as a matter of playing a certain role in relevant practices, rather than as a matter of engaging in some word-world relation. The expression of content, thus, is explained in terms of use. In particular, I adopt an inferentialist perspective, according to which discursive moves express contents because of their role in practices of giving and asking for reasons. I investigate how practical engagement with the environment introduces friction with the world in these practices of giving and asking for reasons. One of the main conclusions reached in the dissertation is that defeasibility is an essential feature of objective representational practices – so that attributions of representational correctness are revisable in an open-ended way. The discussion of defeasible reasoning – and of the way in which defeasibility shapes human representational practices – is a central point of this dissertation. (shrink)

Our purpose in this paper is to contribute to a practice-based characterization of scientific inference. We want to explore whether Brandom’s pragmatist–inferentialist framework can suitably accommodate several types of ampliative inference common in scientific reasoning and explanation (probabilistic reasoning, abduction and idealisation). First, we argue that Brandom’s view of induction in terms of merely permissive inferences is inadequate; in order to overcome the shortcoming of Brandom’s proposal, we put forward an alternative conception of inductive, probabilistic reasoning by appeal to the (...) notion of degrees of commitment. Moreover, we examine the sorts of inferential commitments operative in other types of ampliative inferences, such as abduction or reasoning involving idealizations and assumptions. We suggest that agents engaging in these forms of reasoning often undertake restricted inferential commitments, whose scope and reach are more limited that in the case of the commitments associated with full beliefs. (shrink)

ABSTRACTSeveral authors have claimed that indicative conditionals are sensitive to the epistemic perspective of agents. According to this sort of view, the truth of an indicative conditional depends on the background evidence of some relevant agent or group of agents. In this paper, I argue that the context-dependence of indicative conditionals goes beyond this. Indicative conditionals are not only sensitive to the evidence of agents, but also to contextual factors that determine what is inferable from such background evidence. More specifically, (...) my proposal is that when the inference associated with a conditional is defeasible, the truth of that conditional is sensitive to practical stakes. (shrink)

Daniel Whiting has argued, in this journal, that Mark Schroeder’s analysis of knowledge in terms of subjectively and objectively sufficient reasons for belief makes wrong predictions in fake barn cases. Schroeder has replied that this problem may be avoided if one adopts a suitable account of perceptual reasons. I argue that Schroeder’s reply fails to deal with the general worry underlying Whiting’s purported counterexample, because one can construct analogous potential counterexamples that do not involve perceptual reasons at all. Nevertheless, I (...) claim that it is possible to overcome Whiting’s objection, by showing that it rests on an inadequate characterization of how defeat works in the examples in question. (shrink)

Success semantics is a theory of content that characterizes the truth-conditions of mental representations in terms of the success-conditions of the actions derived from them. Nanay : 151-165, 2013) and Dokic and Engel have revised this theory in order to defend it from the objections that assailed its previous incarnations. I argue that both proposals have seemingly decisive flaws. More specifically, these revised versions of the theory fail to deal adequately with the open-ended possibility of unforeseen obstacles for the success (...) of our actions. I suggest that the problem of ignored obstacles undermines success semantics quite generally, including alternative formulations such as Blackburn’s. (shrink)

Teleosemantic theories aspire to develop a naturalistic account of intentional agency and thought by appeal to biological teleology. In particular, most versions of teleosemantics study the emergence of intentionality in terms of biological purposes introduced by Darwinian evolution. The aim of this paper is to argue that the sorts of biological purposes identified by these evolutionary approaches do not allow for a satisfactory account of intentionality. More precisely, I claim that such biological purposes should be attributed to reproductive chains or (...) lineages, rather than to individual traits or organisms, whereas the purposes underlying intentional agency and thought are typically attributed to individuals. In the last part of the paper I suggest that related difficulties are also faced, despite appearances, by accounts of intentionality relying on alternative organizational approaches to biological teleology. (shrink)

Leibniz’s role en current political and social thought is complex. On the one hand, he represents the last great synthesis built on the idea of the World as a creation of God and man as his cooperator in history. However his notion of contingency can help to explain some of the problems facing social sciences today in so far as he understandsthis concept not only from an ontological but also from an epistemological point of view. To this one should add (...) that criticisms of classical and modern philosophy such as those of Isaiah Berlin and Hannah Arendt leave intact the need of reason to organise society and we can see in Leibniz use of reason a forerunner of public choice postions. In sum, his vision of reason is very much alive though in new contexts. (shrink)