A investigação apresenta uma reflexão sobre as estratégias de mercado de dados ancoradas no imperialismo e colonialismo na era digital. Discorre a mercantilização de dados de usuários de internet em diferentes plataformas digitais, bem como estratégias de mitigação dessas práticas e estudos sobre o tema. A pesquisa é descritiva, bibliográfica e qualitativa refletindo sobre dados, informação, poder e manipulação da sociedade por meio das plataformas digitais. O levantamento bibliográfico foi realizado no Portal de Periódicos Capes considerando apenas os artigos (...) publicados em acesso aberto e revisado por pares, compreendendo todo o período disponível até dezembro de 2023. O mercado de dados realizado por grandes corporações de tecnologia exercem domínio sobre a economia e a cultura, mediante o controle e a exploração das informações dos usuários. Este fenômeno suscita inquietações relacionadas à privacidade, concentração de poder e exclusão digital. O mercado de dados apresenta desafios significativos na era digital, demandando respostas eficazes por parte da sociedade civil, governos e organizações internacionais. Para fazer frente a essa problemática, é essencial que o Brasil fortaleça sua indústria de tecnologia e implemente políticas de proteção de dados. (shrink)

Desde a sua génese, a Arqueologia encontra-se entre as ciências naturais e as ciências sociais e humanísticas. Esta posição partilhada e a procura de uma maior compreensão dos seus objetos de estudo específicos, criou nos profissionais de Arqueologia uma necessidade de recorrerem a várias metodologias (e tecnologias) originárias de outras disciplinas. De forma similar a outras ciências, a Arqueologia é uma área permeável à experimentação e aplicação de conceitos teórico-práticos exógenos que levou, inclusive, à formação de diversas especialidades que unem (...) a Arqueologia e outras áreas, como a Zooarqueologia. Como aconteceu ao longo da sua história, o meio académico está perante um momento de mudança na forma como se processa a aquisição de conhecimento. O fato de estarmos na Era Digital da globalização faz com que a adaptação do meio académico a esta realidade seja mais continuada, não sendo a Arqueologia alheia a esta transformação. Após uma breve introdução ao novo "paradigma digital" das humanidades, revemos alguns dos principais usos de tecnologias relacionadas com o uso da Internet no apoio à investigação em Arqueologia (e.g., bases de dados enriquecidas), e descrevemos algumas questões relacionadas com o uso de novas ferramentas e técnicas, seus principais obstáculos e tendências. (shrink)

El trabajo propone revisar una posible articulación entre memoria, archivo y tecnología. Considera estas nociones a la luz de algunos referentes teóricos canónicos y otros contemporáneos, más cercanos a los desafíos actuales. Reflexiona acerca del valor de uso que las denominadas TIC tienen para la construcción y circulación de archivos culturales, públicos o privados, en tanto artefactos visibles de políticas de memoria. Considera los límites de lo archivable, la condición de posibilidad del desarrollo de archivos en la Era Digitaly las (...) supuestas ventajas con respecto a los archivos analógicos. Esta confrontación ubica en el centro de la discusión la relación paradojal que promete la tecnología actual y futura: al tiempo que abre horizontes deslumbrantes, marca límites entre lo deseable y lo posible, e impone la necesidad de que cada comunidad se apropie de esa tecnología de manera activa y sustentable. (shrink)

This article considers the extent to which the technological revolution of digital communications increases the flow of contrasted information and favors informed choices among the different alternatives and electoral offers. Common phenomena today in forums and social networks such as disinformation or the rise of forms of propaganda more typical of non-democratic systems - with little or no respect for facts and truth - do not seem to contribute to creating a favorable scenario for public deliberation and the active (...) participation of citizens. Without deliberation and participation, it is difficult to have a quality democracy. (shrink)

The digital era provides quick access to a lot of data that is often poorly substantiated and frequently designed to disinform or deny evidence that is inconvenient to certain interests. The constant and continuous use of technological devices that provide instant gratification imbues us with a certain arrogance, as if we could fulfill all our desires by sliding our finger across a screen. This relentless immersion in virtual reality blurs the real facts, the veracity of which we come to (...) distrust, preferring the dogmatic and incontestable certainties provided by hoaxes and so-called “alternative facts”. Inhabiting this parallel reality makes us disregard our responsibility towards others. That is why we must vindicate the cultivation of philosophy and ethical reflection as antidotes to the philosopher’s stones offered to us by those who pretend to be soothsayers whose guidance will solve all our problems. As we want perennial and instant certainties, we distrust everyone and everything. Like uncertainty, other of our most human traits are precisely trust and responsibility. Without them we become dehumanized. (shrink)

Baseando-se na concepção de justiça de Nancy Fraser, a justiça requer não só redistribuição ou reconhecimento, mas também uma dimensão política de representação. Essa dimensão diz respeito ao poder público, à formação e à aplicação das normas que regem a interação social, determinando os sujeitos, a substância e as fronteiras da justiça. A subordinação estrutural de gênero está intrinsecamente ligada às três esferas de injustiça (redistribuição, reconhecimento e representação). Para tratar da desigualdade de gênero, é necessário falar, inicialmente, da separação (...) institucional entre produção e reprodução, que historicamente relegou as mulheres a papéis predominantemente reprodutivos, limitando suas oportunidades de participação social e política. Essa divisão também está profundamente ligada à desconsideração do trabalho doméstico no capitalismo, visto que tal modalidade laboral foi invisibilizada e desvalorizada, apesar de ser fundamental para a manutenção da força de trabalho e do sistema produtivo. A exclusão do trabalho doméstico do escopo do “trabalho” formalmente reconhecido agrava a subordinação estrutural das mulheres, perpetuando a desigualdade de gênero ao negar-lhes as mesmas condições e possibilidades de participação que os homens, o que tem consequências diretas no desenvolvimento de tecnologias e nas mídias digitais. A falta de diversidade nos grupos que desenvolvem as IAs (formados majoritariamente por homens brancos) e as bases de dados enviesadas contribuem para a perpetuação da injustiça de gênero. Como resultado, esta é reproduzida e ampliada tanto no âmbito econômico quanto no cultural e político e, consequentemente, na esfera digital. Dessa forma, o presente trabalho tem por objetivo expor a conexão entre a subordinação estrutural do gênero e a manutenção da violência de gênero pela tecnologia. (shrink)

En este escrito nos proponemos mostrar la relación estrecha entre la problemática técnica y la vivencia histórica del dolor, propia de la era digital, en la que el sufrimiento es un sentimiento que se intenta negar o disfrazar. Desde nuestra perspectiva comprendemos el dolor como una experiencia fundamental que es importante asumir y vivir de forma cabal pues nos abre de manera originaria al mundo que nos rodea y a nosotros mismos. Para llevar a cabo esta tarea tomaremos en (...) cuenta la interpretación de Nietzsche y Jünger, quienes sostienen que el dolor tiene un carácter interpretativo epocal, esto nos lleva a reconocer la figura propia del dolor en la era de la técnica, donde se pretende ocultar esta experiencia con una apariencia de seguridad y confort que nos brindan la técnica, lo que se agudiza en la era digital con la autoexplotación y optimización de la existencia que denuncia Byung Chul Han. (shrink)

redes sociais, utilizando as teorias de Jürgen Habermas e Hannah Arendt. Partindo da constituição da esfera pública burguesa, o estudo investiga como as plataformas digitais impactam a formação da opinião pública e a construção da verdade. Com base na teoria da ação comunicativa de Habermas, examina-se a fragmentação da esfera pública digital, onde a deliberação racional e o consenso são prejudicados pela proliferação de informações falsas, polarização ideológica e personalização algorítmica. A análise de Arendt sobre o espaço público como (...) local de ação e debate político é utilizada para discutir a perda de centralidade da esfera pública tradicional e a ascensão de uma “antiesfera pública” nas redes sociais, caracterizada por desinformação, incivilidade e ódio. O trabalho aborda características das redes sociais, como a velocidade da informação, desintermediação, curadoria algorítmica e cultura do compartilhamento, e seus impactos na opinião pública, como a disseminação de fake news, radicalização, bolhas de filtro e a emergência da pós-verdade. Essa dinâmica resulta na erosão da verdade, perda de confiança nas instituições, crise da democracia e desafios para o jornalismo e a educação. À luz de Habermas e Arendt, o texto critica a esfera pública digital, defendendo a razão, o diálogo e a ação política como caminhos para a reconstrução da verdade. (shrink)

El estudio de la prensa periódica temprana en Hispanoamérica enfrenta al investigador con notables obstáculos debidos al tamaño del material y a su estatuto menor como práctica escritural que hizo que no se preservara en forma íntegra y en condiciones idóneas. Aunque falta mucho para que se generalicen, las operaciones de digitalización que llevan a cabo bibliotecas y archivos suponen una transformación radical de este panorama y unas implicaciones difíciles todavía de apreciar. Se completa un estado provisional y práctico de (...) la cuestión con el examen, desde esta perspectiva, de la tercera serie de la Gaceta de Guatemala (1797-1807), órgano de prensa más importante al final del siglo XVIII y principios del XIX en Hispanoamérica. (shrink)

We live in a digital era, which can be described in various aspects: the digitalization of analogue information storage, the emergence of web society, the replacement of the vertical mass communication model with horizontal social networks, the decrease in the influence of traditional media. The article deals with the main characteristics of the digital era: interactivity, momentariness, hypertextuality, and convergence. The discussion of social network phenomenon and traditional media crisis serves in revealing the following relevant issues of the (...) information space: the information content creation, dissemination, economic models, and changes in consumer behaviour. The oppositions between information reliability, freedom of speech, sociability and individuality are highlighted. (shrink)

Este artigo investiga o impacto dos arquivos pessoais na reconfiguração da historiografia, destacando a relevância desses acervos em um contexto de transformações digitais. Baseando-se em reflexões de Derrida e Foucault, questiona a objetividade tradicional. Utilizando o arquivo pessoal de Allan Kardec, o da Sociedade Parisiense de Estudos Espíritas e a _Revista Espírita_ como exemplos, o artigo explora a importância de documentos acessíveis por meio do Projeto Allan Kardec e do Museu Allan Kardec. Online (AKOL). Inicia com discussão teórico-metodológica, analisando a (...) produção do arquivo de Kardec e sua influência no _corpus_ doutrinário do espiritismo, com destaque para a sistematização de supostas mensagens espirituais. Utiliza fontes primárias, incluindo manuscritos, para compreender uma das obras de Kardec, a produção de _A Gênese_ e a continuidade da doutrina após a sua morte. (shrink)

En este trabajo presentamos los resultados de un proyecto de escritura basado en la escritura de artículos en Wikipedia. Este proyecto fue llevado a cabo con estudiantes universitarios durante el curso 21/22. El proyecto constó de las fases prototípicas de este tipo de trabajo: preparación a la escritura, escritura y reescritura. Durante el proyecto se elaboró una rúbrica de evaluación que es la base que se ha tomado para el análisis de textos. Este análisis ha demostrado que los estudiantes lograron (...) adquirir las habilidades necesarias para lograr textos eficaces comunicativamente y que cumpliesen las características del género propuesto. (shrink)

Der »Digital Era Framework« ist ein Bezugsrahmen für das digitale Informationszeitalter. Gerichtet an Wissenschaft und Praxis gleichermaßen, bietet das Konzept einen umfassenden Ansatz zur Einordnung und Analyse von Phänomenen des Digitalen Wandels, der Digitalisierung und der Digitalen Transformation. Dem »Digital Era Framework« liegt dabei ein integrierter Ansatz zur Untersuchung des Wandels zugrunde, insofern als Ursprungszustand, Veränderung und Endzustand in einem einheitlichen Schema dargestellt werden können. Der Bezugsrahmen stellt die Information in den Mittelpunkt der Betrachtung und beruht auf zwei (...) Ordnungsmomenten: der Form der Manifestation von Information einerseits und der Art der Applikation von Information andererseits. Dadurch wird ein zweidimensionaler Bezugsrahmen aufgespannt, der eine differenzierte Einordnung von Phänomen, Objekten und Geschehen gestattet. Anhand dieses Ordnungsmodells lassen sich insbesondere Systeme und Prozesse untersuchen und aufzeigen, wie sich deren Struktur, Interaktionsgefüge und Konfiguration durch die Digitalisierung verändern. Durch die begründete Systematisierung schafft der Bezugsrahmen eine Grundlage für Analysen, Erklärungen und Prognosen. Zugleich dient er als Basis für die Entwicklung und Bewertung von Strategien. Mit der Vorstellung des »Digital Era Framework« ist darüber hinaus das Ziel verbunden, zur Ausprägung einer adäquaten Fachterminologie beizutragen, indem eine begründete Nomenklatur vorgeschlagen wird, welche auf dem Bezugsrahmen aufbaut. (shrink)

La sociedad del siglo XXI ha sufrido una mutación histórica en lo que respecta a los métodos de producción y los impactos derivados de la generación de información. Este período se caracteriza por su inmersión en el entorno digital, donde los individuos, como ciudadanos, se encuentran bajo la manipulación, por un lado, de sus datos mediante técnicas de vigilancia y, por otros, expuestos a cámaras de resonancia mediática. Este panorama plantea desafíos significativos en cuanto a la manera en que (...) interactúan con la información y cómo esta afecta sus vidas. La relación entre los medios de comunicación y los acontecimientos, además, se encuentra atravesada por el concepto de interpretación, donde la capacidad de comprender y la habilidad para reconstruir narrativas son elementos que determinan la comprensión y el sentido de lo que ocurre en nuestro mundo. (shrink)

Social information processing theory suggests that the chief executive officer’s entrepreneurial orientation is an organisational signal that influences the members’ innovativeness. Middle management teams are expected to be more innovative as they connect senior managers with frontline managers in the dynamic competitive environment of the digital economy. How CEOs guide MMT innovations through EO becomes critical in the process of capturing opportunities and creating value. However, previous research has failed to adequately identify distinct CEO EO manifestations with organisational contexts (...) configurations that influence MMTs innovation. Thus, based on differences in organisational contexts and MMTs’ cognition, this study thoroughly investigates how the vertical manifestation of CEO EO impacts the innovativeness of MMTs. We used fuzzy-set qualitative comparative analysis on a sample of 117 organisations to determine which configurations of CEO EO vertical penetration within an organisation can stimulate MMT innovativeness. The study discovered four first-level configurations that support stimulating MMT innovativeness respectively when the CEO EO is fully or partially manifested, and without the CEO EO. Moreover, we found the internal reasons for MMTs’ information interpretation heterogeneity, which is critical for realising the coordination and unity of entrepreneurial cognition and behaviours. Finally, these findings’ theoretical and practical implications are discussed. (shrink)

The pervasive impact of computers, the Web, and artificial intelligence (AI) technologies on almost every aspect of modern life has become an undeniable reality. We are currently navigating an era often referred to as Web 3.0. While interpretations of this term vary – encompassing concepts such as the Web of Data, the Semantic Web, the Internet of Things, cloud computing, AI, cryptocurrencies, and blockchains – it broadly refers to the widespread integration of digital and computational techn...

Discipleship is a responsibility of the Church. It is an outlet in which the regeneration of Church leadership to the younger generation is conducted. Before the COVID-19 pandemic, discipleship and mentoring of youth leaders, especially key persons of GKII (Gereja Kemah Injil Indonesia) youth were provided by means of in-person activities. During the pandemic, digital media has been utilised for various church activities, including mentoring these key persons. Hence, this research intends to explore: (1) the method by which key (...) persons practise digital discipleship and (2) the benefits of digital media in youth discipleship to facilitate faith growth. This research is a qualitative research. Data were collected by means of interviews and observations on several key persons’ digital media accounts. The research shows that social media significantly benefits the discipleship process. It was found that digital discipleship was quite often carried out during the pandemic, especially in urban areas, with WhatsApp and Zoom meetings as its two primary means. However, it slightly declined along with the lifting of social gathering restrictions. The main themes explored in the mentoring sessions were discipleship, soteriology, spiritual life, motivational and digital media materials, and youth ministry in the digital era. The discipleship practice used was the NM-SM (Nurtured, Matured, Served, Mission) pattern.Contribution: The results of this research contribute to the development of knowledge, especially in the field of youth discipleship, and digital media-based discipleship. This research also shows that digital media has become an effective theological space during the pandemic and post-pandemic periods. (shrink)

This article employs Foucauldian and feminist analytics to advance a critical approach to wearable digital health- and activity-tracking devices. Following Foucault’s insight that the growth of individual capabilities coincides with the intensification of power relations, I argue that digital self-tracking devices (DSTDs) expand individuals’ capacity for self-knowledge and self-care at the same time that they facilitate unprecedented levels of biometric surveillance, extend the regulatory mechanisms of both public health and fashion/beauty authorities, and enable increasingly rigorous body projects devoted (...) to the attainment of normative femininity. These technologies of surveillance, normalization, and discipline thus function to augment, and facilitate the cooperation of, neoliberal-era biopower and post-feminist patriarchal power. My analysis of digital self-tracking devices’ instrumentality to biopower and patriarchy contributes to the emergent field of critical digital health studies and builds new connections between political, social, and feminist theories of embodiment; biopower studies; fat studies; and trans-disciplinary body studies. (shrink)

Continuous innovation has been built since 2020 with the development of VCDLN which is intended for developers and users of digital sources widely in Indonesia. This innovation was continued in 2024, with the support of AR and VR Technology based on Artificial Intelligence (AI) developed at the UPI Cibiru Campus. With the support of AR and VR experts, this innovation research product is called DCIRV (Digital Central Innovation for Robotics). This Innovation Research was carried out with a Mix-Method (...) approach to meet the needs of prototype design and educational industry products as well as expert and user testing from the Nusantara region. To measure the quality of innovation products, it has been measured by experts from Bordeaux University France, Kitakyushu University, and McGill University. The findings of the prototype and the DCIRV research findings model, it show that starting from the needs analysis stage, development stage, validation stage, evaluation, and dissemination, DCIRV research products can be recommended as a solution for expanding access, services, and adding digital learning communities throughout the archipelago and even internationally. (shrink)

Geroscience and philosophy of aging have tended to focus their analyses on the biological and chronological dimensions of aging. Namely, one ages with the passage of time and by experiencing the cellular-molecular deterioration that accompanies this process. However, our concept of aging depends decisively on the social valuations held about it. In this article, we will argue that, if we study social aging in the contemporary world, a novel phenomenon can be identified: the paradox of aging in the digital (...) era. If the social understanding of aging today is linked to unproductivity and obsolescence; then there is a possibility that, given the pace of change of digital technologies, we become obsolete at an early chronological and biological age, and therefore, feel old at a younger age. First, we will present the social dimension of aging based on Rowe and Kahn's model of successful aging. We will also show that their notion of social aging hardly considers structural aspects and weakens their approach. Second, departing from social aging in its structural sense, we will develop the paradox of aging in the digital era. On the one hand, we will explain how the institutionalization of aging has occurred in modern societies and how it is anchored in the concepts of obsolescence and productivity. On the other hand, we will state the kind of obsolescence that digitalization produces and argue that it can make cohorts of biologically and chronologically young individuals obsolete, and thus they would be personally and socially perceived as old. (shrink)

The relevance of the study is due to the need to transform educational methods and technologies that can satisfy the cognitive, social, and emotional needs of people in the digital world. The modern education system is focused on the implementation of educational strategies that meet high ethical and technical standards. The purpose of the article is the study of humanization as the development direction of education in the digital age. The methodological basis of this study is an understanding (...) of the principle of humanization as combining the general cultural, social, moral, and professional development of an individual. It is shown that digital devices are an integral part of the identity of a modern person, which leads to the need to develop media literacy among students using media education. As part of the humanization of education in educational institutions, a direction is being implemented for organizing and implementing project activities. This instructional format involves the transformation of the role of participants in educational processes and the methods and technologies that are used for its implementation. The results prove that the goals of modern education are possible provided if the principles of humanization and individualization are implemented in the educational process. (shrink)

Texto introductorio y de presentación del número monográfico.

Digital capability encompasses the skills and attitudes that firms and employees need to thrive in the modern digital era. Digital capability of a firm involves the effective adoption and use of modern digital technologies such as Industry 4.0. From the individual perspective, digital capability is referred to as knowledge and skill sets of people which are essential to work in digitally enabled firms. Not many studies have been conducted to assess how digital capability can (...) help in twin transition, that is, both at individual and firm levels, and how such digital capability can help in improving profitability for the firms. There is also a lack of studies exploring how firm leadership support can enhance digital capability to improve both organizational and employee performance. In this background, the aim of this study is to assess the role of digital capability for both firm and people perspectives with leadership support as moderator. With the support of resource-based view (RBV) and literature, a research model was prepared conceptually which was later validated using PLS-SEM technique considering 348 responses from employees of different types of industries. Based on the analysis of feedback from participants in India, this study has reached a specific conclusion. Consequently, the results suffer from external validity issues which have been considered as one of the critical limitations of this study. It has been demonstrated that impacts of digital competency could improve both people and firm performance enhancing the profitability of the firms. Such enhancement of profitability is facilitated by the impact of leadership support. (shrink)

From analog to digital news -- A new paradigm for news -- Legacy news organizations move from analog to digital -- Intellectual property and information sharing -- Citizen responsibility in the digital era -- Thinking through ethical issues in digital journalism -- DOIT, a process for normative analysis -- Issues in convergent journalism -- Privacy and disclosure -- Deception in sourcing and presentation -- Media corruption -- Using the virtual world to create a better physical world (...) -- Beyond ethics: communicating wisely -- Digital diversity and democracy. (shrink)

This article reflects on the problem of false belief produced by the integrated psychological and algorithmic landscape humans now inhabit. Following the work of scholars such as Lee McIntyre (Post-Truth, MIT Press, 2018) or Cailin O’Connor and James Weatherall (The Misinformation Age: How False Beliefs Spread, Yale University Press, 2019) it combines recent discussions of fake news, post-truth, and science denialism across the disciplines of political science, computer science, sociology, psychology, and the history and philosophy of science that variously address (...) the ineffectiveness, in a digital era, of countering individual falsehoods with facts. Truth and falsehood, it argues, rather than being seen as properties or conditions attached to individual instances of content, should now be seen as collective, performative, and above all persuasive phenomena. They should be practically evaluated as networked systems and mechanisms of sharing in which individually targeted actions are combining with structural tendencies (both human and mechanical) in unprecedented ways. For example, the persuasive agency of apparent consensus (clicks, likes, bots, trolls) is newly important in a fractured environment that only appears to be, but is no longer ‘public’; the control of narratives, labels, and associations is a live, time-sensitive issue, a continuous contest, or ongoing cusp. Taking a social approach to truth yields observations of new relevance; from how current strategies of negative cohesion, blame, and enemy-creation depend crucially on binary ways of constructing the world, to how the offer of identity/community powerfully cooperates with the structural tendencies of algorithm-driven advertiser platforms towards polarisation. Remedies for these machine-learned and psychological tendencies lie in end-user education. So the Arts and Humanities, whether via comparisons with previous historical periods, or via principles of critical thinking and active reading, offer crucial resources to help counter what since 1997 silicon valley executives and scholars have called ‘persuasive technology’ (Fogg in Persuasive Technology: Using Computers to Change What we Think and Do, Morgan Kaufmann, 2003; Hamari et al. (eds) in Persuasive Technology, Springer International Publishing, 2014; Harris in How a Handful of Tech Companies Control Billions of Minds Every Day, 2017; Lanier in Who Owns the Future? Simon & Schuster, 2014 and Ten Arguments for Deleting your Social Media Accounts Right Now, Picador, 2019). The article proposes a paradigm shift in public understandings of this new social environment: from a culture of discovery, where what matters is what exists or is in fact the case, to a culture of iteration, where what matters is what gets repeated. (shrink)

Purpose This study aims to investigate the trending term: “Netiquette” as an important element in the effective digital citizenship. The research suggests a systematic framework of netiquette rules in the field of online education based on the classical core rules of netiquette and according to the digital citizenship scale (DCS). The research also studies the corresponding responsibilities of both educators and students to raise awareness towards using technology in a balanced, safe, smart and ethical way as the shift (...) towards the digital activities increased significantly in the post-corona time. Design/methodology/approach The research used the qualitative data that were based on the everyday observation and analysis of the online education experience at the university of Jordan in the academic year 2020/2021; the online group discussions of students and teachers; and investigating the guidelines of the online learning netiquette rules in various academic institutes. Comparative analysis was conducted to merge and eliminate redundant rules and to add sub rules, and then to cluster them into groups. The suggested clustered groups were distributed into the classical core rules outline of netiquette. In each core rule, the sub rules were reclassified and recategorized according to the DCS by studying the complexity levels and their corresponding factors. The suggested framework updates and adds DCS levels and factors considering the exceptional experience of online education through the pandemic. Findings The research finds that “Netiquette” had been neglected in cyber ethics literature, and so it has to be rediscovered through the lens of digital citizenship that becomes very noticeable issue in the post-COVID era. So, the research presents a systematic framework that outlines more than 150 netiquette sub rules in the field of online education, and that were clustered according to DCS and the classical core rules of netiquette. It also adds a new factor to the bottom level of DCS which is the primarily skills and traits, and also updates the internet and political activism fac-tor by adding the social perspective. Originality/value A novel classification of the classical core rules of netiquette was proposed in the field of online education to serve as a spectrum of identifying the complexity of digital citizenship levels and factors. This research can be a starting point of more works on netiquette research in online education and on other fields such as online business meetings, social media networking and online gaming. (shrink)