Abstract

The Hamiltonian defines the dynamical properties of the universe. Evidence from particle physics shows that there is a different version of the Hamiltonian for each direction of time. As there is no physical basis for the universe to be asymmetric in time, both versions must operate equally. However, conventional physical theories accommodate only one version of the Hamiltonian and one direction of time. This represents an unexplained anomaly in conventional physics and calls for a reworking of the concepts of time and space. Here I explain how the anomaly can be resolved by allowing dynamics to emerge phenomenologically. The resolution offers a picture of time and space that lies below our everyday experience, and one in which their differences are epiphenomenal rather than elemental.