《太極圖說》「中正」概念之工夫實踐還原: 以《管子》中靜形正言說為核心

NTU Philosophical Review 56 (56):39-87 (2018)
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Abstract

一般認為周敦頤《太極圖說》或《通書》受到《中庸》及《易傳》影響,因此周敦頤定靜功夫思維自然而然也就被認定為來自《中庸》或《易傳》。不過筆者透過先前研究〈《管子》定靜思維對周敦頤定靜工夫之影響─以朱丹溪三重鬱說思維結構維視點〉之分析結果,發現《管子》之「中靜,形正,天仁地義」實踐論述系統,的確可以對應於「定之以中正仁義而主靜」言說。如此一來,《太極圖說》之中正概念便可以援用《管子•內業》「中靜形正」之觀點,而從另一個角度予以慎重地看待。 所以筆者首先根據劉蕺山與牟宗三之詮釋觀點作一爬梳,之後再就日本學者荻原擴、岡田武彥之幾種觀點以為對照,從而發現《管子•內業》之「中靜形正」所開展之解釋格局,其不僅在概念上可以邏輯涵蓋荻原擴將中正解為「至公」;另一方面就哲學公案上又可滿足朱子所謂「中正仁義之外別無主靜一事」的形式要求。因為在「中靜形正」模式下,我們的確可以將周敦頤主靜說擺入中正概念之中,並且透過「內靜外敬」實踐模式擴展了周敦頤之工夫論述張力。同時在此思維結構下,由於「中靜」之無欲概念具有指涉本體義之可能,從而保全了周敦頤宇宙本體論的形上高度。

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