Sobre esta edição A terceira edição de A Semântica transcendental de Kant (Campinas, CLE, 2005) encontra-se esgotada há vários anos. Este fato recomenda a sua reedição, tendo em vista o interesse que as edições anteriores suscitaram na comunidade kantiana brasileira. Desde a primeira edição em 2000, dediquei numerosos artigos e resenhas – publicados nas revistas Analytica, Cadernos de História e Filosofia da Ciência, Manuscrito, O que nos faz pensar e Studia Kantiana, entre outras – foram dedicados à apresentação e divulgação (...) de pesquisas, bem como aos debates, sobre o lugar da semântica transcendental na obra de Kant. Sobre a coleção Zeljko Loparic: Obras Reunidas A idade pede que se olhe para o passado, o caminho percorrido e as realizações. Minhas Obras reunidas são uma tentativa de fazer tal balanço. Elas conterão a totalidade de minha produção intelectual no campo da filosofia publicada entre 1975 e 2022. Os trabalhos serão agrupados em seis partes temáticas e ordenados cronologicamente, seguindo as principais linhas de desenvolvimento da minha compreensão das perguntas filosóficas ao longo dos anos. Uma sétima parte conterá traduções de minha produção para outras línguas. Os volumes de cada parte terão títulos refletindo sua fonte de inspiração ou seu conteúdo, o que será esboçado em prefácios. Os escritos desse período ainda inéditos serão a disponibilizados online via streaming na Coleção Inéditos Loparic. (shrink)

O presente artigo apresenta três teses principais. A primeira diz que, nos Seminários de Zollikon, Heidegger desenvolveu projeto de uma antropologia, patologia e terapia daseinsanalíticas no qual ele rejeita a metapsicologia de Freud, mas preserva suas descobertas fatuais e procedimentos de cura. A secunda tese sustenta que Winnicott introduziu um novo paradigma na psicanálise que igualmente rejeita a metapsicologia freudiana e centra a pesquisa e a cura psicanalíticas sobre problemas de amadurecimento pessoal e não mais sobre o complexo de Édipo. (...) A terceira tese combina as duas primeira para dizer a) que a psicanálise winnicottiana satisfaz os requisitos de Heidegger para a patologia e a terapia daseinsanalíticas, b) que, além disso, essa nova psicanálise pode estimular de maneira decisiva a pesquisa futura no campo da antropologia daseinsanalítica.The paper proposes three main theses. The first thesis says that in Zollikoner Seminare Heidegger has developed a project of a daseinsanalytic anthropology and pathology in which he rejects Freud's metapsychology, but accepts his factual findings and therapeutic procedures. The second thesis affirms that Winnicott has introduced a new paradigm in psychoanalysis which also rejects Freud's metapsychology and centers the psychoanalytic research and therapy on the problem of maturation and no more on the Oedipus Complex. The third thesis combines the first two in saying a) that Winnicott's psychoanalysis satisfies Heidegger's requirements for a daseinsanalytic pathology and therapy and b) that, moreover, it can stimulate, in a decisive manner, the future research in the field of daseinsanalytic anthropology. (shrink)

O artigo começa dando uma visão panorâmica do processo pelo qual se passou, na modernidade, da libertação da palavra à industrialização da palavra, esboçando algumas reações a esse desenvolvimento, em particular a de Heidegger. Prossegue pelo exame detalhado da regra de verbalização do inconsciente, sobre a qual repousa a clínica freudiana, mostrando os limites teóricos e clínicos desse tipo de comunicação entre o analista e o analisando. Passa, em seguida, ao estudo da comunicação não-verbal, característica da clínica winnicottiana dos psicóticos, (...) para concluir: 1) que certos modos do inconsciente são comunicáveis, mas não verbalizáveis, 2) que a crise da comunicação verbal, detectada por Winnicott na psicanálise, apresenta paralelos notáveis com a crítica de Heidegger da palavra gramaticalmente - isto é, ciberneticamente - correta, como o único meio de falar sobre os seres humanos e seus assuntos.The article starts by giving an overview of the process by which the liberation of speech became the industrialization of speech in Modern Times, outlining some reactions to it, such as the one formulated by Heidegger. It continues with a detailed study of the rule for verbalization of the unconscious, upon which the Freudian psychoanalysis is founded, showing theoretical and clinical limits of this kind of communication between the analyst and the analyzand. It goes over to the examination of the different modes of non-verbal communication, characteristic of the Winnicottian clinic of psychotics, in order to conclude 1) that some modes of the unconscious are communicable, but not verbalizable; 2) that the crises of verbal communication, detected by Winnicott in psychoanalysis, exhibits noteworthy parallels to the Heideggerian critique of the grammatically, that is, cibernatically correct language as the only means of talking about human beings and affairs. (shrink)

Der Beitrag beschäftigt sich mit Husserls Lehre von der kategorialen An­schauung als einem der wichtigsten Momente seines Versuchs der Grund­legung der Phänomenologie als eidetischer Wissenschaft. Ausgehend von Husserls phänomenologischen Kritik an Versuchen einer Naturalisierung des Bewusstseins, werden insbesondere die Probleme der Bedeutungs­intention und -erfüllung, des Unterschieds zwischen sinnlicher und kate­gorialer Anschauung, der kategorialen Formung und der sog. Wesens­anschauung erörtert. In diesem Zusammenhang geht es auch um die Abgrenzung des Husserlschen transzendentalphilosophischen Ansatzes von der transzendentalphilosophischen Axiomatik Immanuel Kants.

The main aim of shamanic initiation among the Yanomami people of the Upper Orinoco River region in Venezuela is the metamorphosis of the human body into a cosmic body, or what I term "corporeal cosmogenesis." During the initiatory ordeal, the neophyte undergoes an intense experience of death through dismemberment by the spirits and subsequent rebirth, thus overcoming the human condition and becoming an individual living spirit. But, at the same time, he becomes a "collection" of other spirits who leave their (...) natural habitats—located on the mountaintops and in the forest—and move into the initiate's body, which becomes their abode. As the candidate surrenders his soul and humanness to the spirits, the latter become his personal allies and sources of power while imbuing the shaman's postmortem ego with certain properties that can best be described in holographic terms. After the shaman's biological death, his personal spirits become disembodied again and disperse back into the forest and on the mountaintops. When the shaman dies, his soul multiplies, as each of the disembodied spirits becomes a carrier of the shaman's soul image. In this way, through initiations, the shaman becomes a part of a dynamic cosmic circuity, as his hekura can be called upon to invade the bodies of new shamans, and start a cosmogonic initiatory act anew. (shrink)

O artigo se inicia traçando um paralelo entre a pergunta pelo ser tal como colocada pelo primeiro Wittgenstein e pelo primeiro Heidegger. Segue expondo a tese de que, nos dois autores, a problemática da ética ocupa um lugar tão central como a do ser e de que as suas posições divergem principalmente em decorrência do desacordo sobre a essência da linguagem. Prossegue mostrando que esse desacordo cresce com o tempo, Wittgenstein tornando-se cada vez mais cético e Heidegger, pelo contrário, cada (...) vez mais afirmativo de um discurso não-objetivante. Termina apontando para um possível ultrapassamento do segundo Wittgenstein a partir do segundo Heidegger.The article starts by drawing a parallel between the question of being in the early Wittgenstein and the early Heidegger. It goes on by explaining the thesis that, in both authors, the problem of ethics is as central as the problem of being in order to conclude that what separates them is a desagreement concerning the essence of language. It continues by showing that this desagreement increaces with time, Wittgenstein becoming more and more sceptical and Heidegger, to the contrary, more and more assertive of a non-objetifying mode of speach. At the end, a hint is given on how the late Wittgenstein might be "bypassed" in the light of the second Heidegger. (shrink)

In seinem Beitrag analysiert der Verfasser den Artikel „Kants Verfehlung des Zieles“ Rudolf Brajičićs SJ, wo man Kant vorgeworfen wird, dass er durch die Postulierung des „Unerkennbarkeit von Ding an sich“ Tür und Tor dem neuzeitlichen und besonders aufklärerischen Agnostizismus und seinem grenzlosen Vertrauen auf die Vernunft geöffnet hat. Durch die Analyse der Kant’schen Schrift Prolegomena zu einer jeden künftigen Metaphysik, die als Wissenschaft wird auftreten können“ (1783) und sich auf einen Kant-Aufsatz Alois Halders berufend versucht der Verfasser zu zeigen, (...) dass der Glaube in seinem Gott-Verhältnis autonom und frei ist – im Unterschied zur Vernunft, die sich selbst als „Objekt“ seiner Überlegungen stellend zur diejenigen Art des „transzendentalen Solipsismus“ gelangt, die in unlösbaren Antinomien führt. Da Kant zufolge das Sein „kein reales Prädikat“ ist, kann man ihn als den Vorläufer der späteren existenzphilosophischen Kritik traditioneller Ontotheologie, von dem übrigens dieser Begriff überhaupt stammt. (shrink)

Der Beitrag beschäftigt sich mit der Kritik an der Philosophie von Ludwig Klages, die in den 1920-ern Jahren seine Zeitgenossen wie Helmuth Plessner, Georg Misch und etwas später in den 1930-ern Jahren auch Max Bense übten. Der Gegenstand der Kritik war vor allem seine These von der grundlegenden Opposition von Geist und Seele aber auch seine graphologischen Schriften. Im Zentrum der hier vorgelegten Analyse steht die Herausarbeitung der Inkongruenz dieser kritischen Stimmen, die sich darauf bezieht, dass Klages sowohl den naturalistischen (...) als auch irrationalistischen Vorwürfen ausgesetz ist. (shrink)

O presente comentário analisa um breve texto tardio de Kant sobre afisiologia especulativa. Além de ilustrar muito bem os princípios metodológicos doprograma de pesquisa kantiano para as ciências da natureza – segundo o qual as ficçõesespeculativas, de valor apenas heurístico, podem ser utilizadas para observar eorganizar fenômenos na procura de suas leis empíricas –, esse escrito antecipa,metodológica e epistemologicamente, os trabalhos de Freud sobre a metapsicogiafisiológica.t:This commentary analyzes a short text by late Kant on speculativephysiology. It ilustrates main metodological principles (...) of Kant’s research programmefor natural sciences – according to which speculative fictions with exclusively heuristicvalue are allowed to be used in observing and organizing phenomena in search forempirical laws – and in addition it anticipates, both methodologically andespistemologically, Freud’s writings on physilogical metapsychology. (shrink)

O objetivo principal do presente artigo é apresentar uma visão unificada da contribuição de Winnicott à psicanálise. A Parte I começa constatando que, de acordo com certos comentadores renomados, Winnicott introduziu uma mudança paradigmática na psicanálise. A fim de fazer ver que essa mudança pode ser interpretada como um Gestalt switch paradigmático no sentido de Th. S. Kuhn, faz-se uma apresentação panorâmica da teoria kuhniana da ciência e, em seguida, uma reconstrução do paradigma edipiano ou triangular de Freud. Na Parte (...) II , é mostrado que, já nos anos 20, Winnicott constatou a existência de anomalias insuperáveis no paradigma edipiano e, por essa razão, iniciou a pesquisa que poderia ser chamada de revolucionária, no sentido de Kuhn, buscando um novo quadro geral para a psicanálise. Essa pesquisa terminou com a elaboração, especialmente na última parte da vida de Winnicott, do paradigma alternativo “bebê-no-colo-da-mãe”. Esse paradigma é descrito com certos detalhes, especialmente a relação paradigmática dual bebê-mãe e a teoria-guia de amadurecimento pessoal. As observações finais dizem respeito à herança winnicottiana e ao futuro da psicanálise. (shrink)

Após fazer uma breve apresentação da maneira como o tema da origem surge no pensamento de Heidegger, o artigo mostra que esse tema se desdobra necessariamente no do nascimento. Em seguida, o nascimento é estudado tal como tematizado por Heidegger na primeira e na segunda fase da sua filosofia. Por fim, o artigo explica os conceitos de nascimento e origem que compõem a teoria do amadurecimento de Winnicott, a fim de iniciar um diálogo entre o pensamento heideggeriano do ser e (...) a psicanálise winnicottiana do acontecer maturacional.After making a brief presentation of the manner in which the topic of origin emerges in Heidegger’s thought, the article shows that this topic necessarily includes that of birth. Next, the birth is studied in the light of the first and the second phase of Heidegger’s philosophy. Finally, the concepts of birth and origin that are contained in Winnicott’s theory of maturation are presented in order to introduce a dialogue between Heidegger’s thinking of Being and Winnicott’s psychoanalysis of human coming to be and growth. (shrink)

Significant breakthroughs in genetic research promoted by the human genome project, advances in molecular biology and new reproductive technologies have improved the understanding and the possibility of genetic interventions as a potential medication for diseases caused by differentiated disorders, especially those that originated in irregularities in individual genes. The progress achieved in contemporary studies has created the likelihood that the man has the technical capacity to modify the genes that will be transmitted to the next generations as well. These are (...) the so-called hereditary genetic modifications, i.e. any biomedical interventions which could be expected to transform the genome which a person could transfer to their offspring. The author analyses in this paper why even the hints of transformations of genes that will be passed on to future generations cause deep bioethical, theological, legal and political debates and controversies. He also believes that in the era of rapid strengthening of the social and technical and technological effects of science, it is very important that scientists, in their perceptions and insights, which particularly in the field of humanities, do not have the character of value beliefs, do not go below the achieved civilization standards of ethical and moral culture and to reflect on different themes with due care and awareness of the dilemmas that they can encounter in their professional work. An adequate interdisciplinary, multidisciplinary and pluriperspective approach, as well as the awareness of the essential compatibility of scientific freedom and responsibility, should ultimately result in a different and more sophisticated attitude of the scientists themselves to the possibilities of their own discipline and the significance of its effects. (shrink)

O presente estudo propõe-se reconstruir o conceito winnicottiano da unidade psicossomática do ser humano. Depois de expor o caráter acontecencial e a estrutura interna do psique-soma, oferece uma análise detalhada das operações da "elaboração imaginativa", começando pela tentativa de definir a natureza dessas operações. Prossegue com o exame das operações mais primitivas que garantem a inter-relação inicial básica da psique e do soma, chama a atenção para a constituição do si-mesmo imaginativo, e termina identificando e explicando algumas operações elaborativas mais (...) avançadas, assumidas pelos indivíduos humanos sadios "em primeira pessoa".The present study aims at reconstructing Winnicott's concept of psycho-somatic unity of the human being. After explaining the historical character and inner structure of the psyque-soma, it starts a detailed analysis of "imaginative elaboration" with an attempt to define the very nature of these operations. It examines next the most primitive of them that which elaborate the body functions thus garantee the initial psyche-soma relation, goes over to the problem of constitution of the imaginative self and ends by identifying and explaing some more advanced operations, assumed by grown up healthy indivuals "in the first person". (shrink)

Many species maintain cytosine DNA methyltransferase (MTase) genes belonging to the Dnmt2 family. Prokaryotic modification‐restriction systems utilize DNA methylation to distinguish between self and foreign DNA, and cytosine methylation in eukaryotic DNA contributes to epigenetic mechanisms that control gene expression. However, Dnmt2 proteins display only low or no DNA MTase activity, making this protein family the odd and enigmatic family member. Recent evidence showed that Dnmt2 proteins are not DNA but RNA MTases with functions in biological processes as diverse as (...) stress responses and RNA‐mediated inheritance. These observations not only raise profound questions regarding the perceived substrate specificities of cytosine MTase, but also suggest links between DNA and RNA modification systems. Here, we speculate that Dnmt2 proteins might be part of an ancient cytosine modification toolbox that is used to successfully respond to environmental challenges, including constantly evolving RNA and DNA substrates. (shrink)

Depois de fazer uma breve análise das idéias centrais introduzidas por Ludwig Binswanger no seu artigo seminal "O sonho e a existência", de 1930, o presente trabalho examina o lugar ocupado por essas idéias na daseinsanálise psiquiátrica do mesmo autor. Em seguida, são estudadas as objeções que Martin Heidegger dirigiu ao uso da analítica existencial de Ser e tempo na formulação da daseinsanálise psiquiátrica. Na última seção, discutem-se as perspectivas atuais de um diálogo entre o pensamento de Heidegger e as (...) ciências humanas, em particular, a psicanálise winnicottiana.After presenting a brief analysis of the central ideas of Ludwig Binswanger contained in his seminal article "Dreaming and Existence", published in 1930, this paper examines the place of these ideas in Binswanger's theory of psychiatric daseinsanalysis. The next section is dedicated to the study of objections that Martin Heidegger raised against the use of existential analytics of Being and Time in framing psychiatric daseinsanalysis. The final section offers a brief discussion of perspectives for a renewed dialogue between Heidegger and human sciences, Winnicott's psychoanalysis in particular. (shrink)

Com base em discussões antigas e recentes sobre o status epistemológico das teorias científicas, o presente artigo analisa o prefácio de Osiander ao De revolutionibus de Copérnico.

Resumo: Não raramente as contribuições de Winnicott à psicanálise são consideradas uma simples extensão da psicanálise freudiana, ampliada por M. Klein. Essa visão sobre Winnicott foi contestada, há bastante tempo, por vários pesquisadores. Já nos anos 1950, Masud Khan sustentou a tese de que Winnicott introduziu mudanças revolucionárias no pensamento analítico e na prática contemporâneos. O fato de Winnicott ter operado mudanças revolucionárias, criando um novo “paradigma” ou uma nova “matriz” na psicanálise, foi reconhecido, a partir dos anos 1980, com (...) mais força ainda, embora nem sempre com a referência explícita a Kuhn. No Brasil, pesquisadores vinculados ao Grupo de Pesquisa em Filosofia e Práticas Psicoterápicas levaram em conta, de maneira sistemática e articulada, todos os elementos da teoria kuhniana dos paradigmas e das revoluções científicas, devidamente adaptadas ao caso da psicanálise. O presente Projeto parte da constatação de que não é mais necessário debater se uma revolução na psicanálise estava em pauta para Winnicott, nem mesmo se ele deu passos nessa direção, visto que isso já está suficientemente provado. É preciso estudar melhor os motivos da sua pesquisa revolucionária e os resultados alcançados. Para esse propósito, o presente Projeto do Dicionário Winnicott – que se propõe a reconstruir, de forma exaustiva e conceitualmente articulada, o léxico do paradigma winnicottiano – espera trazer uma contribuição decisiva. Palavras-chave: Dicionário Winnicott, revolução winnicottiana, paradigma winnicottiano, Sociedade Brasileira de Psicanálise Winnicottiana, Escola Winnicottiana de São Paulo.: There are those who maintain that Winnicott has not brought any new and conclusive contribution to the psychoanalytic theory. Some readers still consider his contributions as a simple extension of Freudian psycho-analytical theory, which was expanded by M. Klein. This point of view regarding Winnicott has been contested, however, by many of his researchers. During the fifties Masud Khan sustained the thesis that Winnicott has made revolutionary changes in contemporary psychoanalytic thought and practice. The fact that Winnicott has produced revolutionary changes, creating a “new paradigm” or a “new matrix” in psycho-analysis, was acknowledged since the eighties, with even more strength, although not always with the explicit reference to Kuhn. In Brazil, researchers linked to the Research Group in Philosophy and Psychotherapeutic Practices took into account, in a systematic and articulated way, all the elements of Kuhn’s theory concerning paradigms and scientific revolutions, duly adapted to the psycho-analysis. This Project starts from the assumption that it is no longer needed to debate if Winnicott promoted a revolution in the Psycho-analytic theory, nor if he followed in that direction, since this has already been proved. What is necessary is to improve studies concerning the motives of his revolutionary research and the obtained results. For this purpose, the present Winnicott Dictionary Project intends to reconstruct, in an exhaustive way and with an articulated conceptualization, the lexicon of the winnicottian paradigm. Key-words: Winnicott Dictionary, Winnicottian revolution, Winnicottian paradigm. Brazilian Society for Winnicottian Psychoanalysis, São Paulo Winnicottian School. (shrink)

Der Beitrag besch?ftigt sich mit dem Verh?ltnis von Hermeneutik und Ethik. Im Fokus dieser Betrachtung steht die narrative Hermeneutik des Selbst von Paul Ricoeur und ihr Versuch, mit Hilfe der Hermeneutik eine ethische Dimension der Wiedereinschreibung der narrativen Rekonfiguration der Handlungswelt in diese Handlungswelt selbst zu er?ffnen. Dabei wird auf die Grenzen eines solchen Ansatzes hingewiesen, dies insbesondere im Hinblick auf die dabei gemachten metaphysiklastigen Schritte in Richtung auf eine Position, die hinter der existential- und fundamentalontologischen Fragestellung des von Ricoeur (...) kritisierten Heidegger zur?ckzufallen scheint. Daher wird hier erneut auf Heidegger und seine Existenzialontologie zur?ckgegriffen, um sie im Zuge einer narrativistischen Umdeutung f?r die ethische Fragestelleung zu?ffnen. (shrink)

The article primarily addresses different philosophical views of otherness and tries to question them from a hermeneutic perspective. Above all, the conceptual radicalism of the asymmetrical relationships is criticized through the hermeneutic approach, understood not as mere strategy of appropriating the other or the stranger, but as an open process of understanding, in which the heterogeneity of those involved is subject to constant change, but is nevertheless always maintained. On this basis, the cultural-philosophical, but also social and political relevance of (...) the opposition between cultural pessimism and cultural optimism is called into question. (shrink)

In this essay I provide a critical analysis of the Enlightenment program—focusing particularly on the thought of Hegel, Rouseau, Kant, and Nietszche—describing the central dangers inherent in the program. I conclude with reflections generated from the post-metaphysical responses to the Enlightenment made by Giddens and Heidegger.

The article considers the Greek ideal of moderation, most often expressed through the notion of the Mean. It is not merely a pangreek ideal, but an ancient and everlasting inheritance, which converged to the education in the unity of ‘goodness and beauty’. It is lived in the polis, as it was also a personal aspiration of the inner soul. In Aristotle’s politics, the source of moderation is primarily connected to the balance of political orders, however there is another perspective in (...) which it is more about the virtue and moral qualities of aristocracy, which identifies the good man and citizen. That approach is more akin to research conducted in Aristotle’s texts on ethics. Careful analysis of these distinctions from the book Politics is concluded with insights on education and virtue as complementary aspects of practical philosophy. (shrink)

Depois de mostrar que o programa de Ser e tempo inclui a desconstrução da metafísica, da ciência e de todos os processos de objetificação , o artigo apresenta as dificuldades do primeiro Heidegger em reconstruir as estruturas da objetividade com base na acontecência do ser-o-aí do homem. Em seguida, trata de alguns dos motivos, entre eles a discussão com representantes da ciência contemporânea, em particular com Heisenberg, pelos quais Heidegger abandonou a reconstrução daseinsanalítica da objetificação e recorreu, para determinar a (...) essência desse fenômeno, à acontecência da verdade do ser. Por fim, mostra-se que o próprio Heidegger admitiu a dificuldade de pensar todos os elementos essenciais da objetificação como uma decadência da verdade do ser.After demonstrating that the program of Being and Time includes the deconstruction of metaphysics, science, and of all the processes of objectification , the text presents the difficulties of the first Heidegger in reconstructing the structures of objectivity from the occurrence of the being there of man. Following, the discussion deals with some of the motives, among them discussions with representatives of contemporary science, in particular with Heisenberg, by means of which Heidegger abandoned the reconstruction daseino of objectification and returned to determine the essence of this phenomenon, the occurrence of the truth of being. Finally, the text shows that Heidegger admitted the difficulties of thinking of all the essential elements of objectification as decadence of the truth of being. (shrink)

Određenje sreće kod Aristotela uvjetovano je s jedne strane samim ustrojstvom ljudske duše, a s druge strane uzajamnim odnosom teoretskog i praktičkog života. Osim u teoretskom životu sreća se postiže na određenoj razini i u praktičkom, odnosno političkom životu. Obuhvatnost pojma sreće sastoji se u tome da je ona djelovanje u skladu s etičkim vrlinama, a ujedno i postignuće najviše dijanoetičke vrline – mudrosti. Polazeći od razmatranja naravi užitka i mogućnosti ozbiljenja savršene sreće stječe se uvid u prirodnu nejednakost ljudi, (...) na kojoj se temelji Aristotelovo određenje različitog položaja ljudi u političkoj zajednici.Die Bestimmung der Glückseligkeit bei Aristoteles ist einerseits durch die Verfassung der menschlichen Seele und andererseits durch die gegenseitige Beziehung zwischen dem theoretischen und praktischen Leben bedingt. Ausser im theoretischen Leben wird die Glückseligkeit auf einer gewissen Ebene auch im praktischen, bzw. politischen Leben erreicht. Die Umfasslichkeit des Begriffs der Glückseligkeit liegt darin, dass sie als die Tätigkeit gemäss der ethischen Tugenden, sowie als die Verwirklichung der höchsten dianoethischen Tugend – Weisheit aufgefasst wird. Ausgehend von der Betrachtung der Natur des Genusses und der Möglichkeit der Verwirklichung der vollkommenen Glückseligkeit wird die Einsicht in die natürliche Ungleichheit der Menschen gewonnen, worauf sich dann die aristotelische Bestimmung von verschiedener Stellung der Menschen in der politischen Gemeinschaft gründet. (shrink)

Specifičnost današnjice je »kraj političkog«, pri čemu pojam demokracije i dalje predstavlja glavni zbirni termin za pružanje opsjene lažnih mogućnosti. Hannah Arendt ovdje je uzeta kao autor čiji pojam ‘djelovanje’ predstavlja odličan okvir onoga što bi ljudi u javnom području mogli zaista biti. U svezi toga, važne su njene analize kako se od početaka filozofije politike dogodilo reduciranje političkog odnosa na vladalački odnos. Također, njeno shvaćanje značaja slobode je u opoziciji spram tradicionalnog filozofskog ograničenja slobode na ‘unutrašnjost čovjeka’.Specificity of present (...) time is “the end of political”, where the term ‘democracy’ still represents the main collective term for making an illusion of false possibilities. Hannah Arendt is taken here as the author whose term ‘action’ represents what people in a public field could really be. Regarding that, her analysis about how did reduction of political relationship to the dynasty relationship happened, from the beginnings of philosophy of politics, is very important. Also, her understanding of the relevance of freedom is in opposition with traditional philosophical restriction of freedom to ‘human inside’. (shrink)

U Freudu svojstvenom etičkom relativiziranju, moral i smisao bivstvovanja u konačnici su određeni ekonomijom libida. Takvi su stavovi omogućeni reduciranjem djelovanja na prirodnouzročni determinizam, posredovanjem konstrukcije teorijskog modela psihičkog funkcioniranja, pri čemu se zanemaruje mogućnost neempijskog kauzaliteta iz slobode. Freudova biologijska orijentacija rezultirala je gledištem o psihičkim motivacijama kao rezultatom kemijsko-fizioloških procesa, koji su k tome prvenstveno određeni hereditarnim ili konstitucionalnim čimbenicima. No, upravo kod njega psihoanaliza je imala najsnažniji kulturni i antropologijski impetus.In ethical relativism characteristical for Freud, moral and (...) the meaning of being are in the end determined by the economy of libido. Such attitudes are enabled by action being reduced to naturally caused determinism, where construction of the theoretical model of psychological functioning acts as an intermediary, and the possibility of non-empirical causality from freedom is disregarded. Freud’s orientation towards biology has resulted in his stand on psychological motivations as a result of chemical-physiological processes, which are, in addition, primarily determined by hereditary or constitutional factors. Nevertheless, it is with Freud that the psychoanalysis has had the strongest cultural and anthropological impetus. (shrink)

Pojam svjetovnosti kod Arendt nalazi se u osnovi intenzivne rasprave s Heideggerom. Filozofi pokušali su političko područje obuhvatiti kategorijama koje su njemu u bîti bile strane. Arendt uviđa da ono političko svoje puno dostojanstvo može dostići samo onda ako se ne promatra kao što je tradicionalno uobičajeno, s pozicije filozofa, nego s pozicije svijeta i pluraliteta, koje političkom području po naravi pripada. Dok je filozofija stoljećima svjetovnost promatrala samo iz perspektive mišljenja, Arendt mijenja vidokrug i prosuđuje mišljenje iz perspektive svijeta. (...) Bitna razlika između Arendt i Heideggera pokazuje se u vrednovanju političkog djelovanja.Arendts Begriff der Weltlichkeit liegt eine intensive Auseinandersetzung mit Heidegger zugrun­de. Die Philosophen versuchen das Politische mit Kategorien zu erfassen, dieihm wesenfremd sind. Arendt sieht das Politische nur dann seine volle Würde erlangen kann,wenn es nicht, wie in Tradition üblich, vom Standpunkt des Philosophen, sondern vom Stand­punkt der Welt und der Pluralität betrachtet wird, dem das Politische natürlicherweise zugehört.Während die Philosophie jahrhundertlang der Weltlichkeit nur aus der Perspektive des Denkensbetrachtete wechselt Arendt die Blickrichtung und beurteilt das Denken vom Standpunkt derWelt. Die wesentliche Differenz zwischen Arendt und Heidegger erweist sich in der Bewertungdes politischen Handelns. (shrink)

Na sveprisutnu opasnost buđenja novih totalitarizama koji uništavaju društvenost i pluralizam, kao moguću posljedicu otuđenja Moderne, upozorila je autorica čije shvaćanje društvenosti čovjeka stoji u aporiji zbog opozicionalnosti između preferiranja elitističke političke slobode antike i augustinovske egalitarne slobode, urođene svim ljudskim bićima. Taj dvovrsni argumentacijski teorijski pravac uvjetovao je njezinu interpretaciju antičkog polisa kao ideala političke zajednice, te razdvajanje socijalne od političke problematike. Prema njoj, Akvinski čini grešku i izjednačava termine politicus i socialis, a to preuzima i Moderna. Ovo je (...) vidljivo npr. u tome što socijalna, ekonomska i tehnička pitanja sve više ulaze u politički prostor . Štošta je tome pomoglo, kako npr. tzv. protestantska etika tako i Francuska revolucija. Mnoštvo "poniženih i uvrijeđenih" željelo je u nastupu novog svijeta svoje osnovne biološke potrebe rješavati kroz ulazak u javnu sferu. Politički elitizam Hannah Arendt taj nastup mnogobrojnih zahtjeva za socijalnom jednakošću i socijalnom emancipacijom smatra dekadencijom autentičnog javnog područja, izvorno slobodnog od nužnosti života. Kako se ovakva pozicija referira na konkretnu problematiku segregacije u javnom obrazovanju, pokazuje analiza njezina teksta "Reflections on Little Rock".Hannah Arendt, whose comprehension of human beings’ sociability stands in aporia because ofoppositionality between preference for elitist political freedom of antiquity and Augustinian egalitarianfreedom, inborn to all human beings, warned of omnipresent peril of awakening of new totalitarianismswhich destroy sociability and pluralism, as a possible consequence of Modernism’salienation. That dual theoretical line of arguing determined her interpretation of antique polis asan ideal of political community, and one of separating social from political problems. According toher, Aquinas made a mistake in equating terms politicus and socialis, and Modernism accepts thatequation. This can be seen in progressive intrusion of social, economic and technical issues into political space . Many factors contributed to that situation, i.e. the Protestant Ethic and FrenchRevolution. In awakening of the new world, many of the oppressed and insulted wanted to satisfytheir basic biological needs by entering the public spheres. Hannah Arendt’s political elitism considersthe emergence of multiple demands for social equality and social emancipation as a decadenceof authentic public space, that is originally free from life’s necessities. My analysis of Arendt’stext »Reflections on Little Rock« shows the consequences of such position in specific problem ofsegregation in public education. (shrink)

Apoiando-se na fenomenologia filosófica e numa ciência factual , o artigo começa formulando dois problemas relativos à tolerância: 1) poder suportar os diferentes sentidos de realidade ou, respectivamente, os diferentes modos de dizer o real, e 2) poder estabelecer relacionamentos objetificantes e não-objetificantes com o mundo. Depois de mostrar que esses problemas foram sistematicamente negligenciados não somente pela literatura teológica, mas também pela filosófica , o artigo prossegue salientando que a linguagem apropriada para descrever a realidade objetificável pode ser invasiva (...) e mesmo aniquiladora - e, neste sentido, intolerante - se usada para falar da realidade não-objetificável, e que atitudes objetificantes podem destruir os modos não-objetificáveis de relacionamento com o mundo e outros seres humanos, sendo, portanto, ameaçadoras da própria essência do humano.Based on philosophical phenomenology and a positive science , this paper starts by formulating two problems of tolerance: the one being that of coming to terms with different senses of the real and different modes of talking about it, and the other that of reconciling our objectifying with our non-objectifying relationships to the world. After showing at some length that both problems have been generally neglected not only in the theological but also in the philosophical literature, the post-modern as well as the enlightened one, it will be shown that a language appropriate for describing the objectifiable reality can be intrusive and even destructive - and thus intolerant -, if used to talk about the non-objectifiable reality, and that objectifying attitudes can destroy the non-objetifying ways of relating to the world and to other persons, being, in this respect, a threat to the very essence of our humanity. (shrink)