RNA localization is a powerful strategy used by cells to localize proteins to subcellular domains and to control protein synthesis regionally. In germ cells, RNA targeting has profound implications for development, setting up polarities in genetic information that drive cell fate during embryogenesis. The frog oocyte offers a useful system for studying the mechanism of RNA localization. Here, we discuss critically the process of RNA localization during frog oogenesis. Three major pathways have been identified that are temporally and spatially separated (...) in oogenesis. Each pathway uses a different mechanism to effect RNA localization. In some cases, localization elements within the 3' untranslated region have been identified and have provided unique insights into the localization process. This important field is still in its infancy, however, and much remains to be learned. BioEssays 21:546–557, 1999. © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. (shrink)

v. 1. ttŭt ŭl sewŏra -- v. 2. Kukpŏp ŭn chiŏmhan kŏt ida -- v. 3. Punsu nŭl nŏmji mara.

There is no notion of postmortem Heaven and Hell in both ancient Israeli and Confucian traditions, and the two traditions also share quite a number of similarities about the idea of immortal life after death. Therefore, a comparison of the commonness in this field, e.g. the Jewish Levirate Marriage custom and the Confucian custom of adopting one’s son as heir; the idea of name surviving death in Biblical Judaism and that of glorifying one’s parents by making one’s name famous in (...) future ages in Confucianism, can help us reveal the common pursuit in the two traditions: the postmortem fulfillment of an individual is realized in the form of the continuation of one’s family/ tribe/ nation of which they were, and forever remain, a generational link. In addition, this can help clarify a long faulted Confucian dogma of “Having no male heir being the gravest of the three cardinal offences against filial piety”. (shrink)

Resumen: El piano, de origen europeo, es la cristalización de la civilización musical occidental y es conocido como el rey de los instrumentos musicales. Después de cientos de años de desarrollo, ha desarrollado un sistema relativamente completo de creación, interpretación y enseñanza. En este proceso, se puede ver que hay muchas obras de música para piano con el estilo y el encanto únicos del pensamiento tradicional chino, utilizando el método de la música folclórica china y la melodía con características chinas. (...) La combinación de pensamientos tradicionales y piano demuestra el encanto único de la música china, con una fuerte herencia cultural y atractivo artístico. Por lo tanto, las obras de música para piano infiltradas en el pensamiento tradicional chino no son sólo un tesoro de China, sino también un elemento indispensable en la interpretación y educación del piano chino. El propósito de este artículo es comprender y reflexionar profundamente sobre las obras de música para piano en la cultura tradicional china, explorar la singularidad y el encanto de las obras de música para piano chinas y comprender la encarnación de los pensamientos tradicionales chinos en la creación de música para piano, explorando así la singularidad y la innovación. de la creación de música para piano china, proporcionando referencia y apoyo para promover el desarrollo de las obras de música para piano china. (shrink)

Cet article s’attache à décrire l’évolution dans l’amitié entre Chŏng Yakyong et Yi Kigyŏng. Beaucoup de choses les rapprochaient, objectivement. Tous deux étaient de brillants lauréats du concours du doctorat de 1789, tous deux étaient membres de la même faction politique, les Namin (les ''Sudistes''), tous deux étaient fonctionnaires civils à la cour du roi Chŏngjo ( r. 1776-1800) dans la Corée de l'ère Chosŏn (1392-1897), et tous deux jouèrent un rôle important dans cette période de grands changements, à la (...) fois socio-politiques, religieux, culturels et intellectuels, que vécut alors la Corée. Chŏng Yakyong s’intéressa à de nombreuses branches différentes du savoir occidental qui parvenait alors à la Corée, et il embrassa même, brièvement après sa confession, la foi chrétienne en 1784. Se sentant critiqué et calomnié, il la renia publiquement en 1797, mais son ami Yi Kigyŏng, auteur du Pyŏgwip’yŏn 闢衛編 ( Compilation de documents pour le rejet de l’hétérodoxie et la défense de l’orthodoxie ), ne voulut jamais y croire. Cet ami devint même un ennemi au point qu’il l’attaqua violemment, en 1801, ce qui valut à Chong Yakyong un long et douloureux bannissement jusqu’en 1818. À travers la lecture des textes dont nous disposons, officiels et personnels, nous tentons de comprendre ce qui s'est joué alors et d'analyser l’évolution de leur amitié face à ce qui les divisa – ces événements qui furent tragiques pour beaucoup de monde. (shrink)

Jamal al-Din al-Afghani (1838-97) was a pan-Islamic thinker, political activist, and journalist, who sought to revive Islamic thought and liberate the Muslim world from Western influence. Many aspects of his life and his background remain unknown or controversial, including his birthplace, his religious affiliation, and the cause of his death. He was likely born in Asadabad, near present-day Hamadan, Iran. His better known history begins when he was 18, with a one-year stay in India that coincided with the Sepoy Mutiny (...) of 1857-59. In what would become a life of constant travel, he soon went to Mecca to perform Hajj, before returning to Afghanistan to join the service of the country's ruler, Dost Mohammad Khan (1793-1863). He later sided with Dost's son Mohammad Aʻzam, who ultimately lost in a power struggle with his British-supported brother Sher Ali. Al-Afghani's political activism eventually took him to Paris, London, Tehran, Saint Petersburg, and Constantinople. It was during his second stay in Egypt (1871-79) that he cemented his role as a reformer. He found in Cairo a class of young intellectuals who gathered around him, established newspapers, and used these papers to disseminate his ideas. Chief among al-Afghani's Egyptian disciples were scholar Muhammad ʻAbduh, journalist ʻAbd Allah al-Nadim, and nationalist politicians Mustafa Kamil and Saʻd Zaghlul. Al-Afghani's influence on both modernist and traditionalist Islamic thought continues to the present. An activist who sought to effect change through political journalism and public speaking, he did not write many books. This treatise, entitled al-Radd ʻalā al-dahrīyīn (Refutation of the materialists), was a rebuttal of the views of the pro-British Sir Sayyid Ahmad Khan, who had argued that science is more important than religion in the rise of civilizations. First written in Persian following al-Afghani's exile from Egypt to India, it was translated into Arabic by his student Muhammad ʻAbduh, with the help of al-Afghani's assistant Arif Efendi. (shrink)

Mevlânâ Celâleddin-i Rûmî’yi (öl. 1273) sevenler arasında, Abdurrahman Câmî’ye (öl. 1492) atfedilen Mevlânâ ve Mesnevî-i Şerîf’ini öven “Peygamber değildir ama kitabı vardır.” mazmunu ile meşhur olan bir beyit vardır. İran’da daha çok yaygın olan ve Câmî’nin beytiyle aynı anlamı taşıyan ve ilaveleri olan üç beytin ise, Bahâeddin Âmilî (öl. 1622) tarafından yazıldığı bilinmektedir. Bu beyitlerde Mesnevî’ye verilen “Farsça Kur’an” lakabı ve “bazılarını hidayete, bazılarını dalalete götüren” ibaresi dikkat çekmektedir. Bu beyitlerin içerikleri, Muhammed İkbal (öl. 1938) ve Muhammed Hüseyin Şehriyâr (öl. (...) 1988) gibi son asrın bazı büyük şairlerinin, Reynold Nicholson (öl. 1945) ve Annemarie Schimmel (öl. 2003) gibi müsteşrik yazarların eserlerinde de görünmektedir. Hz. Mevlânâ ise kendisini Kur’ân’ın kölesi ve Hz. Muhammed’in (s.a.v) yolunun toprağı olarak tanıtmış ve anılan beyitlerin ima edebileceği gibi hiçbir zaman peygamberlik iddiasında bulunmamıştır. Ârif şair Mesnevî’nin çeşitli yerlerinde Kur’ân’ın vasıflarını, emir ve nehiylerini, evrensel mesajlarını ve ayetlerin üzerinde tefekkür etmenin önemini serdetmiştir. Kur’ân’ı daha iyi ve doğru kavrayabilmek için neler yapılmalıdır açıklamış ve yöntemler sunmuştur. Kur’ân’daki bazı hikâyeleri tekrar anlatmış ve detaylandırarak şerh etmiştir. Hz. Peygamber efendimizin yüce makamını övmüş, başka peygamberlerin hikâyelerini, onlara gösterdiği saygıyla aktarmıştır. Hz. Mevlânâ ve Mesnevî-i Şerîf methiyesi olarak söylenen şiirlerdeki tanımlar, bir taraftan Mesnevî’nin dibacesinde Mevlânâ’nın kendi kaleminden çıkmış “Bu Mesnevî kitabıdır ve dinin asıllarının asıllarının asıllarıdır.” cümlesinden esinlenmiş olabilir. Mevlânâ bu mukaddimede eserini Kur’an sıfatlarıyla tavsif etmiş ve onun Allah tarafından korunduğunu söylemiştir. Mesnevî şârihi olan İsmail Ankaravî’nin, “Mesnevî Kur’ân ve Hadis tefsirlerinden meydana gelmiş mecmau’l-bahreyndir.” ifadesi de bu konuyu izah etmektedir. Mesnevî’de belirgin bir şekilde ayetlerin şerhi veya ayetlere yönelik telmihler geçmektedir. Toplam iki bin iki yüzü aşkın yerde ayetlere atıf mevcuttur. Bu da Mesnevî’nin Kur’ân’ın bir tür tefsiri olabileceğini işaret etmektedir. Başka bir açıdan bakıldığında, Mesnevî ile Kur’ân arasında çeşitli yazılış ve biçim benzerlikleri kurulabilmektedir. Mesnevî’nin de Kur’ân gibi bir emirle başlaması, bir ilham (vahiy) ürünü olması, başlangıcında tüm kitabın özetinin geçmesi, anlatım şeklinin genelde hikâye ve temsillerle olması, suretten manaya geçip anlaşılması için şerh ve tefsire ihtiyaç olması vb. birçok müşabih veçheleri vardır. Bu bakımlardan, Mesnevî peygamber olmayan biri tarafından Farsça Kur’ân’a benzetilmiştir denilebilir. Bu çalışmada önce bu nitelemenin çıkma ve kullanma serüveni takip edilecek, sonra Mevlânâ’nın Kur’ân hakkındaki görüşleri, Mesnevî’de Kur’ân’ın yeri, Kur’ân ve Mesnevî’nin ortak yönleri ele alınarak neden bu büyük şair ve yazarlar tarafından Mesnevî’ye Farsça Kur’ân denildiği açıklanmaya çalışılacaktır. (shrink)

This research examines the impact of an online platform’s revenue model on consumers’ ethical inferences of the company. We demonstrate that consumers perceive online platforms that employ the advertising-based revenue model to be less ethical than platforms that employ the service-fee-based revenue model because platforms that adopt the advertising-based revenue model are thought to be less consumer-serving motivated. The unfavorable ethical inferences induced by the advertising-based revenue model further lower consumers’ intention to disclose personal information and the intention to generate (...) positive word of mouth for the company. We further find that allowing consumers to skip advertisements does not improve the less favorable ethical inferences while using resources for public-service advertisements does. These findings advance the understanding of consumers’ ethical inferences regarding business models and provide insights for managers to develop effective strategies to alleviate less favorable ethical inferences. (shrink)

Tscha Hung was a member of the Vienna Circle who achieved high international academic recognition. He dedicated his entire life to spreading the philosophy of the Circle to China and developed deep insights in his criticisms to that philosophy. Hung was a witness to the encounter of Western and Chinese philosophy in the twentieth century. His debate with Fung You-lan on metaphysics reflects different understandings of the nature of philosophy and metaphysics as well as different perspectives. Hung defended the position (...) of metaphysics in Chinese philosophy in his own way and engaged in a contemporary reconstruction of Chinese philosophy. (shrink)

Guanxi in China is a very ancient concept embedded in the Confucian concept of life and one that is a ‚hot' topic in that it is currently attracting increasing attention from both Western and Chinese scholars. One aspect of Guanxi which has been the subject of most of the research of late is the influence of Guanxi on firm performance. However, relatively few studies have examined how Guanxi at the individual level is transferred into a firm to influence its financial (...) performance. This study first reclassifies Guanxi into obligatory, reciprocal, and utilitarian types at the individual level as a means to clarifying the confusion brought above from previous studies. It then provides a conceptual framework in which to systematically characterize the link between Guanxi at the individual level and organizational dynamics: that is, how is Guanxi at the individual level shifted to a firm and how does it affect organizational dynamics of that firm at the organizational level. Finally, it provides a deeper understanding of the financial implications of Guanxi to business firms in China. (shrink)

Many passages in early Confucian texts such as the Analects and Mengzi are focused on virtue, recommending qualities like humaneness (ren 仁), righteousness (yi 義), and trustworthiness (xin 信). Still others emphasize roles: what it means to be a good son, a good ruler, a good friend, a good teacher, or a good student. How are these teachings about virtues and roles related? In the past decade there has been a growing debate between two interpretations of early Confucian ethics, one (...) that sees virtues as fundamental, and the other of which starts from roles. Recently there have been two new contributions to the debate: Virtue Ethics and Confucianism (2013), edited by Stephen C. Angle and Michael Slote, which develops the virtue ethical interpretation, and Henry Rosemont, Jr.’s Against Individualism: A Confucian Rethinking of the Foundations of Morality, Politics, Family, and Religion (2015), which defends the role-based interpretation. This paper lays out the main contours of the debate between Virtue Ethical Confucianism and Confucian Role Ethics, as well as examines the distinctive contributions of these two new works. (shrink)

In this article, we focus on an extended model M ¯ of bounded rationality. Based on a rationality function with lower semicontinuity, we analyze the relationship between structural stability and robustness of Ω ¯. To further demonstrate the applicability of our theory, we introduce a model Ω ¯ 0 containing an abstract rationality function and generalize abstract fuzzy economies. We demonstrate the structural stability of the extended model Ω ¯ 0 at ξ ¯, ɛ. That is to say, Ω ¯ (...) 0 is robust to the ξ ¯, ɛ -equilibria. (shrink)

Objectives:Buddhism, Taoism, and Confucianism have influenced societies and shaped cultures as they have spread across the span of history and ultimately across the world. However, to date, the interrelated nature of their impacts has yet to be examined largely due to the lack of a measure that comprehensively assesses their various tenets. Building on a conceptual integration of foundational texts on each ideology as well as on recent measure development work (much of which is unpublished), the current studies developed a (...) comprehensive measure of these ideologies (the Three Teachings of East Asia Inventory; TTEA) and validated it across four languages.Methods:A combined sample of 2,091 online respondents (Study 1: 322 Chinese respondents, Study 2: 400 Japanese respondents, Study 3: 362 Taiwanese respondents, Study 4: 688 White Americans and 319 Asian Americans) completed 25–35 min online survey in their preferred language: English, Traditional Mandarin, Simplified Mandarin, or Japanese.Results:Exploratory Factor Analyses within a 122-item pool identified 18 stable dimensions across all samples. Measurement invariance analyses identified the final 61-items of the TTEA inventory (demonstrating reasonable invariance across all languages), confirming 18 individual tenet subscales that organize into four higher-order composites: Buddhism, Taoism, Restrictive Confucianism, and Empowering Confucianism. A shorter 36-item version of the TTEA inventory was also developed. The TTEA scales demonstrated (1) acceptable internal consistency, (2) discriminant validity, and (3) incremental predictive validity for current life satisfaction and vitality.Conclusions:The TTEA inventory offers one of the first comprehensive, multilingual measures that will allow cross-cultural researchers to examine the influence of three related Eastern ideologies on societies across the world. (shrink)

We attempt to provide a novel antecedent of corporate social responsibility (CSR) by focusing on the role of CSR awards. Specifically, we investigate how competitors’ winning CSR awards incentivize non-winning firms’ CSR as a competitive catch-up. Using a difference-in-differences research design, we find that non-winners improve their CSR after their competitors have won CSR awards. Furthermore, based on the awareness-motivation-capability (AMC) framework from the competitive dynamics literature, we find that the media visibility of award winners, the performance gap of non-winners (...) with award winners, and the prior CSR of non-winners strengthen the CSR competitive catch-up behaviors. Findings from this study contribute to the CSR research by highlighting the spillover effect of CSR awards as a meaningful event in incentivizing non-winning firms’ CSR and extending the AMC framework to explain the contingency factors of competitive catch-up in the context of CSR research. (shrink)

This paper makes a quantitative analysis of the comprehensive influence of music networks. Firstly, 11 music features are selected from energy, popularity, and other aspects to build a comprehensive evaluation index of music influence, and the PageRank algorithm is used to quantify the music influence. Secondly, the multiobjective logistic regression is used to construct the music similarity measurement model and, combined with music influence and music similarity, to judge whether the influence of different musicians is the actual influence. Thirdly, the (...) influence and similarity of the same music genre and different music genres are analyzed by using the two-way cluster analysis method. Finally, the lasso region is used for feature selection to obtain the change factors in the process of music evolution and analyze the dynamic changes in the process of music development. Therefore, this paper uses network science to build a dynamic network to analyze the similarity of music, the evolution process, and the impact of music on culture, which has certain research significance and practical value in the fields of music, history, social science, and practice. (shrink)

We investigated how age of faces and emotion expressed in faces affect young (n=30) and older (n=20) adults’ visual inspection while viewing faces and judging their expressions. Overall, expression identification was better for young than older faces, suggesting that interpreting expressions in young faces is easier than in older faces, even for older participants. Moreover, there were age-group differences in misattributions of expressions, in that young participants were more likely to label disgusted faces as angry, whereas older adults were more (...) likely to label angry faces as disgusted. In addition to effects of emotion expressed in faces, age of faces affected visual inspection of faces: Both young and older participants spent more time looking at own-age than other-age faces, with longer looking at own-age faces predicting better own-age expression identification. Thus, cues used in expression identification may shift as a function of emotion and age of faces, in interaction with age of participants. (shrink)

We discuss the cardinalities of maximal cofinitary groups under the assumption of $\neg CH$ . We also discuss various open questions in this area.

İlk dönem İslâm fırkalarından biri olan İbâziyye, Türkiye’de İslâm mezhepleri tarihi başta olmak üzere kelâm, hadis, tefsir, fıkıh gibi bilim dalları kapsamında incelenmiş ve önemli akademik araştırmalara konu olmuştur. Cumhuriyet döneminde İbâziyye fırkasına dair yapılan akademik araştırmalar bilhassa yirmi birinci yüzyılda hızlı bir artış göstermiştir. Bu çalışmada İslâm mezhepleri tarihi alanı başta olmak üzere İslâmî ilimlerde İbâzîlik üzerine yazılan kitap, lisansüstü tez, makale ve bildirilerin bir bibliyografyası hazırlanmış ve Cumhuriyet döneminde İbâziyye araştırmalarının tarihi seyri incelenmiştir. İslâm mezhepleri tarihi bilim dalında (...) İbâzîlik üzerine yapılan çalışmalarda iki temel yaklaşımın benimsendiği görülmüştür. Birinci yaklaşıma göre, Sünnî bakış açısıyla geleneksel mezhepler tarihi kaynakları esas alınarak, İbâziyye Hâricîlerin devamı olarak kabul edilmiştir. Bununla birlikte İbâzîlerin bu konudaki itirazları göz ardı edilmiştir. İkinci yaklaşıma göre ise, Sünnî kaynakların yanında İbâzî kaynaklar da esas alınarak fırka anlaşılmaya çalışılmıştır. Burada müellifler İbâziyye’yi kendi kaynakları üzerinden tanımlayarak, Hâriciyye’den bağımsız bir mezhep olarak değerlendirmişlerdir. İbâziyye’nin Hâricî düşünce yapısından farklılaşan yaklaşımları nedeniyle onlardan ayrılarak, günümüze kadar ulaşmayı başardığını vurgulamışlardır. Mezheplere ilişkin yapılan araştırmalarda objektif veriler ortaya koymak için kaynakların karşılaştırmalı olarak ele alınması gerekmektedir. Aksi hâlde yapılan çalışmalar, doğru verileri yansıtmak yerine sonuçları bilimsellikten uzak, tek taraflı bakış açısının ürünü olarak kalmaktadır. Bu sebeple fırkalar incelenirken, kendi kaynaklarındaki tanımlamalarına da yer verilmelidir. Ancak İbâziyye fırkasına ilişkin kaynakların birçoğunun günümüze kadar ulaşmamış olması yahut siyasî, itikadî, fıkhî görüşlerinin yeterince tanınmamış olması gibi nedenler; İbâziyye’nin gerçekte olandan farklı bir zeminde, yanlış bilgiler üzerinden tanınmasına sebebiyet vermiştir. Bunun yanı sıra mezheplerin, teşekkül sürecinin ardından sistematik hâle gelmesine kadar ki dönemde dinamik yapıda olmaları da göz ardı edilmemesi gereken bir diğer husustur. Bu bağlamda araştırmacılar İbâziyye mezhebinin ortaya çıkışından sistematikleşmesine değin oluşturduğu kendine has görüşleri açıklığa kavuştururken, birincil kaynaklar üzerinden mukayeseli okumalar yaparak, bütüncül olarak analiz etmeleri gerekmektedir. Çalışmamızda Cumhuriyetin ilk yıllarından günümüze kadar İbâzîlik üzerine yapılan araştırmaların bir bibliyografyasını sunduk ve yukarıda belirtilen yaklaşım biçimlerini analiz ettik. Bu kapsamda İslâmî ilimler literatüründe İbâziyye fırkasına ilişkin veriler sunan araştırmacıların konuya dair yaklaşımlarını literatür taraması sonucunda tespit ederek kronolojik olarak sıraladık. Araştırmamız neticesinde, İbâzîlerin kendi kaynaklarını temel alan özgün akademik çalışmaların uzun süre sınırlı kaldığı ve sayıca az olduğu ancak son yıllarda bu alandaki araştırmaların belirgin bir artış gösterdiği sonucuna ulaştık. Bu araştırmaların ivme kazanmasına yönelik çözüm önerilerinde bulunarak İbâziyye ile ilgili çalışmaların daha ileri bir noktaya taşınmasının gerekliliğini ortaya koyduk. (shrink)

Bu makale Fahreddin el-Râzî’nin metafizik yakîn anlayışını te’vîl teorisi açısından incelerken, onun metafizik yakîne ulaşma hususundaki optimistik tutumunu da ortaya çıkarmaktadır. Kuşkucuların lideri (şeyhü’l-müşekkikîn) olarak da bilinen Râzî’nin, kendisinden önceki felsefe ve kelam geleneklerini etraflıca kritik ederken yeni ve özgün bir anlayış ortaya koyup koymadığı tartışılmış, eleştirel düşüncesi kendisinden sonraki düşünürlerce tenkit edilmiş ve bu vesile ile Râzî hakkında çeşitli okuma biçimleri ortaya çıkmıştır. Bu okuma biçimleri arasında Râzî’yi, aklın kelamî bilgide yakîne ulaşamayacağı şeklinde bir metafizik bilinmezci olarak değerlendirenler de (...) olmuştur. Bu çalışma, Râzî’nin metafizik yakîn anlayışını te’vîl teorisi ile birlikte serimlemeye çalışmaktadır. Makalenin ilk ana bölümü metafizik yakîn ve te’vîl ilişkisi ekseninde -başka bir deyişle kelâmî bilgide akıl-nakil tartışmaları açısından- Râzî öncesi düşünceye dair -ipuçları niteliğinde- tarihsel bağlam vermektedir. İkinci ana kısım ise Râzî’nin metafizik bilgide akıl anlayışındaki ilkelerini istivâ’ kavramının te’vîli üzerinden belirginleştirmektedir. Bu makale, Râzî’nin te’vîl anlayışını bütünüyle ortaya koymayı amaçlamamaktadır. Ancak, te’vîl teorisinin temel bileşenlerinden birisi olan akliyyâtın nasıl metafizik yakîniyyâta dönüştüğünü analiz etmektedir. Muʻtezile, akliyyât üzerinden dönüştürdüğü metafizik yakîniyyâti, dini anlama ve yorumlamada kıstas haline getirmiştir. Öte yandan metafizik yakîniyyât anlayışlarındaki iddiaları, farklı din yorumlarına karşı müsamahasız bir tavra dönüşmüş, siyasi erkle birlikte baskıcı hale gelmiş ve Muʻtezile dışı kelam düşüncelerini akılcılık -daha radikal bir ifade ile rasyonelizm- karşısında eleştirel-tepkisel olmaya sevk etmiştir. Doğal bir sonuç olarak diğer doktrinlerin rasyonel gelişimi Muʻtezilî etki yüzünden yavaşlamıştır. Makalenin birinci kısmı, Râzî öncesi Eşʻarî düşünceyi, metafizik yakîniyyât ve nass yorumu açısından değerlendirirken, yorum ve akliyyât ilişkisine dair anlayışlarındaki dakikleşmeyi Muʻtezile’nin tarihsel varlığına ters orantılı olarak ele almaktadır. Ancak Râzî’ye kadar kararsız bir şekilde gerçekleşen dakikleşme süreci, Râzî ile birlikte nihayi formuna ulaşmaktadır. Râzî’nin te’vîl teorisinin temel prensiplerinden ilki, aklın nakle esas (el-ʿakl aṣlu’l-nakl) teşkil etmesidir. Akıl, naklin yalnız ispatı ve anlaşılması bakımından değil, aynı zamanda yorumlanması (te’vîl) açısından da temel belirleyici bir unsura dönüşmektedir. Bu makale, Râzî’nin ilmi hayatının sonlarına doğru, metafizik yakîniyyâta ulaşma noktasında pesimizme düşerek, metafizik bilinmezciliğe doğru yöneldiği şeklindeki anlama biçimlerine karşı, en son eserleri arasında olan ve tamamlanmamış Tefsîr’i üzerinden cevaplar aramaktadır. Râzî, değişik zamanlarda ele aldığı eserlerinde, “naklin zanniliği” hususundaki ısrarlı duruşunu vurgulamaktadır. Bu makale Râzî’nin naklin zanniliği noktasındaki ısrarlı duruşunun, “aklın asıllığı” ilkesindeki kararlılığı ile zorunlu bir paralellik gösterdiğininin altını çizerken, metafizik yakîniyyât açısından da hala optimistik olduğunu savunmaktadır. (shrink)

BackgroundEthics consult services are well established, but often remain underutilized. Our aim was to identify the barriers and perceptions of the Ethics consult service for physicians, advance practice providers (APPs), and nurses at our urban academic medical center which might contribute to underutilization.MethodsThis was a cross-sectional single-health system, anonymous written online survey, which was developed by the UCSD Health Clinical Ethics Committee and distributed by Survey Monkey. We compare responses between physicians, APPs, and nurses using standard parametric and non-parametric statistical (...) methods. Satisfaction with ethics consult and likelihood of calling Ethics service again were assessed using a 0–100 scale using a 5-likert response structured (0 being “not helpful at all” to 100 being “extremely helpful”) and results presented using box plots and interquartile ranges (IQR).ResultsFrom January to July 2019, approximately 3800 surveys were sent to all physicians, APPs and nurses with a return rate of 5.5—10%. Although the majority of respondents had encountered an ethical dilemma (85–92.1%) only approximately half had ever requested an Ethics consult. The primary reason for physicians never having requested a consult was that they never felt the need for help (41%). For APPs the primary reasons were not knowing an Ethics consult service was available (33.3%) or not knowing how to contact Ethics (27.8%). For nurses, it was not knowing how to contact the Ethics consult service (30.8%) or not feeling the need for help (26.2%). The median satisfaction score (IQR) for Ethics consult services rated on a 0–100 scale, from physicians was 76 (29), for AAPs 89 (49), and nurses 70 (40) (p = 0.62). The median (IQR) of likelihood of consulting Ethics in the future also on a 0–100 scale was 71 (47) for physicians, 69 (45) for APPs, and 61 (45) for nurses (p = 0.79). APP’s and nurses were significantly more likely than physicians to believe that the team did not act on the Ethics consult’s recommendations.ConclusionsBased on the results presented, we were able to identify actionable steps to better engage healthcare providers—and in particular APPs and nurses—and scale up institutional educational efforts to increase awareness of the role of the Ethics consult service at our institution. Actionable steps included implementing a system of ongoing feedback that is critical for the sustainability of the Ethics service role. We hope this project can serve as a blueprint for other hospital-based Ethics consult services to improve the quality of their programs. (shrink)

The article focuses on the analysis of curriculum documents from Taiwan to investigate how benchmarks for learning nature of science are positioned in different versions of the science curricula. Following a review of different approaches to the conceptualization of NOS and the role of NOS in promoting scientific literacy, an empirical study is reported to illustrate how the science curriculum documents represent different aspects of NOS. The article uses the family resemblance approach as the account of NOS and adapts it (...) for analysis of the curriculum documents. The FRA defines NOS as cognitive-epistemic and social-institutional systems that serve as constructs of knowledge categories with a high level of interconnectedness. The FRA was used as an analytical tool for investigating two sets of Taiwanese curriculum guidelines published 10 years apart, providing an opportunity to discuss how NOS is addressed in the curriculum reforms. The findings show a shift away from the excessive centralization of the cognitive-epistemic system to a consideration of the social-institutional system. Modifications to the benchmarks are proposed in order to achieve a more holistic and progressive approach to NOS. The article contributes to studies on NOS in science education by illustrating how the FRA can act as a tool for exploring interconnectedness of NOS ideas in the curriculum. (shrink)

Nominalism about attributes has serious difficulties in accounting for truths involving abstract nouns. Prominent among such truths are statements of comparative similarity among attributes. This paper argues that one cannot account for the truth of such statements without invoking attributes.

We discuss a problem asked by E. van Douwen and A. Miller [5] in various forcing models.

Fenomenolojik hareket içinden fenomenolojinin transandantal niteliğine yöneltilen eleştirilerin bir örneğini yakın zamanda Claude Romano sunar. Makalede Romano’nun eleştirisinin neden isabetli olmadığı tartışılacaktır. Birinci başlık, Husserlci fenomenolojinin başlangıçtaki Kartezyen karakterinin ve transandantal dönüşümünün, şüpheciliğin ciddiye alınmasından kaynaklandığına dair iddiaya ayrılmıştır. Romano, Husserl’i transandantal fenomenolojiye götüren şeyin, felsefenin görevinin şüphecilik karşısında bilimleri temellendirmek olduğunu düşünmesi ve evrensel bir şüpheden hareketle bilinç ile gerçeklik arasında indirgenemez bir ontolojik ayrım varsayması olduğunu ileri sürer. Oysa Romano’ya göre fenomenolojiyi transandantal bir felsefe olmaya zorlayan bu gerekçeler (...) reddedilebilir. Zaten transandantal bir fenomenoloji olanaklı da değildir; çünkü transandantal kuruluş fikri, bilinç ve gerçeklik arasında varsayılan ikici ontolojik ayrımla ve fenomenolojinin gerçekliğe olduğu haliyle doğrudan erişime izin vermesiyle bağdaşmaz görünür. İkinci başlıkta, bağdaşmaz görünen bu tezlerin, korelasyonun kendisinin bilinç ve dünyaya önceliğini, bedenli bilinçle dünyanın kökendeki olgusal etkileşimini, zamansal ve çağrışımsal sentezler boyunca anlamın genetik kuruluşunu hesaba kattığımızda transandantal bir fenomenolojiyi nasıl birlikte olanaklı kıldığı gösterilecektir. Üçüncü başlık, Romano’nun transandantal fenomenoloji eleştirisinin dayandığı _sınırlı epokhe_’nin karşısına _evrensel epokhe_’yi koyacaktır. Dördüncü başlıkta Husserl’in şüpheciliğe yönelik esas ilgisinin, kökensel felsefe idesinden hareketle şüpheciliğe biçtiği tarihsel role bağlı olduğu açıklanacaktır. Son başlık ise, transandantal fenomenolojinin, şüpheciliği alt ederek felsefe idesini gerçekleştirebilecek tek sahici felsefe olduğunu ortaya çıkaracaktır. Sonuç olarak, transandantal fenomenoloji, realizm karşısındaki idealist bir konum olarak değil, her türlü nesnelcilik karşısında, nesnelerin varlığının ve bilgisinin olanak koşullarını araştıran bir konum olarak anlaşıldığı sürece, fenomenolojinin özgün bir felsefe olmasının onun transandantal niteliğine bağlı olduğu savunulacaktır. (shrink)

Business Ethics, the Environment &Responsibility, EarlyView.

We show that it is consistent with ZFC + ¬CH that there is a maximal cofinitary group (or, maximal almost disjoint group) G ≤ Sym(ω) such that G is a proper subset of an almost disjoint family A $\subseteq$ Sym(ω) and |G| < |A|. We also ask several questions in this area.

This study proposes a research model based on social identity theory, which examines the moderating role of organizational trust on the relationship between corporate citizenship and organizational commitment. In the model, organizational commitment is positively influenced by organizational trust and four dimensions of perceived corporate citizenship, including economic, legal, ethical and discretionary citizenship. The model paths are hypothesized to be moderated by organizational trust. Empirical testing using a survey of personnel from 12 large firms confirms most of our hypothesized effects. (...) Theoretical and managerial implications of our findings are discussed. (shrink)

Pharmaceutical supply chains are often highly complex with conflicting objectives of social welfare and profit maximization. Furthermore, there are various stakeholders including pharmaceutical manufacturer, distributors, retailers, patients, and the government. In this paper, we consider a two-stage supply chain consisting of one pharmaceutical manufacturer and a pharmacy with online and offline channels. We focus on four price cap models: no price cap regulation, pharmaceutical manufacturer’s price cap regulation, pharmacy price cap regulation, and linkage price cap regulation. We apply game theory, (...) investigate how the price cap regulations affect the firms’ pricing, and evaluate the economic performance and social welfare of the dual-channel pharmaceutical supply chain. Our findings show that first, like the single-channel pharmaceutical supply chain, the profit of the regulated firm always decreases and the profit of the unregulated firm always increases when they are under one-sided price cap regulations. Second, the impacts of the linkage price cap regulation on the supply chain are more complicated depending on the linkage coefficient and market share. Overall, our findings can provide theoretical and practical insights to help the government devise price cap regulations for complex modern pharmaceutical supply chains. (shrink)

The “wisdom of the crowd” phenomenon refers to the finding that the aggregate of a set of proposed solutions from a group of individuals performs better than the majority of individual solutions. Most often, wisdom of the crowd effects have been investigated for problems that require single numerical estimates. We investigate whether the effect can also be observed for problems where the answer requires the coordination of multiple pieces of information. We focus on combinatorial problems such as the planar Euclidean (...) traveling salesperson problem, minimum spanning tree problem, and a spanning tree memory task. We develop aggregation methods that combine common solution fragments into a global solution and demonstrate that these aggregate solutions outperform the majority of individual solutions. These case studies suggest that the wisdom of the crowd phenomenon might be broadly applicable to problem-solving and decision-making situations that go beyond the estimation of single numbers. (shrink)

In this study, I examined what channels of socialization influence the moral behavior of cadets. We conducted a regression analysis of the effects of parents' attitudes to moral education, the standard and potential curriculum of schools, peer groups, and communication media on individual ethics and discipline using 399 sample participants. The participants were recruited through a questionnaire survey on cadets from academy of military, naval, and air force, and four-year based students from R.O.C. National Defense University. The analysis results showed (...) that the cultivation of morality among cadets was directly influenced by the school's potential curriculum (i.e., intern cadres and officers in company) and their parents' attitudes to moral education during early childhood. The results also indicated that the influence of teaching by example was more significant than that of teaching by precept. (shrink)

Medine, Hz. Peygamber’in hicret ederek hayatının son yıllarını geçirdiği şehir olarak Müslümanlar için büyük bir öneme sahiptir. Şehrin her köşesi, Allah Resulünün hatıralarıyla doludur. Bu nedenle Medine hakkında yazılan eserler hem İslâm tarihi hem de Hz. Peygamber’in hayatı hakkında daha derinlemesine bilgi edinmek isteyenler için vazgeçilmez kaynaklardır. Muhammed Abdülvehhâb el-Abbâsî tarafından kaleme alınan el-Mu‘cemü’ş-şâmil li’l-Medîneti’l-Münevvere adlı eser, Medine hakkında yazılmış en kapsamlı çalışmalardan biri olarak kabul edilebilir. Bu eser, sadece şehrin coğrafi ve tarihi özelliklerini değil, aynı zamanda Hz. Peygamber'in Medine'deki (...) hayatı, ashabı ve şehrin sosyal yapısı gibi birçok konuyu da detaylı bir şekilde ele almaktadır. Eserdeki haritalar, çizimler ve tablolar sayesinde okuyucular Medine'yi daha iyi anlayabilir ve zihinlerinde canlandırabilirler. Bu eser, hem İslâm tarihçileri hem de Medine ile ilgilenen herkes için önemli bir kaynak niteliğindedir. Eserdeki bilgiler sayesinde Medine'nin sadece dini bir merkez değil aynı zamanda zengin bir kültürel ve tarihi mirasa sahip olduğunu daha iyi anlıyoruz. (shrink)

Business Ethics, the Environment & Responsibility, Volume 31, Issue 2, Page 323-345, April 2022.

Philosophy, Iranian. ; Mysticism -- Iran. ; Islamic philosophy--Iran. ; Philosophers -- Iran.

Superlative modifiers (SMs) are known to demonstrate an ambiguity between an epistemic reading (EPI) conveying speaker ignorance and a concessive reading (CON) conveying speaker concession. Such EPI-CON ambiguity has often been taken, implicitly or explicitly, to be a lexical coincidence. While there may be some justification for such a position when a single language is considered, we argue for an intrinsic connection between the two readings based on cross-linguistic considerations. This paper focuses on English _at least_ and Mandarin _zhi-shao_ as (...) representative of superlative modifiers across a wide range of languages to propose a unified account of the two readings. The proposal builds on Biezma (2013) in relying on the role of focus and scalarity in developing a unified semantics for the two readings, but differs in capitalizing on the fact that cross-linguistically superlative modifiers use the same morphological formants as quantity superlatives. It also follows Biezma (2013) in taking pragmatic factors as crucial in deriving the variation between EPI and CON readings. Elaborating on her account, it offers a more nuanced picture of the ways in which EPI is sensitive to the question of informativity while CON relates to issues of evaluativity. The paper shows how the proposed semantics and pragmatics account for several well-known properties of superlative modifiers. It ends by noting several open issues in the literature on this topic that the current proposal sheds new light on. (shrink)

In addressing the Lucretian symmetry problem, the temporal bias approach claims that death is bad because it deprives us of something about which it is rational to care (e.g., future pleasures), whereas prenatal nonexistence is not bad because it only deprives us of something about which it is rational to remain indifferent (e.g., past pleasures). In a recent contribution to the debate on this approach, Miguel and Santos argue that a late beginning can deprive us of a future pleasure. Their (...) argument is based on the claim that for birth or death to deprive a person of any value in life, the historically closest counterfactual situation that contains the value is such that the person begins to exist earlier or dies later. This is what they call the Historical Condition. However, the Historical Condition is untenable for several reasons. First, this condition substantially weakens the explanatory capacity of the deprivation account because it implies that most ordinary sorts of pleasures are not deprived by death. In addition, the Historical Condition is vulnerable to counterexamples. In particular, what they offer as a standard case of the deprivation of future pleasure due to a late beginning (what they call Seeing The Beatles), or some of its variants, can be used to falsify this condition. Finally, the Historical Condition is theoretically indefensible because it is based on a faulty analysis of deprivation. (shrink)

The rapid growth of Korean churches and the conflict-ridden Korean society may serve to illustrate how evangelists should face critical socio-political issues. The Korean experience seems to indicate that evangelists are most effective when they concentrate their entire efforts on preaching “Jesus Christ and Him Crucified” alone. Believers in general, however, should be keenly interested in such issues as human rights and social justice, not only for their own sake but also for the sake of effective future evangelism. The Church's (...) involvement in these issues gives a favourable impression of Christianity, which in turn facilitates evangelism. (shrink)

Lawrence Sklar in his book, Physics and Chance (1993), proposes a sophisticated account of reduction of thermodynamics (TD) by statistical mechanics (SM). I argue that Sklar's analysis of the alleged reduction of TD by SM is problematic in several respects. I consider a few counterexamples to show that none of what Sklar takes to be the central features of successful reduction in science (unification and identification) holds in the case of TD and SM. I suggest the broader conclusion that a (...) more useful way of understanding the relationship between TD and SM is as collaboration and competition among alternative methodologies rather than reduction of one theory to another. (shrink)

Resumo: A música tradicional chinesa tem uma longa história, repleta de conceitos estéticos ricos e extensos. A integração da música tradicional e das ideias estéticas tem um impacto significativo na formação do sistema musical tradicional da China. Este artigo explora a influência interativa da música tradicional e das ideias estéticas, analisando as ideias musicais da estética tradicional chinesa, buscando promover a integração e o desenvolvimento da música tradicional e das ideias estéticas. Discute o conteúdo das ideias estéticas musicais do confucionismo, (...) taoísmo e moísmo, bem como a posição das ideias estéticas na música tradicional chinesa. Ao combinar e analisar a literatura relevante, livros antigos e materiais históricos, é possível compreender a evolução histórica e a influência mútua da música tradicional e do pensamento estético. Os conceitos estéticos tradicionais não só desempenharam um papel importante no desenvolvimento da música chinesa, mas também na promoção do desenvolvimento da música chinesa, ao longo de milhares de anos de história. Na avaliação da interação entre a música tradicional e o pensamento estético, pode ocorrer uma situação em que o conceito seja demasiado simplificado. A relação entre a música tradicional e o pensamento estético é muito complicada, envolvendo muitas escolas, períodos históricos e regiões. Pode não ser capaz de cobrir totalmente todos os fatores de influência, se for resumido apenas pelo confucionismo, taoísmo e budismo. Sugere-se que a educação e a herança da música tradicional e das ideias estéticas sejam fortalecidas, na educação musical. Artistas musicais mais tradicionais e os teóricos da estética devem ser cultivados, a fim de poder transmitir a música tradicional e as ideias estéticas às gerações futuras e continuar a desenvolver-se e a inovar, na sociedade contemporânea. (shrink)