Resumen El presente artículo realiza un análisis de los apoyos otorgados por los cárteles de narcotráfico en México, desde la lectura del aparato crítico de Slavoj Žižek, quien sienta las bases para la interpretación de la ayuda humanitaria como un acto violento. Por lo que, el siguiente texto abarca desde la filosofía Žižekianay el psicoanálisis lacaniano, el fenómeno de la violencia ejercida por la figura del comunista liberal, en un comparativo con el crimen organizado mexicano, intentando desentrañar la estructura básica (...) de la dinámica social que impera en la ayuda humanitaria. Así mismo se define la violencia en general y algunas de sus manifestaciones en la sociedad; estableciendo los elementos esenciales de una ideología, distinguiéndola como una herramienta adecuada para el análisis social, esperado así, resolver cómo se constituye en realidad. Palabras clave: Violencia, sistémica, ayuda humanitaria, goce, realidad.This article presents the analysis of the aid provided by drug trafficking cartels in Mexico. It arises from a critical reading of Slavoj Žižek’s work regarding violence and ideology which lays the foundation for the interpretation of humanitarian aid as a violent act. Hence, the coverage of the article from Žižekian philosophy and Lacanian psychoanalysis, the phenomenon of violence exerted by the figure of the liberal communist, in comparison to Mexican organized crime, trying to unravel the basic structure of social dynamics which prevail in humanitarian aid. Likewise, violence in general and some of its manifestations in society are defined; establishing the essential elements of an ideology, distinguishing it as a suitable tool for social analysis, thus expected, solving how it is actually constituted. Key words: Violence, systemic, humanitarian aid, enjoyment, reality. (shrink)

Introducción: El consentimiento informado es un procedimiento que brinda oportunidad a los pacientes de disponer de información y participar en la toma de decisiones médicas. Sin embargo, existe el criterio de que el nivel de entendimiento de la información aportada por los facultativos al paciente, sus familiares o ambos, es bajo y además, muchos médicos lo consideran como una herramienta de trabajo secundaria o que no es necesario realizarla con inmediatez. Objetivo: Evaluar la percepción y experiencia del personal sanitario de (...) la unidad de terapia polivalente del Hospital Docente Clínico Quirúrgico "Joaquín Albarrán" acerca del consentimiento informado. Método: Estudio descriptivo realizado en la unidad de terapia polivalente del Hospital "Joaquín Albarrán" de enero a marzo del 2013. Se aplicó una encuesta a 67 trabajadores que accedieron voluntariamente a responderla. Resultados: El 60 % de los encuestados tenía menos de dos años de trabajo en la unidad y solo el 45 %, conocimientos básicos de ética médica. Únicamente el 50 % de los interrogados consideró que este procedimiento puede mejorar la relación médico-paciente. Conclusiones: Es necesario incrementar el conocimiento sobre la utilidad del consentimiento informado entre los trabajadores de la unidad para aprovechar al máximo sus beneficios. Introduction: Informed consent is a procedure that offers full opportunity for patients to have access to information and participate in medical decision-makings. However, it is believed that the information given by the doctors are not fully understood by the patients, their families or both, and besides that many doctors consider it as a second tool or something that doesn't have to be done right away. Objective: Evaluate the perception and experience of the health staff of the polyvalent unit of the surgical clinical teaching hospital Joaquin Albarrán about informed consent. Method: Descriptive study carried out in the polyvalent unit of Joaquin Albarrán Hospital from January to march 2013. A survey was given to 67 workers who voluntarily agreed to answer it. Results: The 60% of the participants had been working in the unit for less than 2 years and only 45% of them had basic knowledge of medical ethics. Only 50% of the participants considered that this procedure could help to improve doctor-patient relationship. Conclusions: It is necessary to increase the knowledge of the usefulness of the informed consent among the workers of the unit to have full profit from it. (shrink)

Entrevista con el profesor John Zeleznikow, Catedrático de Gestión y Sistemas de Informaciónen la Universidad de Victoria (Australia) y profesor de la Facultad de Derecho de la Universidad de La Trobe (Australia).

En este texto se analiza el papel de los derechos humanos en la fase actual de globalización, en cuanto herramientas de la libertad política. Su globalización, hasta ahora pervertida por una selección parcial e interesada de lo globalizable -ante todo, el sistema de libre mercado- es imprescindible para el funcionamiento democrático de la nueva organización mundial. Pero para que los derechos humanos sean útiles a tal menester, será necesario en primer lugar, reflexionar sobre los servicios que han prestado al desarrollo (...) y ahora a la globalización del capitalismo. En segundo lugar, es preciso adecuar el discurso de los derechos a las necesidades de quienes padecen los desequilibrios que origina la globalización y convertirlo realmente en un discurso emancipador. Una imprescindible contextualización de los contenidos y condiciones de ejercicio de los derechos -para lo que son imprescindibles derechos sociales y a lo que aún ayuda los Estados-nación- es el corolario de esta reflexión que finaliza con un ejemplo de contextualización del discurso de los derechos a través de los derechos de los consumidores. (shrink)

O falsificacionismo popperiano, ao propor que teorias científicas devem ser tomadas enquanto conjecturas, implica uma visão falibilista sobre o conhecimento. Ao assumir que não existe fonte segura para fundamentar o conhecimento, Popper precisa repensar o que seja o conhecimento, já que não existiriam razões suficientes para que determinássemos que uma determinada teoria é certa. Para tanto, utiliza-se de uma concepção não justificacionista, fazendo da crítica o critério de racionalidade. O resultado desse projeto popperiano leva a uma concepção falibilista sobre o (...) conhecimento: não temos certeza se aquilo que sabemos é certo, mas ainda podemos dizer que sabemos algo. (shrink)

Despite many attempts to achieve an adequate definition of living systems by means of a set of necessary and sufficient conditions, the opinion that such an enterprise is inexorably destined to fail is increasingly gaining support. However, we believe options do not just come down to either having faith in a future success or endorsing skepticism. In this paper, we aim to redirect the discussion of the problem by shifting the focus of attention from strict definitions towards a philosophical framework (...) that allows conceiving of living systems as a natural kind, but whereby natural kinds are not to be defined by fixed necessary and sufficient conditions. We argue for a property-cluster kind approach according to which living systems constitute a natural kind with vague boundaries, capable of changing, and whose members do not need to instantiate every property. We draw from Boyd’s homeostatic property-cluster theory and introduce two modifications, one regarding homeostatic mechanisms and another related to the scientific role of kinds. Thus, our view overcomes some difficulties of Boyd’s theory and we are able to account for the natural kindhood of living things. We also emphasize the most appealing features of our approach for specific research fields and address three objections to this sort of approach. (shrink)

Each state’s Medicaid Fraud Control Unit prosecutes billing fraud cases against individual healthcare providers who fraudulently bill Medicaid for services provided. Once an individual is convicted of billing fraud, the Office of Inspector General for the Department of Health and Human Services may exclude the individual from billing any federal government healthcare program, including Medicaid. Excluded individuals are added to a public list of exclusions, which restricts their ability to practice professionally. Prompted by criminology research into the impact of policing (...) resources, we test whether these government enforcement initiatives against fraud serve as a deterrent to would-be fraudulent billers. We document that key enforcement proxies, the staffing level and budget of an MFCU, are positively associated with the yearly number of exclusions added at the state level. Our results are consistent with the exclusion list not being a deterrent but provide support for MFCUs’ fraud detection efforts. This paper provides industry-specific fraud insights for auditors and other individuals involved in public policy, specifically Medicaid, and introduces a novel dataset to the accounting fraud research literature. (shrink)

En reseña de:Veronique Champeil-Deplats, Méthodologies du droit et des sciences du droit, col. Méthodes du Droit, Dalloz, Paris, 2014.

Destacamos la importancia de la comunicación para comprender adecuadamente el proceso de deterioro medioambiental y ecológico del planeta Tierra. Proponemos cesar en el uso del término cambio climático para comunicar este proceso, que caracterizamos como pandemia ambiental y ecológica de origen antrópico. Defendemos una comunicación orientada a la persuasión y a la búsqueda de consenso basada en la aceptación del disenso a través de la argumentación y el diálogo. Una comunicación que combine la razón de los datos y las evidencias, (...) así como del análisis crítico y reflexivo, con la apelación a las emociones y a los valores, que tenga en cuenta la importancia de las dinámicas y las dimensiones de las éticas. Instamos a considerar la comunicación científica como cultura. Abogamos por un marco epistémico e institucional que incorpore una ecología comunicativa, prestando mayor atención a los contextos de las relaciones recíprocas entre los seres humanos, el medio ambiente y el resto de las formas de vida que habitan el planeta, así como al sentido de comunidad global. (shrink)

The aims of this research were twofold: first, to compare the levels of organisational harmony between family and non-family firms and, second, to study the influence of organisational harmony on family firms’ performance (profitability, longevity and group cohesion). Starting from a definition of organisational harmony as a value and considering the importance of the management of organisational values, we use the main topics indicated by the general literature (organisational climate, trust and participation) to analyse organisational harmony, as well as three (...) other topics for performance (profitability, survival and group cohesion). Results indicate that family firms have higher levels of these three qualities than non-family firms, and that the levels of trust, participation and organisational climate have a positive and significant influence on the performance of family firms. These results can be understood as a consequence of the influence of family social capital on organisational social capital and so on the performance of family businesses. From the perspective of institutionalism, the higher levels of harmony existing in family businesses are a reflection of the pressures that the owning family as an institution exercises on the organisational social capital in its companies. (shrink)

ABSTRACTThis article discusses the complexity in ironic echoic mention from the perspective of Cognitive Linguistics. It builds on the scenario-based approach to irony where ironic meaning is treat...

RESUMEN El presente artículo está dirigido a sistematizar una concepción teórica y metodológica que sustente el proceso de extensión universitaria en la carrera de Medicina en Cuba. Entre los resultados se destaca el lugar y papel de la extensión universitaria en el sistema de la formación integral del profesional a la que se asigna una connotación especial, de marcado contenido axiológico, coherente con las necesidades y proyecciones sociales que facilita la formación del educando y fortalece la relación institución-comunidad. Es factible (...) de ser aplicado pues puede devenir en una importante contribución a elevar el impacto social de la docencia médica en tanto atiendan aspectos como la preparación de los implicados en las diferentes instancias; la colaboración de los consejos populares y los factores de la comunidad que se manifiestan en el modo de actuación del profesional. ABSTRACT The present article is directed to systematize a theoretical and methodological conception that sustains the process of university extension in the career of Cuban medicine. Among the results he/she stands out the place and paper of the university extension in the system of the integral formation from the professional to which a special connotation is assigned, of marked axiological contained, coherent with the necessities and social projections that it facilitates the formation of the educating and it strengthens the relationship institution-community. It is feasible of being applied then it can become in an important contribution to elevate the social impact of the medical teaching as long as they assist aspects like the preparation of those implied in the different instances; the collaboration of the popular advice and the factors of the community that are manifested in the way of the professional's performance. (shrink)

The molecular mechanism of temperature‐dependent sex determination (TSD) is a long‐standing mystery. How is the thermal signal sensed, captured and transduced to regulate key sex genes? Although there is compelling evidence for pathways via which cells capture the temperature signal, there is no known mechanism by which cells transduce those thermal signals to affect gene expression. Here we propose a novel hypothesis we call 3D‐TSD (the three dimensions of thermolabile sex determination). We postulate that the genome has capacity to remodel (...) in response to temperature by changing 3D chromatin conformation, perhaps via temperature‐sensitive transcriptional condensates. This could rewire enhancer–promoter interactions to alter the expression of key sex‐determining genes. This hypothesis can accommodate monogenic or multigenic thermolabile sex‐determining systems, and could be combined with upstream thermal sensing and transduction to the epigenome to commit gonadal fate. (shrink)

En este artículo analizo la novela de Nayib Mahfuz, Hijos de nuestro barrio, desde la perspectiva de los personajes femeninos, especialmente en referencia a dos elementos centrales del barrio de las religiones monoteístas: la tierra prometida y el pueblo elegido.Através de los personajes femeninos Mahfuz recupera una memoria más comprensiva de la civilización humana.

En este ensayo se trata de pensar cómo tiene que asumirse la posibilidad de una evidencia significativa toda vez que a nuestro quehacer lingüístico parece ser inherente moverse en un horizonte de usos en el que estamos arraigados. Se trata además de pensar cómo lo anterior pueda condicionar la realización de un quehacer fenomenológico. Para ello, en primer lugar, se distinguirán con claridad dos fenómenos: la posibilidad de la evidencia significativa, de un lado, y el arraigo horizóntico inherente a nuestro (...) quehacer discursivo, de otro. Al hilo de una discusión con Husserl y Wittgenstein se trata, en un segundo momento, de considerar cómo ambos fenómenos puedan venir asumidos de una manera fenomenológicamente congruente. This paper reflects on how the possibility of meaningful evidence is to be assumed in view that all our linguistic exercises take place in the context of a discursive horizon where we are situated. To do this, the paper starts distinguishing two phenomena: first, the possibility of meaningful evidence and second, the horizontal character that is inherent to the deployment of linguistic meaning. Furthermore, through a discussion with Husserl and Wittgenstein, the paper considers how those two phenomena are to be consistently assumed within phenomenology. (shrink)

This paper analyzes the shared elements and the main differences of the conceptions of Hegel and Marx regarding the method. First we establish the theoretical frame of the relation between both thinkers and show the problems that this relation presents. Later we carry out a critique of the interpretation of Hegelian Marxism. Finally we give a general characterization of which we consider that make up the place of confluence of the conceptions of Hegel and Marx.

Innovation and sustainability are postulated as key variables for the future of large commercial distribution. In addition, the development of Information and Communication Technologies solutions, and especially those related to Artificial Intelligence and digitization, are particularly relevant factors in the current pandemic scenario in which retail companies operate. These tools are essential to face the derived changes in commercial relations, especially between companies and consumers. For all these reasons, this work aims to examine the effect of ICT, as a driving (...) factor for innovation and its direct and indirect impact on sustainability in retailing. Furthermore, this study takes into account the eventual differences in these relationships according to the types of store formats. To achieve the aforementioned objective, a theoretical model is proposed that is tested through an empirical study carried out on a sample of 510 consumers of three store formats of grocery retail formats in Spain. For the analysis of the data obtained, the partial least squares regression technique and the Multigroup Analysis were used. The results obtained confirm the direct and indirect effect of ICT on innovation and sustainability in grocery retailing. In addition, the results indicate that consumers unequally perceive the technological progress of companies. These differences are greater between discount stores versus hypermarkets and supermarkets. The larger the size of the store format, the higher the incidence of ICT in relation to innovation. Therefore, it is vital to take ICT into consideration, where Artificial Intelligence is imperative for the growth and development of sustainable competitive advantages in retail companies. (shrink)

This essay provides a queer reading of Édouard Glissant’s critique of Western metaphysics as presented in his 1990 work Poetics of Relation. Glissant’s text is interpreted as offering conceptual tools for understanding the production of an outside of the gender binary, as well as for a critique of the naturalisation of the bourgeois framework underlying queer visibility and inclusion as political ends. Based on the self-transgressive character shared by the notions of Relation and queerness, it is further argued that both (...) the potentialities and the aporetic elements of Glissant’s proposal can elucidate those of queer theories and practices. (shrink)

This paper aims to rediscover, contextualize and call attention to a work of maghāzī commissioned by the Almohad caliph al-Murtaḍā, found in manuscript 296 of the Qarawiyyīn library, and hitherto unnoticed by the vast majority of researchers. This work should be seen and read in the framework of the Almohad historical context in which it was written. I will also highlight the intellectual project and the legitimizing interests shown by the caliph al-Murtaḍā who, in the context of the crisis of (...) the Almohad Empire, encouraged the revival of the Unitary movement through a new reading of the remembrance of the early days of Islam and of the Almohad movement, and of jihād. I will include the paleographic edition of the introduction to the manuscript as an annex. In this introduction one may already observe examples of some of the interesting points of this text. (shrink)

El Museo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología acoge en sus almacenes más de 10.000 objetos históricos relacionados con la ciencia y la tecnología, de los que solamente se encuentran expuestos en sus salas de exposiciones 230. Este artículo pretende dar a conocer los contenidos más significativos de estas colecciones y ofrecer una primera valoración de este importante patrimonio.

ABSTRACT Recently, the hypothesis that purely evaluative disputes are metalinguistic negotiations has gained traction. I resist a strong version of that hypothesis, and argue that some of those disputes are not metalinguistic negotiations. To defend that claim, I argue that metalinguistic negotiations have three linguistic properties that some purely evaluative disputes lack. First, in a metalinguistic negotiation it is felicitous to embed the dispute-initial statement under the subjective attitude verb consider; second, a speaker can reply to that initial statement by (...) using a metalinguistic comparative; and, third, such negotiations address metalinguistic questions under discussion. Some purely evaluative disputes lack these properties, which suggests that they are not metalinguistic negotiations. (shrink)

Using a comprehensive sample of U.S. non-profit hospitals from 2011 to 2015, we examine the effects of state community benefits regulation on the amount of charity care provided by and the operational efficiency of U.S. non-profit hospitals. First, we document that, under such regulations, non-profit hospitals provide more charity care and less compensated care as a proportion of net revenue. We infer from these findings that CBR has the potential to increase both non-profit hospitals’ amount of charity care and their (...) efficiency of operations. Second, by examining variation in CBR types, we find no differences between having provision or having reporting requirements on the amount of charity care offered. Moreover, when we consider CBR with both provision and reporting requirements, the combination of these two requirements does not incrementally enhance charity care offerings, suggesting that the requirements may serve as substitutes with comparable effect. Lastly, we show that several state-level characteristics influence the relationship between CBR and charity care: CBRs in states with a higher gross domestic product and percentage of revenue received in taxes have incrementally lower associations with charity care, while hospitals in states where populations have, on average, higher household incomes have greater associations between CBR and charity care. Our findings highlight the effects that state-enacted regulation can have on socially beneficial behavior by non-profits. (shrink)

ABSTRACT:Ethical research on consumption has focused mainly on the obligations, principles and values guiding consumers' actions and reasons for action. In doing so, it has concerned itself mostly with such bounded contexts as voluntary simplifiers, anti-consumption movements or so-called ‘ethical consumers,’ thereby fostering an artificial opposition between ethical and non-ethical consumption. This paper proposes virtue ethics as a more apt conceptual framework for the ethical analysis of consumption because it takes into account the developmental dynamic triggered by engagement in consumption (...) practices. We build on MacIntyre's goods-virtues-practices-institutions framework and Beabout's concept of a domain-relative practice and argue that when engaging in consumption activities, agents may pursue goods internal to practices, further their individual life narratives and contribute to the good of their communities, thus developing virtues that perfect themselves both as consumers and as ethical agents. (shrink)

En el presente artículo analizamos en sus aspectos fundamentales la evolución teórica que ha experimentado la interpretación de la obra de Marx desde las primeras corrientes que se derivan de ella hasta las más actuales. Nos ocupamos primero del marxismo tradicional, de su concepción determinista del materialismo histórico y su interpretación historicista de la teoría del valor. Abordamos después las corrientes del marxismo occidental que se oponen a las concepciones reduccionistas y economicistas de la interpretación marxista dominante, para centrarnos finalmente (...) en las interpretaciones más recientes de la teoría social de Marx como crítica del carácter fetichista de las formas de conciencia burguesas y las categorías de la economía política. (shrink)

A prominent class of arguments for external world skepticism rely on the plausible view that knowledge is closed under logical entailment. From the fact that one does not know that one is not a handless brain in a vat it can be inferred that one does not know that one has hands, in virtue of the fact that having hands logically entails that one is not a handless brain in a vat. The complements of knowing-how ascriptions, however, are not—obviously, at (...) least—related by logical entailment to any proposition, and therefore, they resist that skeptical argument. Even if I don’t know that I am not a brain in a vat, it does not follow that I don’t know how to, say, play a drum rudiment. Thus, knowing-how can withstand closure-based skepticism about the external world. (shrink)

Since time immemorial, the phenomenon of leadership and its understanding has attracted the attention of the business world because of its important role in human groups. Nevertheless, for years efforts to understand this concept have only been centred on people in leadership roles, thus overlooking an important aspect in its understanding: the necessary moral dimension which is implicit in the relationship between leader and follower. As an illustrative example of the importance of considering good morality in leadership, an empirical study (...) is conducted in which a good performance of the “leader–follower” relationship is reflected when individuals perceive ethical leadership in higher hierarchical managerial levels. To be precise, findings of this study demonstrate that follower job response is improved through an ethics trickle-down partial effect from the Top Manager to the immediate supervisor, and also reveal both key aspects and managerial level on which the practice of ethical leadership should rest upon to have a stronger effect on the follower positive job response. Practical implications of these findings and directions for future research are finally presented. (shrink)

Our aim in the present paper is to approach the nature of life from the perspective of autonomy, showing that this perspective can be helpful for overcoming the traditional Cartesian gap between the physical and cognitive domains. We first argue that, although the phenomenon of life manifests itself as highly complex and multidimensional, requiring various levels of description, individual organisms constitute the core of this multifarious phenomenology. Thereafter, our discussion focuses on the nature of the organization of individual living entities, (...) proposing autonomy as the main concept to grasp it. In the second part of the article we show how autonomy is also fundamental to explaining major evolutionary transitions, in an attempt to rethink evolution from the point of view of the organizational structure of the entities/organisms involved. This gives further support to the idea of autonomy not only as a key to understanding life in general but also the complex expressions of it that we observe on our planet. Finally, we suggest a possible general principle that underlies those evolutionary transitions, which allow for the open-ended redefinition of autonomous systems: namely, the relative dynamic decoupling that must be articulated among distinct parts, modules or modes of operation in these systems. (shrink)

El jesuita Francisco Suárez como eminente teólogo, filósofo y jurista de su época juega un papel relevante como precedente en la construcción de las categorías del pensamiento moderno. Una de estas categorías, no contemporánea del doctor eximio, es la de los derechos humanos. Son muchos los autores que anticipan alguno de sus elementos fundamentales ya en el pensamiento en torno al Derecho que desarrolla Francisco Suárez en sus principales tratados de filosofía jurídica y política como el De Legibus y la (...) Defensio fidei. En este trabajo trataremos de conectar la virtualidad del planteamiento suarista en el ámbito de los derechos humanos, explorando en su obra estos antecedentes y la dirección en la que los mismos se dirigen, así como las posibilidades de dialogo que abre en torno a la construcción de la concepción de los derechos humanos en el contexto actual. (shrink)