In this book, Martin Lenz provides the first reconstruction of intersubjective accounts of the mind in early modern philosophy. Some phenomena are easily recognised as social or interactive: certain dances, forms of work and rituals require interaction to come into being or count as valid. But what about mental states, such as thoughts, volitions, or emotions? Do our minds also depend on other minds? The idea that our minds are intersubjective or social seems to be a recent one, developed (...) mainly in the 19th and 20th centuries against the individualism of early modern philosophers. By contrast, this book argues that well-known early modern philosophers often started from the idea that minds are intersubjective. How then does a mind depend on the minds of others? Early modern philosophers are well known to have developed a number of theories designed to explain how we cognize external objects. What is hardly recognized is that early modern philosophers also addressed the problem of how our cognition is influenced by other minds. This book provides a historical and rational reconstruction of three central, but different, early modern accounts of the influence that minds exert on one another: Spinoza's metaphysical model, Locke's linguistic model, and Hume's medical model. Showing for each model of mental interaction (1) why it was developed, (2) how it construes mind-mind relations, and (3) what view of the mind it suggests, this book aims at uncovering a crucial part of the unwritten history of intersubjectivity in the philosophy of mind. (shrink)

PLoS ONE 3(3): e1897. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.

Going beyond the theory/practice and discourse/matter divides -- Learning and becoming in an onto-epistemology -- The tool of pedagogical documentation -- An intra-active pedagogy and its dual movements -- Transgressing binary practices in early childhood teacher education -- The hybrid-writing-process: going beyond the theory/practice divide in academic writing -- An ethics of immanence and potentialities for early childhood education.

In der 1970 gegründeten Reihe erscheinen Arbeiten, die philosophiehistorische Studien mit einem systematischen Ansatz oder systematische Studien mit philosophiehistorischen Rekonstruktionen verbinden. Neben deutschsprachigen werden auch englischsprachige Monographien veröffentlicht. Gründungsherausgeber sind: Erhard Scheibe, Günther Patzig und Wolfgang Wieland. Von 1990 bis 2007 wurde die Reihe von Jürgen Mittelstraß mitherausgegeben.

In a recent paper, Appley and Stoutenburg present two new objections to Explanationist Evidentialism : the Regress Objection and the Threshold Objection. In this paper, I develop a version of EE that is independently plausible and empirically grounded, and show that it can meet Appley and Stoutenburg’s objections.

Attention to internal body sensations is practiced in most meditation traditions. Many traditions state that this practice results in increased awareness of internal body sensations, but scientific studies evaluating this claim are lacking. We predicted that experienced meditators would display performance superior to that of nonmeditators on heartbeat detection, a standard noninvasive measure of resting interoceptive awareness. We compared two groups of meditators (Tibetan Buddhist and Kundalini) to an age- and body mass index-matched group of nonmeditators. Contrary to our prediction, (...) we found no evidence that meditators were superior to nonmeditators in the heartbeat detection task, across several sessions and respiratory modulation conditions. Compared to nonmeditators, however, meditators consistently rated their interoceptive performance as superior and the difficulty of the task as easier. These results provide evidence against the notion that practicing attention to internal body sensations, a core feature of meditation, enhances the ability to sense the heartbeat at rest. (shrink)

Managers of multinational companies often favour an aggressive tax avoidance strategy that pushes the legal limits onto the advantage of shareholders and the disadvantage of the spirit of democratically legitimized tax laws. The public and media debate whether such aggressive behaviour is immoral. Aggressive tax avoidance is a subset of the aggressive legal interpretations potentially observable in all fields which places little weight on the will of a democratically legitimized legislation. A thorough ethical analysis based on the deontological approach of (...) Kant demonstrates that aggressive tax avoidance as a special case of operating on the edge of legal boundaries is potentially immoral. Applying the Kantian “contradiction of conception or will” test shows that this maxim might not be conceived or willed as a general law of nature. If all natural or legal persons aggressively interpret laws on all subjects and in every imaginable situation, then central principles of the system of law we all rely upon would be severely compromised. Therefore, aggressive tax avoidance by managers of multinational companies may violate the managers’ moral duty to obey not only the letter but also the intention or spirit of the law. The validity of the argumentation depends critically on the formulation and interpretation of the respective maxims and on assumptions about the legal system. Preserving central elements of Kantian philosophy, the article demonstrates the complexity of a philosophical argumentation which tries to justify the moral intuitions that underpin the common negative evaluation of aggressive legal strategies in business. (shrink)

The goal of this study was to evaluate and compare the hygienic-sanitary conditions of two Units of Food and Nutrition (UANs) (A and B) located in two municipalities of the Vale do Taquari, Rio Grande do Sul, by means of Ordinance No. 78/2009, which established the Checklist of Good Practices for Food Services. This legislation composes a checklist with 153 criteria distributed in 12 categories. Each criterion is endowed with the options "Yes", "No" and "NA" (not applicable), which were marked (...) with an "x", being: "NA" when the criterion did not correspond to the UAN reality, "No" when the criteria were not in compliance with the legislation, and "Yes" when UAN met the evaluation criteria legislation. The classification of each UAN followed the scoring criteria established by RDC 275/2002. The a UAN presented a total of 90.85% (n = 129) of compliance and the "B" UAN totaled 88.27% (n = 128) of compliance. Both were classified in Group 1 of DRC 275/2002. The "A" UAN presented 05 nonconforming categories, totaling 13 criteria (9.15%), and Unit B 08 nonconforming categories, totaling 17 criteria (11.72%). Both UANs had good hygienic-sanitary conditions because they met most of the criteria in accordance with the legislation. (shrink)

Marian Przełęcki’s semantics for the Received View is a good explication of Carnap’s position on the subject, anticipates many discussions and results from both proponents and opponents of the Received View, and can be the basis for a thriving research program.

Ralph Cudworth's (1617-1688) True Intellectual System of the Universe is considered the high point of philosophical production by the Cambridge Platonists. In this work, Cudworth compresses all of his era's core problems in natural philosophy and theology and attempts to find a comprehensive solution to broadly explain how God acts in nature. For the first time, the present work presents the complete story of how Cudworth developed his Neoplatonic system using a compatible combination of text form and content, and along (...) the way, it also unfolds a panoramic view of ancient classical philosophy. (shrink)

The capacity to stabilize the content of attention over time varies among individuals, and its impairment is a hallmark of several mental illnesses. Impairments in sustained attention in patients with attention disorders have been associated with increased trial-to-trial variability in reaction time and event-related potential deficits during attention tasks. At present, it is unclear whether the ability to sustain attention and its underlying brain circuitry are transformable through training. Here, we show, with dichotic listening task performance and electroencephalography, that training (...) attention, as cultivated by meditation, can improve the ability to sustain atten- tion. Three months of intensive meditation training reduced variability in attentional processing of target tones, as indicated by both enhanced theta-band phase consistency of oscillatory neural responses over anterior brain areas and reduced reaction time variability. Furthermore, those individuals who showed the greatest increase in neural response consistency showed the largest decrease in behav- ioral response variability. Notably, we also observed reduced variability in neural processing, in particular in low-frequency bands, regardless of whether the deviant tone was attended or unattended. Focused attention meditation may thus affect both distracter and target processing, perhaps by enhancing entrainment of neuronal oscillations to sensory input rhythms, a mechanism important for controlling the content of attention. These novel findings highlight the mechanisms underlying focused attention meditation and support the notion that mental training can significantly affect attention and brain function. (shrink)

The Reliability Challenge to moral non-naturalism has received substantial attention recently in the literature on moral epistemology. While the popularity of this particular challenge is a recent development, the challenge has a long history, as the form of this challenge can be traced back to a skeptical challenge in the philosophy of mathematics raised by Paul Benacerraf. The current Reliability Challenge is widely regarded as the most sophisticated way to develop this skeptical line of thinking, making the Reliability Challenge the (...) strongest epistemic challenge to normative nonnaturalism. In this paper, I argue that the innovations that have occurred since Benacerraf’s statement of the challenge are misconceived and confused in a number of ways. The Reliability Challenge is not the most potent epistemic challenge to moral non-naturalism. The most potent challenge comes from the fact that there is a causal condition on knowledge – or, more precisely, a becaual condition – that non-natural moral facts cannot satisfy. (shrink)

The debate between critics of syntactic and semantic approaches to the formalization of scientific theories has been going on for over 50 years. I structure the debate in light of a recent exchange between Hans Halvorson, Clark Glymour, and Bas van Fraassen and argue that the only remaining disagreement concerns the alleged difference in the dependence of syntactic and semantic approaches on languages of predicate logic. This difference turns out to be illusory.

Volume 32, Issue 6, December 2024, Page 1486-1494.

Laboratoire de Neurosciences Cognitives et Imagerie Ce´re´brale (LENA), Hoˆpital de La Salpeˆtrie`re, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS).

ABSTRACT:The extant literature on cross-national differences in approaches to corporate social responsibility (CSR) has mostly focused on developed countries. Instead, we offer two inter-related studies into corporate codes of conduct issued by developing country multinational enterprises (DMNEs). First, we analyse code adoption rates and code content through a mixed methods design. Second, we use multilevel analyses to examine country-level drivers of differences in code content—specifically, elements of a country’s National Business System (NBS). We find that DMNEs are much more likely (...) to adopt a code of conduct than their domestic counterparts; however, this does not translate into greater code comprehensiveness. We also find support for the ‘substitute view’ of CSR in developing countries, i.e. that MNEs from poorer countries and from countries with lower governance effectiveness tend to express more comprehensive commitments. However, this dynamic does not extend to a country’s labour system; instead, CSR appears here to match the efficiency of a country’s labour market, thus reflecting the ‘mirror view’ of CSR. (shrink)

In this paper, I provide a novel explanationist framework for thinking about peer disagreement that solves many of the puzzles regarding disagreement that have troubled epistemologists over the last two decades. Explanationism is the view that a subject is justified in believing a proposition just in case that proposition is part of the best explanation of that subject’s total evidence. Applying explanationism to the problem of peer disagreement yields the following principle: in cases of peer disagreement, the thing that the (...) subjects ought to believe is the thing that is the best explanation of their total evidence, where part of their evidence is the fact that they happen to find themselves in disagreement with an epistemic peer. In what follows, I show how to understand and apply this core idea. (shrink)

Eine geistliche Schwester erkrankte ungefähr mit 22 Jahren erstmalig an einer Erscheinung, die ihr - optisch - den Tod des Vaters und seine Himmelsfahrt verkündete. Ohne Zweifel fühlte sie sich selbst bereits damals- wie es für 1966 sicher angenommen werden kann - als eine von Gott Ausersehene. Die Himmelsfahrt des Vaters ist Ausdruck ihrer hohen Abkunft. Drei Jahre später glaubte sie eine Heilige zu sein, die Leiden anderer auf sich nehmen zu können, wurde von Glauben und Hoffnung geführt, glaubte Christus (...) in sich zu haben und mit Gott auf Du und Du zu stehen. Sie hielt es aber nicht durch, fiel tief, bekam Schuldgefühle, fühlte sich verdammt, ewig verloren. Es kam zu keiner Vollremission, sie konnte in einer untergeordneten Stelle aber wieder arbeiten, obgleich sie Schwierigkeiten in der sozialen Eingliederung hatte, auch eine gewisse Leistungsinsuffizienz und geringe Belastbarkeit sich herausstelle. Zwei Jahre später kurzes Recidiv nach einem aufwühlenden Film . Wieder glaubte sie durch Versenkung anderen helfen zu können im Sinne der kleinen Therese. Die große Therese war die bedeutendste Mystikerin, die kleine Therese - die die Pat. wohl meinte - war bekannt durch ihre Wunderheilungen auf Grund ihrer Fürbitte. Sie glaubte auserkoren gewesen zu sein, versagt zu haben, von den anderen diesbezüglich nicht verstanden zu sein - nicht einmal im eigenen Orden. Die Ideen traten aber nach Abklingen der Phasen jeweils wieder in den Hintergrund, der Alltag nahm sie wieder gefangen. Nach weiteren zwei Jahren weitgehende Remission, arbeitete wieder unauffällig. Es ist ohne Zweifel und jedermann ersichtlich, daß hier zunächst auffallende Ähnlichkeiten bestehen. Einmal ist es ein Mensch, der durch den drohenden Tod transzendenten Dingen aufgeschlossen wird, ein anderes Mal betrifft es eine Person, die durch ihren erwählten geistlichen Beruf von vorneherein solchen Dingen gegenüber aufgeschlossen ist. Beide erleben optische Visionen, aber ebenso eine gewisse Verunsicherung ihrer bisherigen Lebens-situation. Ignatius schwankte zwischen Fortführung des weltlichen Lebens und einem neuen geistlichen Leben. Schwester L. fühlte sich zunächst als Spielball Gottes. Beide fühlen sich aber dann als eine von Gott ausersehene, berufene Person. Glaube, Vertrauen und Hoffnung sind für beide Tragpfeiler ihres Lebens, die von ihnen gewünschten Tugenden. Beide strebten danach, Christus bei sich zu haben. Jede erlebte eine Depression mit Schuldgefühlen, Skrupeln, Gefühl der Verdammtheit bzw. dem Gefühl, der Versuchung durch einen Teufel erlegen zu sein. Beide befürchten ihr neues Ich nicht verwirklichen zu können. Es wird so deutlich - und dies ließe sich an Hand ähnlicher Fälle anderer Heiliger oder anderer religiöser Wahnideen ebenso nachweisen - daß der Beginn in all diesen Fällen weitgehend derselbe war. Immer ist es zunächst ein passives Erleben, ein Hereinbrechen eines "Ganz-Anderen" und ein persönliches Betroffensein des Ich. Eine Welt tut sich in einer solchen Situation auf, die nicht mit Ratio oder Logik faßbar ist, viel eher dem Geschehen einer Innenschau verglichen werden kann. Bei Ignatius kam es nun aber anschließend zweimal zu Wandlungserlebnissen im Sinne einer Erleuchtung, großen Klarheit im Verstande, die ihm seine neue Aufgabe und Rolle in der menschlichen Gemeinschaft nicht nur deutlich machten, sondern ihn auch in dieser Position sicher machten. Seine geistliche Hilfe bot er seinen Mitmenschen unzählige Male in Predigten und Aussprachen an und er wurde als geistlicher Führer auch überall angenommen. Durch ihn kam es zu einer sehr bedeutenden Ordensgründung für viele Jahrhunderte und zu einer Schaffung zahlreicher frommer Werke. Dies alles blieb bei der Patientin Schwester L. aus. Sie war zur Zeit ihrer Visionen unfähig, ihren Alltagspflichten im Kindergarten nachzukommen, sie fühlte sich von weltlichen wie geistlichen Personen unverstanden. Ein nachfolgendes Reifungserlebnis blieb völlig aus, wie der nun jahrelange Verlauf nachher deutlich macht. Es ist also der Verlauf, der uns jederzeit eine Differentialdiagnose leicht macht. Die Erleuchtung allein könnte auch im Rahmen von manischen Größenideen bei einem Kranken auftreten. Die Erleuchtung bei Ignatius war aber verbunden mit Taten von großer Bedeutung wie der Errichtung frommer Werke, Stiftungen von Satzungen, Tröstung vieler Menschen durch geistliche Gespräche etc. Es zweifelt heute niemand daran, daß durch seine Tat ein Werk von jahrhundertelanger Bedeutung errichtet wurde. Darüber hinaus ist er auch selbst ein Mensch mit einer neuen Freiheit geworden, innere Zufriedenheit, Ausgeglichenheit und menschliche Größe kennzeichnen ein solches Bild. Bei Schwester L. war es aber so, daß sie neben der Vernachlässigung ihrer Alltagspflichten auch in keiner Weise fähig war anderen zu helfen, etwa dasLeid anderer auf sich zu nehmen, wie sie es sich vorstellte. Sie war im Gegenteil eine Belastung für die anderen Schwestern dieser geistlichen Gemeinschaft. Schwester L. zog sich von den Mitmenschen zurück, während Ignatius unter die Menschen ging, um sie aufzurichten. Schwester L. war in ihrer psychotischen Phase emotionell eingeengt, intentional - zu-mindestens teilweise - gelähmt und in ihrer persönlichen Freiheit ohne Zweifel gemindert. Demgegenüber war Ignatius von Loyola besonders tief empfindend, er verfügte über unendlich große - "überirdische" - Kräfte, die es ihm ermöglichten, nicht nur viel Leid mitzutragen, sondern darüber hinaus ein großes geistliches Werk aufzubauen. Dieses sein neues Ich machte irdische Freuden hinfällig, es ermöglichte ihm eine tiefere Wahrheit zu sehen, zu erleben und zu verwirklichen. Der Wahn bei Schwester L. ließ sie aber bestenfalls eine tiefere Wahrheit sehen, aber es war ihr nicht möglich dies so zu erleben, daß sie es auch verwirklichen konnte. Ignatius von Loyola hatte Vertrauen zur Welt und die Welt zu ihm, während Schwester L. dieses Vertrauen verloren hatte, sich in sich zurückzog, unverstanden fühlte und tatenlos blieb. Gerade auf diesen Vertrauensverlust auf der Seite des Kranken und Vertrauensgewinn auf der Seite des Heiligen weist G. Hole mit besonderer Deutlichkeit hin. Man könnte mit anderen Worten auch sagen: Es entscheidet sich nicht sofort, was aus einem Geschehen wird, das sich in der Transzendenz ereignet und ich-bezogen erlebt wird. Es kann zu einer neuen Selbstverwirklichung, zu einer Reifung der Person und größeren Freiheit führen. Es kann aber ebensogut zu einer Einbuße der Freiheit führen, in dem die Person nur mehr der Wahnidee verhaftet bleibt und dann nicht mehr über sich oder über andere Möglichkeiten einer Weltbetrachtung bzw. eines Welterlebens verfügen kann. Es ist wie mit der Kreativität in künstlerischer Hinsicht. Im Beginn einer Psychose können bemerkenswerte Kunstwerke entstehen. Bei einer länger bestehenden Psychose werden aber auch die Kunstwerke den Stempel der Stereotypie tragen, wenig Einfallsreichtum zeigen und ihre künstlerische Aussage wird meist geringer werden. Der Vergleich eines Glaubenserlebnisses bei einem Heiligen mit dem religiösen Wahn bei einer geistlichen Schwester ergibt charakteristische Ähnlichkeiten, wie sie vor allem am Beginn vorhanden sind, und charakteristische Differenzen, wie sie vor allem aus dem Verlauf ersichtlich werden. Die Ähnlichkeiten bestehen darin, daß ein Ereignis auf das Ich von Außen hereinbricht, es verändert, sodaß durch dieses Ereignis ein neues Ich wird. Die Differenz besteht darin, daß dieses neue Ich entweder eine gereiftere, dem Geschehen in der Welt und noch mehr in der Transzendenz aufgeschlossenere Person sein wird, oder es wird eine Person sein, die ein solches Erlebnis innerlich nicht verarbeiten konnte und daran zerbricht. Der Wahnkranke wird zwar dem Erlebnis verbunden bleiben wie bei einem Glaubenserlebnis, er wird aber im Gegensatz zum letzteren an innerer Freiheit verloren haben. So wird der Wahn zu einem Torso bzw. Defekt der Person führen, während im ersteren Fall eine vollkommenere Stufe des Mensch-Seins entsteht. (shrink)

In her famous memoir Lost in Translation, the journalist and psychoanalyst Eva Hoffman describes her childhood metamorphosis from a Polish into a North American girl by reconstructing her experience with learning a new language. She equates this with loss and acquisition of identities. This article focuses on Hoffman’s interest in language as an identity issue since this is a highly relevant theme for migration researchers, particularly for those working with narrative material. The article explores the role of language in biographical (...) interviews with migrants and discusses language use as an instrument for data collection. It argues that we need to ensure a sensitive and vigilant handling of language in the interview setting, which takes into consideration context, coding, articulation and hybridity. The final part raises questions about the ways in which gender comes into play in migrants’ narratives. (shrink)

Name der Zeitschrift: Das Mittelalter Jahrgang: 22 Heft: 1 Seiten: 183-196.

Codes of conduct have become the perhaps most often used tool to manage corporate social responsibility (CSR). Researchers have primarily analysed such documents at company-wide or trans-company levels, whereas there is a dearth of studies into the use of codes for particular corporate functions. Hence, this article will examine one particular group of sub-company level codes, namely codes of conduct that stipulate CSR criteria for suppliers. Examining such ethical sourcing policies adopted by the FTSE100 corporations, the article draws out what (...) environmental, social and economic issues large corporations perceive to be important in the management of their supply chains. At an aggregate level, the coverage of CSR issues is rather extensive, yet at the level of the individual corporation a degree of selectivity in the issues that are addressed becomes noticeable. The code content analysis furthermore confirms the business case and public pressure to be the most important drivers of CSR. Finally, the study highlights the role of isomorphic processes in the adoption of CSR tools. (shrink)

This article deals with the question of new domestic servants. It sets out to describe a ‘new’ phenomenon manifesting itself all over Europe, that is the comeback of domestic workers and carers for children and the elderly in many households. It then proceeds to explain the establishment of an informal labour market in the private sector, which arises amid today's revolution of information technology. Research sources on the current situation are scarce compared to historical studies. This is particularly true for (...) Germany and even more for the Netherlands. The present situation differs from its earlier appearance mainly in that domestic workers today are migrant women from Eastern Europe, from Asia or South America. The article aims to show how studying this phenomenon raises relevant questions both on an empirical and a theoretical level for gender studies as well as for migration studies. It pleads in favour of an intersectional analysis by taking into account class, gender and ethnic differences within the context of globalized labour markets and transnational migration movements. (shrink)

In recent years, the full text of papers are increasingly available electronically which opens up the possibility of quantitatively investigating citation contexts in more detail. In this study, we introduce a new form of citation analysis, which we call citation concept analysis (CCA). CCA is intended to reveal the cognitive impact certain concepts—published in a highly-cited landmark publication—have on the citing authors. It counts the number of times the concepts are mentioned (cited) in the citation context of citing publications. We (...) demonstrate the method using three classical highly cited books: (1) The structure of scientific revolutions by Thomas S. Kuhn, (2) The logic of scientific discovery—Logik der Forschung: Zur Erkenntnistheorie der modernen Naturwissenschaft in German—, and (3) Conjectures and refutations: the growth of scientific knowledge by Karl R. Popper. It is not surprising—as our results show—that Kuhn’s “paradigm” concept seems to have had a significant impact. What is surprising is that our results indicate a much larger impact of the concept “paradigm” than Kuhn’s other concepts, e.g., “scientific revolution”. The paradigm concept accounts for about 40% of the concept-related citations to Kuhn’s work, and its impact is resilient across all disciplines and over time. With respect to Popper, “falsification” is the most used concept derived from his books. Falsification is the cornerstone of Popper’s critical rationalism. (shrink)

In contrast to the recent rise to economic importance of offshore finance centres (OFCs), the topic of taxation has so far created little interest among scholars of corporate social responsibility (CSR). This paper makes two contributions to addressing this lacuna. Applying a range of influential normative theories of ethics, it first offers an ethical evaluation of tax havens. Second, the paper examines what use large firms that are headquartered in two OFCs—Bermuda and the Cayman Islands—make of formal CSR tools. The (...) emerging duplicity in tax havenbased companies professing social responsibility highlights once more the political nature of CSR, where at least some firms and/or industries can successfully limit government power to enact regulation as well as shape the discourse around CSR. The study of CSR in OFC-based firms thus calls into question the usefulness of the often quoted definition of CSR as going beyond the law. (shrink)

Our examination of the controversy surrounding the intentionalist conception of textual interpretation shows that the critics of this approach to questions of meaning and interpretation have so far failed to prove their case. The standard objections to intentionalism, on grounds of logical or empirical fallacy, cannot be maintained. We reconstruct the objections which have been raised in the literature against the intentional conception and discuss them as criticism of a conception hold to be inadequate with respect to the problem of (...) literary interpretation. In our evaluation of the intentional conception we conclude that it represents a perfectly ‘normal’ conception of meaning and interpretation, of a kind by no means inferior to other approaches adopted by the various disciplines concerned with interpreting texts. (shrink)

Lutz focuses on the sections of Phaedo, Parmenides, Symposium, and Apology that shed light on Socrates’ intellectual biography. Taken together, Lutz argues, these passages reveal the stages of Socrates’ education in human things, especially his reasons for pursuing knowledge of eros. For Lutz, making sense of Socrates’ philosophic development is essential for explaining why Socrates engages others—including unpromising non-philosophers—in conversation and refutation. Lutz concludes by attempting to resolve certain puzzles in Apology, particularly Socrates’ seemingly contradictory statements (...) about the god and his divine mission. (shrink)

In our age of globalization, we need a theory of global management consistent with our common human nature. The place to begin in developing such a theory is the philosophy of traditional cultures. The article focuses on African philosophy and its fruitfulness for contributing to a theory of management consistent with African traditional cultures. It also looks briefly at the Confucian and Platonic-Aristotelian traditions and notes points of agreement with African traditions. It concludes that the needed theory of global management (...) should regard the firm as a community, not a collection of individuals, and should understand the purpose of management as promoting the common good. (shrink)

In the course of the debates on Priscian's notion of the perfect sentence, the philosopher Peter Abelard developed a theory that closely resembles modern accounts of propositional attitudes and that goes far beyond the established Aristotelian conceptions of the sentence. According to Abelard, the perfection of a sentence does not depend on the content that it expresses, but on the fact that the content is stated along with the propositional attitude towards the content. This paper tries to provide an analysis (...) and a consistent interpretation of Abelard's arguments within the framework of the mediaeval models of language and mind. (shrink)

Recent brain imaging studies using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) have implicated insula and anterior cingulate cortices in the empathic response to another’s pain. However, virtually nothing is known about the impact of the voluntary generation of compassion on this network. To investigate these questions we assessed brain activity using fMRI while novice and expert meditation practitioners generated a loving-kindness-compassion meditation state. To probe affective reactivity, we presented emotional and neutral sounds during the meditation and comparison periods. Our main hypothesis (...) was that the concern for others cultivated during this form of meditation enhances affective processing, in particular in response to sounds of distress, and that this response to emotional sounds is modulated by the degree of meditation training. The presentation of the emotional sounds was associated with increased pupil diameter and activation of limbic regions (insula and cingulate cortices) during meditation (versus rest). During meditation, activation in insula was greater during presentation of negative sounds than positive or neutral sounds in expert than it was in novice meditators. The strength of activation in insula was also associated with self-reported intensity of the meditation for both groups. These results support the role of the limbic circuitry in emotion sharing. The comparison between meditation vs. rest states between experts and novices also showed increased activation in amygdala, right temporo-parietal junction (TPJ), and right posterior superior temporal sulcus (pSTS) in response to all sounds, suggesting, greater detection of the emotional sounds, and enhanced mentation in response to emotional human vocalizations for experts than novices during meditation. Together these data indicate that the mental expertise to cultivate positive emotion alters the activation of circuitries previously linked to empathy and theory of mind in response to emotional stimuli.. (shrink)