The concept of polarity is pervasive in natural language. It relates syntax, semantics and pragmatics narrowly, Semantics: an international handbook of natural language meaning, De Gruyter Mouton, Berlin, 2011; Israel in The grammar of polarity: pragmatics, sensitivity, and the logic of scales, Cambridge studies in linguistics, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2014), it refers to items of many syntactic categories such as nouns, verbs and adverbs. Neutral polarity items appear in affirmative and negative sentences, negative polarity items cannot appear in affirmative (...) sentences, and positive polarity items cannot appear in negative sentences. A way of reasoning in Natural Language is through Natural Logic. This logic is based on the concept of polarity in order to make the meaning of a sentence weaker o stronger without changing its truth value. There exist many proposals to compute polarity in the Natural Logic context, the most widely known are the ones by: van Benthem, Sánchez-Valencia, Dowty, and van Eijck, 6th international Tbilisi symposium on logic, language, and computation, Batumi, Georgia, Springer, 2007). If Natural Logic is going to be used, as an inferential mechanism between text fragments, in Natural Language Processing applications such as text summarization, question answering, and information extraction, it is a priority to know what the existing relationship among the aforementioned algorithms is; for example, to implement the most general. We show in this paper the equivalence among the analyzed algorithms, filling a gap in Natural Logic research, particularly in computing polarity, and the soundness of their algorithms. (shrink)

In this article, the dominant legitimating discursive strategies around the ever-increasing labour demands and ever-declining standards of safety and well-being at work in Spain are analysed through the lens of Boltanski and Thévenot’s (2006) view of the transformation of capitalism. A qualitative methodology based on semi-structured interviews is used. Results show that the justificatory arguments most commonly put forward by managers and experts are the logic of supply and demand, and values related to flexibility, resilience and adaptability to change. In (...) contrast, the stability and protection established in the twentieth century are widely cherished values, particularly among union representatives and some human resources specialists. We found that discourse practices map two specific legitimating categories (market values and a projects orientation), and one critical category (Civic World), but the critical category has no practical impact, as the predominant feeling is resignation. Our research describes the common attitudes to legitimacy in the job market and points to a deep discontent in some of its key agents. (shrink)

Resumen. El siguiente artículo conceptual muestra un análisis de la literatura con respecto a larelación entre la Efectividad Organizacional y los planes de Remuneración a los empleados sobretodo en su perspectiva variable. Se encontró la existencia de esta relación durante el análisis dediversas investigaciones en contextos diferentes al mexicano, por ello se propone profundizar más enel estudio de la misma en un contexto de empresas mexicanas debido a los pocos estudiosencontrados a este respecto.Palabras claves. Remuneración variable, efectividad organizacional, bono de (...) productividad, bonopor cumplimiento de objetivos, premios a grupos y equipos, remuneración por méritos, remuneraciónpor competencias.. The follow conceptual article shows an analysis of the literature about the relationshipbetween the organizational effectiveness and the employee’s remuneration plans, especially in itsvariable view. It founded the existence of this relationship during the analysis of several studies indifferent contexts from the Mexican´s, therefore it propose to investigate more about the study of thesame relationship in Mexican companies due to the few studies founded in this regard.Keywords. Variable remuneration, organizational effectiveness, productivity bonus, individualincentive plans, team/group incentive plans, merit pay, competency based structure. (shrink)

This article is the result of a research that was carried out to obtain the degree of Master's Degree in Education in the postgraduate program of the Faculty of Education of the Popular University of Cesar and monographic work of the degrees in Mathematics and Computer Science and Mathematics and Physics of the same university. The main objective of this study was to analyze the influence of the family environment on the learning and academic performance of students in tenth grade (...) trigonometry from a public educational institution in the city of Valledupar. Applying a mixed method, the research employed a simultaneous integrated design, where quantitative and qualitative data were collected and analyzed at the same time. This approach allowed for a complete and nuanced understanding of the research questions, providing a holistic view by exploring family dynamics and environment and how these impact performance and understanding of trigonometry. As for the implications for educational practice, it is evident that there is a need to implement strategies that involve families in the teaching-learning process of trigonometry, since the data collected revealed a clear correlation between the level of parental participation in education and students' understanding of trigonometric concepts. In addition, the study found that a positive and supportive family environment contributed significantly to higher academic achievement in trigonometry. (shrink)

This essay proposes to analyze the analytic philosopher Jonathan Bennett's interpretation about attribute's definition on the first part of Spinoza's Ethics, considering that such an interpretation, differing from others, attempts to coherently explain the role played by 'understanding' on the definition just mentioned.

The article explains the relationship between formal education and cog- nitive development in chapter 6 of Vygostky’s Thought and Language, “The development of scientific concepts in childhood; the design of a working hypothesis”. Subsequently, it frames the proposal of Vygotsky in Annette Karmiloff-Smith’s theory of cognitive development. The thesis is that formal education is fundamental in the child’s mental develop- ment because it enables the child to become aware of spontaneous thin- king, that is, to recognize spontaneous thinking as a (...) particular instance of a more general and abstract thought, namely, the scientific thought. Fina- lly, I set up objections to this thesis and suggest that Vygotsky’s position is not incompatible with current research on conceptual development, but complements it. (shrink)

As religiões podem ser consideradas como sistemas simbólicos mediante os quais os seres humanos ao longo da sua história sempre procuraram encontrar sabedoria em ordem a enfrentar o mal Um olhar pela história das religiões oferece-nos dados que podem ser compreendidos a partir de três tipos ideais de atitude básica em relação ao problema: Ascese, Gnose, Praxis. O Budismo originário, o Maniqueísmo e a religião bí-blico-cristã são exemplificações disso mesmo. Mais do que uma opção pela exclusão, os membros da nossa (...) cultura ocidental iluminada demonstram uma preferência pela atitude práxica. É a partir dela que nos cabe recuperar os valores das outras. Isso é também o que em muitos significa a presença de uma certa nostalgia pela "espiritualidade oriental". Ou ainda, como modesta gnose, a "teodiceia" (porquê tanto mal?): tão pouco prometedora enquanto resposta (teórica), como inevitável enquanto pergunta. /// Religions can be viewed as symbolic systems with which human beings have throughout history sought the wisdom which enables them to face evil. A survey through the history of religions exhibits features which may be brought to three ideal types of basic attitudes: the ascetic, the gnostic and the 'praxical'. Original Buddhism, Manichaeism and the biblical-Christian Religion exemplify them. Men and women of our occidental, enlightened culture need not to take an exclusive option thereabout. They show a preference for the praxical trend, even though at the same time they also retrieve some of the values of the other ones. Signs of this can be seen in the interest of many for 'oriental spirituality' as well as in that sort of modest gnosis which is "theodicee "(Why so much evil?): always unpromising as a theoretical answer and unavoidable as a question. /// Las religiones pueden ser consideradas como sistemas simbólicos con los que los seres humanos hemos buscado en nuestra historia una sabiduría para afrontar el mal. Un recorrido por la historia de las religiones ofrece datos que pueden comprenderse desde tres tipos ideales de actitud básica de afrontamiento: Ascesis, Gnosis, Praxis. El Budismo originário, el Maniqueísmo y la Religión bíblico-cristiana los ejemplifican. Más que una opción excluyente, los humanos de nuestra cultura occidental ilustrada tendrán una preferencia por la actitud práxica. Cabe desde ella recuperar valores de las otras. Eso hace en muchos la añoranza por la "espiritualidad oriental". Y, como modesta gnosis, la "teódicea" (¿por qué tanto mal?): tan poco prometedora como respuesta (teórica), cuanto insoslayable como pregunta. (shrink)

A filosofia prática de Kant, ou seja, o nuclear da sua ética, juntamente com o "primado da razão prática sobre a especulativa" e a "religião nos limites da simples razão", com seu acento no "mal radical", têm inegáveis afinidades com a - e em certos casos influxo da - tradição cristã. O próprio Kant terá em alguns momentos reconhecido isso mesmo. Segundo o autor do presente texto, subsistem, contudo, inegáveis divergências. O artigo, escrito a partir de uma declarada 'simpatia metódica, (...) pretende precisar no possível o alcance de umas e de outras, fazendo sobre o tema um balanço positivo. O autor propõe ainda uma hipótese de leitura do Opus Postumum, reconhecendo aqui uma tentativa por parte de Kant no sentido de purificar o seu "teísmo moral" numa direcção que tão pouco é alheia a importantes intuições cristãs. /// Aim of the article is to show that the practical philosophy of Kant, or, in other terms, the core of his ethics, as is the case with the "primacy of the practical reason over the speculative one" and the "religion within the limits of pure reason", with its accent set upon the idea of "radical evil", have undeniable affinities with -and in certain cases influxes from - the Christian tradition. Kant himself seems to have recognized that much at certain moments. For the author of the article, however, there are a few divergences to be reckoned with. In fact, the article, which is clearly written from the standpoint of a declared methodic sympathy, does whatever is possible in order to determine the reach of the ones and of the others, but in the end concludes that the result is a positive one. The author also suggests a reading hypothesis for the Opus Postumum, acknowledging here an attempt on the part of Kant directed towards a purification of his "moral theism" in a direction that as such is no less close to some very important Christian intuitions. (shrink)

Materiales para una filosofía de la Religión.-v.1.

Si bien son pocos quienes dudarían de que, si la fe "mueve montañas", el dinero "traslada cordilleras", no resulta fácil determinar con precisión el alcance del poder económico en nuestro mundo. En parte, porque no es uno, sino múltiple; en parte, porque su presencia resulta unas veces explícita, otras implícita y, en ocasiones, oculta.

"Ay, no quieres, te asusta la pobreza: no quieres ir con zapatos rotos al mercado y volver con el viejo vestido" dice Pablo Neruda en uno de los poemas de su libro "Los versos del capitán".

El ultimo tercio del siglo XIII es sin duda de los momentos mas trascendentales en la historia del pensamento cristiano. El esfuerzo creador de varias generaciones ha plasmado ya una realizacion madura en la obra de Santo Tomas. El neoplatonismo agostiniano, que es el sustrato comun de ese pensamento, ha recibido por fin en ella la informacion de lo aristotelico en la medida precisa para producir la formula del equilibrio posible. Pero sucede a continuacion un fenomeno historico interamente natural: el (...) mismo impulso creador y sintetizador impide detenerse en esa postura de equilibrio. Los elementos combinados toman mas conciencia de si, quiete depurar y profundizar su propria individualidad. Y surge una tension bipolar, que es ya clasica como etiqueta historica de todo el periodo: el agostinismo y el aristotelismo se disputan el campo del pensamento cristianos. Los incidentes externos de esta contienda entelectual son bien conocidos. Uno de sus resuldados es la formacion, en el seno de las Ordenes mendicantes, de las escuelas de pensamento cuya divergencia doctrinal va a llenar los siglos posteriores de la Escolastica: el tomismo y el escotismo. (shrink)

Este artículo describe y analiza la doctrina del Tribunal Europeo de Derechos Humanos (TEDH) sobre la identidad de género de las personas transexuales. En el Convenio Europeo sobre Derechos Humanos (CEDH), como en otros tratados internacionales sobre derechos humanos, no existe un derecho que reconozca y proteja la situación del colectivo trans. Sin embargo, el Tribunal ha elaborado una doctrina propia a partir del artículo 8 del CEDH, el derecho al respeto a la vida privada y familiar, en la que (...) cobra especial importancia su análisis de las obligaciones negativas y positivas de los Estados y su aplicación a la protección de la autonomía personal, de la libertad y de la dignidad humana de las personas transexuales. (shrink)

Este texto trae un intento de explicar un poco la complejidad de la Espiritualidad P’urhépecha y la distinción frente a las corrientes de pensamiento de la filosofía occidental que muestra una idea de espiritualidad a partir de la oposición entre materia y espíritu. La idea central es explicar que la Espiritualidad P’urhépecha está más allá que un concepto y que el hombre p’urhé encuentra raíces profundas para vivir una relación armónica de reciprocidad y gratitud para con la natura, para con (...) la divinidad y para todos los seres humanos. El texto está desarrollado bajo reflexiones de Baracs (2023) y Maturino (1983), con una metodología cualitativa, desde una perspectiva de antropología engajada, desde relatos vividos por el autor. Como resultados de la discusión se percebe que no se puede imbuir en la cultura p’urhépecha, si no se toman en cuenta su espiritualidad y su religiosidad. (shrink)