There exist different kinds of averaging of the differences of the energy–momentum and angular momentum in normal coordinates NC(P) which give tensorial quantities. The obtained averaged quantities are equivalent mathematically because they differ only by constant scalar dimensional factors. One of these averaging was used in our papers [J. Garecki, Rep. Math. Phys. 33, 57 (1993); Int. J. Theor. Phys. 35, 2195 (1996); Rep. Math. Phys. 40, 485 (1997); J. Math. Phys. 40, 4035 (1999); Rep. Math. Phys. 43, 397 (1999); (...) Rep. Math. Phys. 44, 95 (1999); Ann. Phys. (Leipzig) 11, 441 (2002); M.P. Dabrowski and J. Garecki, Class. Quantum. Grar. 19, 1 (2002)] giving the canonical superenergy and angular supermomentum tensors. In this paper we present another averaging of the differences of the energy–momentum and angular momentum which gives tensorial quantities with proper dimensions of the energy–momentum and angular momentum densities. We have called these tensorial quantities “the averaged relative energy–momentum and angular momentum tensors”. These tensors are very closely related to the canonical superenergy and angular supermomentum tensors and they depend on some fundamental length L > 0. The averaged relative energy–momentum and angular momentum tensors of the gravitational field obtained in the paper can be applied, like the canonical superenergy and angular supermomentum tensors, to coordinate independent analysis (local and in special cases also global) of this field. Up to now we have applied the averaged relative energy–momentum tensors to analyze vacuum gravitational energy and momentum and to analyze energy and momentum of the Friedman (and also more general, only homogeneous) universes. The obtained results are interesting, e.g., the averaged relative energy density is positive definite for the all Friedman and other universes which have been considered in this paper. (shrink)

In this article I want to continue the characteristics of philosophical methods specific to analytical philosophy, which were and are important for Professor Jan Woleński. So I refer to his work on the methods of analytical philosophy, but I also point out a few new methods that have grown up in the climate of studies of philosophers, especially analytical ontologists. I will therefore describe the following methods: generalization, specialization, formalization, de-formalization and topological hermeneutics. Instead of the term “method” I use (...) interchangeably the terms “operation” or “procedure”. I will show that each of these operations makes an important contribution to ontological investigations, and, in particular, to formal ontology. (shrink)

Odpowiadając na rosnące zainteresowanie relacjami kulturalnymi i historycznymi zachodzącymi między regionem śródziemnomorskim i Azją, Uniwersytet Ignatianum w Krakowie utworzył Centrum Badań Śródziemnomorskich i Orientalnych. Relacje historyczne i kulturowe między regionami śródziemnomorskim i azjatyckim w ciągu ostatnich stuleci charakteryzowały się szerokim zakresem interakcji. Te wymiany obejmowały nie tylko aspekty handlowe, ale również religijne, technologiczne i kulturowe. Zrozumienie tych skomplikowanych zależności ma kluczowe znaczenie, zwłaszcza w kontekście definiowania warunków dalszej współpracy międzynarodowej. Chiny, Korea i Japonia odgrywają obecnie ważną rolę na arenie międzynarodowej. (...) Świat zachodni zetknął się ze społeczeństwami tych krajów na progu epoki nowożytnej. W pierwszej, wczesnonowożytnej, fazie kontaktów oddziaływanie koncentrowało się na wymianie ideowej, w której najważniejszą rolę odgrywali misjonarze jezuiccy. W drugiej połowie XIX wieku interakcja kulturowa poparta została oddziaływaniem politycznym i gospodarczym, których efektem była częściowa westernizacja tych społeczeństw. W ostatnich trzech dekadach obserwujemy napięcie między cywilizacja chińską a zachodnią, będące pochodną politycznej i gospodarczej rywalizacji. Nakłada się na to głęboki kryzys samej cywilizacji zachodniej, który osłabił jej tkankę społeczną i poczucie tożsamości. To swoiste załamanie jest ściśle związane z odejściem współczesnych generacji od religii chrześcijańskiej oraz tradycji grecko-rzymskiej, stanowiących spoiwo zachodniej cywilizacji. Historycy kultury z Uniwersytetu Ignatianum w Krakowie wielokrotnie wskazywali, że misjonarze jezuiccy, działający w XVI i XVII wieku w Azji Północno-Wschodniej, wśród których byli także Polacy tacy jak Michał Boym, Jan Mikołaj Smogulecki czy Andrzej Rudomina, pozostawili bogate zasoby archiwalne dotyczące wczesnych kontaktów cywilizacji śródziemnomorskiej ze światem Azji. Te materiały są obecnie badane przez zespół naukowców z Uniwersytetu Ignatianum w ramach projektów grantowych „Nauka dla Społeczeństwa” i „Narodowy Program Rozwoju Nauki”. (shrink)

The paper is a response to recent criticisms of agatheism, a new pluralistic interpretation of religious belief put forward by Janusz Salamon with the aim of accommodating the epistemological challenge of religious diversity. Agatheism is an axiologically grounded religious belief which identifies God, the Absolute or the ultimate reality religiously conceived with the ultimate good as the ultimate end of all human agency and thus an explanation of its irreducibly teleological character and a source of its meaning. Janusz (...) Salamon argues that this grounding of religious belief in the human axiological consciousness makes it immune to falsification by any future science. Replying to the concerns of the critics about about irrationality of doxastic commitment to a particular religious tradition, Janusz Salamon argues that to the extent the fundamental agatheistic religious belief is presupposed in such tradition as its doxastic core, its belief system - if internally coherent and aligned with a worldview that is consistent with undisputed scientific findings - may be considered rational, despite there being a plurality of such belief systems. (shrink)

This article attempts to answer the question: what has the current migration crisis revealed in relations between Christianity and Islam, two religions with common Abrahamic roots? What conclusions can be drawn about the state of these relations, particularly with regard to ordinary members of the two religions? How should we assess the reaction of Christians in Europe to the inflow of refugees from Muslim countries in the light of the Gospel, the Second Vatican Council and the teaching of Pope Francis?The (...) article consists of four parts. Part I briefly presents Christian-Muslim relationships over the centuries. Part II focuses on the sense of danger occurring in European societies in connection with the influx of Muslims during the migration crisis. Part III presents the teachings of the Second Vatican Council about Islam and Part IV describes Pope Francis’s attitude towards refugees from Muslim countries. (shrink)

This text offers the report on the activities of The Centre for Interdisciplinary Studies in Cracow—a research and educational institution at the Department of Philosophy of the Pontifical Academy of Philosophy in the Cracow. The main areas of its research are the philosophy of science, the history of science, and problems connected with the interrelations between philosophy, theology and the sciences.

We are facing a crisis of trust in expertise today. Fewer and fewer people trust experts, and more and more politicians openly ignore expert consensus. 'Democracy in the Post-Truth Era' asks what might happen to democracy if we reject the fundamental liberal assumption that people are capable of making informed choices. The book explores the potential impact on society if people, including politicians, never appreciate the relevance of expert opinions. What if people cannot choose between supporters and opponents of key (...) issues such as the causes of climate change, effectiveness of vaccines and ways of combating economic and social crises? Applying social epistemology to these questions, the book considers whether democracy can be defended in the post-truth era. (shrink)

This study investigates performance of portfolios composed of British socially responsible investments (SRI) stocks. Using the ‘Global-100 Most Sustainable Corporations in the World’ list (known also as ‘Global-100’) to select the SRI companies, we found that, in the period 2000–2010, the returns of the SRI portfolios were on average higher compared with the corresponding returns of the market indexes. The annual average difference in returns of the SRI portfolios (with dividends) was 5.26 % and 5.69 % relative to the FTSE100 (...) and FTSE4GOOD indexes (the total return versions), respectively, but the differences in returns in the whole period, in individual years and in other sub-periods were in most cases not statistically significant. Positive performance of SRI stocks in the whole sample is, however, evidenced by risk-adjusted measures such as the modified Sharpe ratio (MSR) and certainty equivalent (CEQ) returns, as well as by incorporating various levels of transaction costs. Furthermore, a simple trading strategy relying on selection of SRI stocks from the Global-100 list would beat the market indexes in the whole period 2000–2010, even after inclusion of various levels of transaction costs. We also estimated the Fama–French and Carhart multi-factor models and found that the returns of the SRI portfolios cannot be consistently explained by conventional factors other than the market factor. (shrink)

We prove that if f is a partial Borel function from one Polish space to another, then either f can be decomposed into countably many partial continuous functions, or else f contains the countable infinite power of a bijection that maps a convergent sequence together with its limit onto a discrete space. This is a generalization of a dichotomy discovered by Solecki for Baire class 1 functions. As an application, we provide a characterization of functions which are countable unions of (...) continuous functions with domains of type Πn0, for a fixed n<ω. For Baire class 1 functions, this generalizes analogous characterizations proved by Jayne and Rogers for n=1 and Semmes for n=2. (shrink)

Uprawianie zawodu uczonego jest w istocie tworzeniem, ustaniem, stosowaniem szczególnego rodzaju wartości poznawczych. Jest to działalność uczestników mikroświata, w którym ważne są reguły dotyczące wypowiadania się, gdyż to, co w nauce ważne należy do zasobów zobiektywizowanej wiedzy o świecie i o badaniu świata. Dlatego niezmiernie ważne jest kolektywne czuwanie uczonych nad tym, jak przejawiają odpowiedzialność za słowo głoszone i słowo przyjmowane. Kultura tworzenia i stosowania wiedzy naukowej jest kulturą literalną. Świat trzeci (interpretowany i modyfikowany dzięki odpowiedniej inwencji świata drugiego) jest (...) skarbnicą wiedzy zobiektywizowanej przez swój zapis. Dlatego tak ważny jest język wypowiedzi naukowych i umiejętność odczytywania języka takich wypowiedzi. (shrink)

This volume explores the range of Alfred North Whitehead's philosophy and his relevance to contemporary philosophical traditions.

Paul Edwards' October 1989 essay, ‘Heidegger's Quest for Being’ illustrates the wisdom of the dictum that the only legitimate criticism of a philosopher's position is a constructive criticism. His negative critique amounts to no more than expressions of distaste, dislike, and displeasure, and nothing of philosophical interest follows from his assertions, as the discourse is primarily an argument ad hominem . He grossly misinterprets Heidegger on some elemental and fundamental matters as well. In particular, he sorely misinterprets what he refers (...) to as the ‘Quest for Being’, which only further contributes to the objectionable character of the essay. (shrink)

W tym artykule zaproponuję konstrukcję trójwartościowej logiki przekonań, którą nazywam: LSB3_1. Podam również i udowodnię kompletność LSB3_1 w odniesieniu do danej semantyki. LSB3_1 opiera się na preformalnych założeniach i intuicjach, które przedstawiono w sekcji 1. Sekcja 2 zawiera składnię i podział instrukcji LSB3_1 na wewnętrzne i zewnętrzne. Rozdział 3 przedstawia semantykę LSB3_1, a także szereg tautologii i formuł nietautologicznych w LSB3_1 wraz z ich intuicyjną interpretacją. System aksjomatyczny dla LSB3_1 i jego porównanie z silną logiką Kleene'a są przedstawione w sekcji (...) 4. Twierdzenie o kompletności dla LSB3_1 jest przedstawione w rozdziale 5. Zdefiniuję termin koniunkcyjna forma normalna i przedstawię lematy, które prowadzą do udowodnienia redukcji języka LSB3_1 wzory przed udowodnieniem twierdzenia o zupełności. (shrink)

The aim of the article is to present the attempts of establishing institutions of a system of worker’s self-management in the selected countries of the so-called real socialism system in Eastern Europe. The analysis considers three of those countries, namely Yugoslavia, Poland and Hungary, whose experiences in participation of the employees’ implementation were the most significant. Particular attention was paid to the evolution of socialist regimes approach to workers’ self-management. The paper tries to answer the question whether workers’ self-management posed (...) a threat to the socialist regimes persistence. The research method used in the study is an indepth survey and analysis of literature and legal acts. (shrink)

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is, firstly, an analysis of the behavior of entities operating in the virtual space which has emerged and has been continuously developing around the internet and, secondly, to create a framework of the impact of these entities on an organization, especially in the context of emerging new ethical challenges. The motivation for undertaking this research was a lack of literature on such a holistic approach to this important problem facing contemporary organizations and the systematization of (...) these issues.Design/methodology/approachThe framework proposed in the paper was developed based on analyses of case studies of organizations from various industries which use the internet and the inter‐related mobile infrastructure. To create this framework the stakeholder theory and the cost‐benefit analysis approach were used.FindingsThe basic findings of the paper include a classification of the entities operating in e‐space and a taxonomy of the possible influences they may have on an organization. It is intended that the proposed framework be tested in selected industries.Practical implicationsIt seems that the holistic approach presented in this paper has significant practical implications for the increasing number of organizations utilizing the on‐line environment in their business practices, offering them a far better understanding of the whole complexity of problems and challenges connected with the e‐economy phenomena.Originality/valueThe new and original aspects of the paper are the introduction and defining of the term e‐space; a classification of the elements operating there and the proposal of a taxonomy of the possible types of influence of these entities on an organization. (shrink)

This article argues that the existence of horrendous evil calls into question not just the plausibility of the most popular theodicies on offer, notably sceptical theism, but the coherence of any agatheology–that is, any theology which identifies God or the ultimate reality with the ultimate good or with a maximally good being. The article contends that the only way an agatheologian can ‘save the face of God’ after Auschwitz and Kolyma is by endorsing a non-interventionist interpretation of the Divine providence (...) which will amount to naturalisation of the discourse on evil by localising entirely in nature the causes of evil and the possible ways of its prevention. ‘Theodicy of justice as fairness’ is then presented as consistent with such naturalistic account of evils and yet compatible with a religious worldview. It justifies the Divine non-intervention by suggesting that it would not be just or fair for God to intervene on only some occasions to avert evil, if God is apparently prevented from intervening in all such cases. Since for Agatheos it is metaphysically impossible to do what is unjust or unfair, God never intervenes to avert evil. (shrink)

Any finite support iteration of posets with precalibre ℵ 1 which has the length of cofinality greater than ω 1 yields a model for the dual Borel conjecture in which the real line is covered by ℵ 1 strong measure zero sets.

An explanation is given of why, after adding to a model M of ZFC first a Solovay real r and next a Cohen real c, in M[ r][ c] a Cohen real over M[ c] is produced. It is also shown that a Solovay algebra iterated with a Cohen algebra can be embedded into a Cohen algebra iterated with a Solovay algebra.

W rozdziale pierwszym, obok niezbędnych ustaleń terminologicznych, przedstawiłem zarys najdawniejszej historii logiki, starając się pokazać w jaki sposób sylogistyka Arystotelesa spełniała wymóg uniwersalności. [ZE WSTĘPU AUTORA].

This paper, being a companion to the book [2] elaborates the deontology of sequential and compound actions based on relational models and formal constructs borrowed from formal linguistics. The semantic constructions presented in this paper emulate to some extent the content of [3] but are more involved. Although the present work should be regarded as a sequel of [3] it is self-contained and may be read independently. The issue of permission and obligation of actions is presented in the form of (...) a logical system. This system is semantically defined by providing its intended models in which the role of actions of various types is accentuated. Since the consequence relation is not finitary, other semantically defined variants of are defined. The focus is on the finitary system in which only finite compound actions are admissible. An adequate axiom system for it is defined. The strong completeness theorem is the central result. The role of the canonical model in the proof of the completeness theorem is emphasized. (shrink)

Although it became customary to warn against confusing postmodernism with deconstructionism, it seems plausible to suggest that their central agendas are not dissimilar. Moreover, from the philosophical point of view, it is the idea of the 'deconstruction of meaning' that can be said to constitute the foundation of postmodernism understood here as an intellectual movement. It is true that grounded in the poststructuralist language analysis, deconstructionism seeks primarily to challenge the attempts inherent in the Western philosophical tradition to establish ultimate (...) meaning in a text. However, as one might have anticipated, the deconstruction of meaning of texts provided a basis for a large scale project leading to deconstruction of all 'truths', as conceived in the mainstream philosophical tradition. And it did it by questioning the coherence of the very concept of 'truth'. Eclectic as postmodernism is, it can be recognized by the fundamental assumption that there is no common denominator that guarantees the one-ness of the world, or the possibility of objective or neutral thought. This assumption would suffice to make one expect that postmodernism will challenge the very foundations of any metaphysical or religious system of beliefs. And so it does. In this paper I would like to ellucidate just one way this challange may be construed, poiting to the example of Don Cupitt, the leading exponent of the 'antirealist' critique of the discourse of theism. (shrink)