Se comenta la traducción y estudio de Leopardi por parte de Carmen de Burgos, y se plantea la disparidad de la psicología de Colombine y la del poeta de Recanati: un pesimismo vital por parte de Leopardi y la vitalidad de la escritora, que aplica al poeta italiano la tónica con que el Romanticismo europeo sintió el deber de la existencia.

Conscientious Objection: A Bioethical and Legal ApproachObjeção de consciência: uma aproximação bioética e jurídicaScientific and medical developments, added to our reality in Colombia, demand the training of professionals consistent with ethical principles and clear theoretical concepts on current regulations that are aimed at respect for human life. The country’s current constitutional situation poses a challenge to any professional, beyond the legal or health fields, since fundamental rights such as life and freedom of conscience are being questioned. This paper demonstrates the (...) need and importance of promoting and accessing conscientious objection as a response to the legal landscape of the protection of life in Colombia, which may be an example for other countries in Latin America.Para citar este artículo / To reference this article / Para citar este artigo Prieto-Soler MP, Muñoz D, Restrepo OI. Objeción de conciencia: una aproximación bioética y jurídica. Pers Bioet. 2020; 24: 205-17. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5294/pebi.2020.24.2.7Publicado: 27/11/2020. (shrink)

People reject ‘paradoxical’ inferences, such as: Luisa didn't play music; therefore, if Luisa played soccer, then she didn't play music. For some theorists, they are invalid for everyday conditionals, but valid in logic. The theory of mental models implies that they are valid, but unacceptable because the conclusion refers to a possibility inconsistent with the premise. Hence, individuals should accept them if the conclusions refer only to possibilities consistent with the premises: Luisa didn't play soccer; therefore, if Luisa played a (...) game then she didn't play soccer. Two experiments corroborated this prediction for three sorts of ‘paradox’, including a disjunctive paradox. (shrink)

En este trabajo se analizan, por una parte, los datos sobre la presencia de las mujeres en los movimientos de derechos de los animales en el estado español; por otro lado, tratamos de encontrar marcos explicativos que aclaren cuál es el vínculo que conecta la sensibilidad feminista con la sensibilidad animalista. Hemos realizado un sondeo sobre el porcentaje de mujeres entre los miembros de las organizaciones animalistas más importantes de España y, con estos resultados, hemos hecho una revisión de los (...) diferentes marcos teóricos que pueden explicar esta significativa orientación de género en la defensa del bienestar animal. Por último, defendemos que hay un vínculo entre la ideología patriarcal y la explotación ecológica, en tanto que ambos comparten la dominación y la opresión de género. En este sentido, la sensibilidad animalista movilizaría sentimientos morales de fraternidad con la naturaleza. (shrink)

This paper demonstrates how argumentation schemes can be used in decision support systems that help clinicians in making treatment decisions. The work builds on the use of computational argumentation, a rigorous approach to reasoning with complex data that places strong emphasis on being able to justify and explain the decisions that are recommended. The main contribution of the paper is to present a novel set of specialised argumentation schemes that can be used in the context of a clinical decision support (...) system to assist in reasoning about what treatments to offer. These schemes provide a mechanism for capturing clinical reasoning in such a way that it can be handled by the formal reasoning mechanisms of formal argumentation. The paper describes how the integration between argumentation schemes and formal argumentation may be carried out, sketches how this is achieved by an implementation that we have created and illustrates the overall process on a small set of case studies. (shrink)

This paper gives an implicit characterization of the class of functions computable in polynomial space by deterministic Turing machines – PSPACE. It gives an inductive characterization of PSPACE with no ad-hoc initial functions and with only one recursion scheme. The main novelty of this characterization is the use of pointers to reach PSPACE. The presence of the pointers in the recursion on notation scheme is the main difference between this characterization of PSPACE and the well-known Bellantoni-Cook characterization of the polytime (...) functions – PTIME. (shrink)

The scope and role of theological bioethics has become a growing controversial topic. For instance, some bioethicists have adopted a strong stance on the meaning of “Christian bioethics,” as not ex...

In this paper we introduce applicative theories which characterize the polynomial hierarchy of time and its levels. These theories are based on a characterization of the functions in the polynomial hierarchy using monotonicity constraints, introduced by Ben-Amram, Loff, and Oitavem.

the main relevant philosophical aspect in Suárez’s interpretation of the transcendentals is his doctrine of the notions res and aliquid . therefore, after analyzing the nature and the number of the transcendentals, as well as the relationship between them and the first principles, the article goes into a detailed historical analysis of the notions res and aliquid. With precedents in Avicenna and Duns Scotus, the ens is understood according to Suarez, negatively, as it is not nothing and, in such sense, (...) it is something ( aliquid ) and, positively, as it has got a quidditas and, therefore, it is res. the question of nothing ( nihil ) is thus introduced into modern metaphysics. What’s more, the said interpretation is one of the fundamental conditions of the transformation of metaphysics in modern ontology . thus, in the post- Cartesian context of Schulmetaphysik, and its aliquitas (as non-nihil ) and its quiditative character (as res ) being presumed, the ens will be understood as an intelligible . through that, a Copernican revolution commenced that anticipated Kant himself. (shrink)

The article offers a complete vision of the problems tackled by and the fundamental theses defended by neoconstitutionalism (or neoconstitutionalisms), a current which tends to be transformed into a global reply, a new political culture that is present in all contemporary debates on legal and political philosophy. After characterising the model of the constitutional state, the author analyses four types of neoconstitutionalism that are developed from four different problems. In the first place he deals with neoconstitutionalism as a political philosophy (...) that considers the constitutional state as the best form of organising political society. He secondly analyses the contribution of neoconstitutionalism to the theoretical debate on the nature of norms and their interpretation which enables him to present it as a important renewal of the positivist theory of law. Thirdly the author gives the neoconstitutionalist reply in the conceptual debate about what should be understood by law and how to explain its relationship with morality. Fourthly, he presents neoconstitutionalist models of legal science. Finally, by way of conclusion, he sees to respond to the question whether neoconstitutionalism may be an alternative to the dialectic between iusnaturalism and positivism. (shrink)

Prenatal and preimplantation testing technologies have offered unprecedented access to information about the genetic and congenital makeup of our prospective progeny. Future developments such as preconception testing, non-intrusive prenatal testing and more extensive preimplantation testing promise to increase that access further still. The result may be greater reproductive choice, but it also increases the burden on women and men to avail themselves of these technologies in order to avoid having a child with a disability. The overwhelming question for legislators has (...) been whether and, if so, how to regulate the use of these technologies in the face of compelling but seemingly contradictory claims about the advancement of reproductive choice and the dangers of eugenic or discriminatory effects. This book examines the evolution of this legislative oversight across a number of jurisdictions and explores the tensions and ambiguities that inform these laws. (shrink)

In Brazil, the normative landscape around advertising is complex, not the least because of limitations inherent to dispute resolution mechanisms. Focusing on unhealthy food and beverages, this case study identifies some challenges and opportunities around advertising restrictions, including in relation to freedom of speech.

ABSTRACT Legal certainty is a central requirement for the rule of law. Legal systems should both enable those subject to law to predict human behaviour and institutional reactions and to prevent an arbitrary use of state power against them. The value of legal certainty is usually conceived as a formal value opposed to the values of freedom or equality. The purpose of this paper is to discuss this idea and to explore a less formal conception of the value of legal (...) certainty. In this sense, I will argue that we need to depart from a purely formal understanding of the requirements imposed by such value and to consider the need to provide them with a substantive content. So, legal certainty is not completely independent of legal substantive justice and it implies that it is impossible to define ex ante which concrete aspects of justice should not be the law’s concern. (shrink)

A two-sorted term system characterizing NC implicitly is described. The term system is defined over the tree algebra [MATHEMATICAL DOUBLE-STRUCK CAPITAL T], the free algebra generated by 0, 1 and ∗, and the recursion scheme uses pointers over tier 0. This differs from previous characterizations of NC, where tier 1 pointers were used or full parameter substitution over tier 0 was allowed.

En este artículo se analiza la transexualidad y la intersexualidad como dos fenómenos que desafían las concepciones dimórficas de la anatomía corporal, así como las concepciones binarias del sexo y del género. En este desafío de la norma cultural y médica, los sujetos transexuales e intersexuales construyen un lugar de resistencia, proponiendo, en un movimiento de autodesignación, la concepción de un nuevo sujeto transgenérico. Por último, se reseñan algunas cuestiones éticas vinculadas a los tratamientos médicos de la asignación de sexo (...) a los intersexuales y a la reasignación de los transexuales, relativas a la autonomía y dignidad de estos sujetos transgenéricos. (shrink)

En este artículo se examina la común estrategia metódica de los estudios sobre la discapacidad y la crítica feminista, que sitúa la experiencia de la discapacidad en el contexto de los derechos y las exclusiones. Este modelo social de la discapacidad critica el modelo biomédico que concibe la discapacidad como anormalidad y patología, como error de un orden natural dado. Para deconstruir este sujeto naturalizado se analiza una de las representaciones históricas de la discapacidad: la figura del monstruo. Por último, (...) se propone la discapacidad como ocasión para pensar la vulnerabilidad esencial de todo sujeto. (shrink)

In this paper I want to defend the necessary role played by the recognition of human animal subjectivity in the articulation of a posthuman ethics. For this I propose that what I have called “animal writing” is a way of writing that seeks to express that human animality. I will analyze the features of what animal writing is, proposing Zambrano’s poetic reason as an adequate method to articulate animal writing. As an example of animal writing, I will examine the narratives (...) of the feminist wild. Finally, going through these texts will allow me to highlight some principles of what I consider to be a posthuman ethics. (shrink)

O fio condutor dos argumentos apresentados por J. S. Mill em On Liberty é de que o aperfeiçoamento da humanidade tem como fonte infalível e permanente o espírito da liberdade. Nosso objetivo é mostrar que o conceito de liberdade milliana se equilibra entre a promoção do cultivo da individualidade, na sua mais ampla pluralidade, e o desenvolvimento moral da sociedade.

La investigación analiza las competencias transversales movilizadas en relación a la empleabilidad y los ODS durante la formación del alumnado de la Facultad de CC.Sociales y de la Comunicación (UPV/EHU). La metodología, basada en encuestas,ha medido a través de los resultados de aprendizaje la relación de competencias depensamiento crítico y compromiso social con los ODS. Los resultados muestran quelos resultados de aprendizaje de los ODS se encuentran en una etapa muy temprana,reducidos al debate y reflexión, muy lejos de iniciativas con (...) capacidad efectiva detransformación social. (shrink)

Like many humans in the wake of genocide and war, most wildlife today has sustained trauma. High rates of mortality, habitat destruction, and social breakdown precipitated by human actions are unprecedented in history. Elephants are one of many species dramatically affected by violence. Although elephant communities have processes, rituals, and social structures for responding to trauma—grieving, mourning, and socialization—the scale, nature, and magnitude of human violence have disrupted their ability to use these practices. Absent the cultural, carrier groups who traditionally (...) lead and teach these healing practices, humans must assume the role. Trauma theory has brought attention to victims' severe, sustained psychological damage. Looking through the lens of trauma theory provides a better understanding of how systematic violence has affected individuals and groups and how the pervasive nature of traumatic events affects human-nonhuman animal relationships. The framing of recent trauma theory compels conservationists to create new relationships—neither anthropocentric nor powerbased—with nonhuman animals. The David Sheldrick Wildlife Trust, Kenya, shows how humans, taking on the role of interspecies witness, bring orphan elephants back to health and help re-build elephant communities shattered by genocide. (shrink)

This exploratory study is part of a post-doctoral project investigating how Brazilian and Portuguese textbooks present slavery and the slavery trade, as well as how Portuguese students interpret these issues, particularly when they use the sources in their textbooks. A group of 8th-grade students (aged 13–14) from a school in northern Portugal was asked to reflect on the meaning of slavery and its potential consequences for Brazil and Portugal, drawing on evidence related to the slave trade and labour during the (...) 16th century, as presented in their textbooks. The students’ responses were analysed inductively, and the findings are discussed in terms of (a) the specific analytical process employed and (b) the insights gained regarding the relationship between textbook representations and students’ perceptions, framed within the context of situated learning. This framework suggests that prior knowledge, personal experience, and the specific task at hand may influence students' ideas and outcomes. (shrink)

Critical aspects in the field of education are currently related to low levels of socioemotional competences and high rates of school dropouts. However, there are no standard practices or guidelines for helping countries to assess and train social and emotional competences. To overcome this limitation, the project Learning to be (L2B) aims to propose a comprehensive model of the assessment and development of social and emotional competences that bring together policymakers, researchers, teachers, school authorities and learners from different participating countries: (...) Finland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Portugal, Slovenia, and Spain. The project attempts to create an international framework for regulating activities and supporting teachers working on the social and emotional competences of the students and to provide tools which can be used across countries. The aim of the paper is to describe how L2B has been developed in Spain by analyzing the contributions of the international framework and extracting the specific needs in the Spanish context. Specifically, we describe two products of the project: a) the process for creating a toolkit, a tool focused on creating activities and materials for helping teachers develop social and emotional competences of students and b) the results of an exploratory study in Spain in which social and emotional competences are assessed and compared to the international framework. First, we explain the definition of social and emotional competences used for creating the toolkit. Second, we analyze responses of Spanish students to questionnaires administered before applying the toolkit in the schools. The paper describes social and emotional competences in Spain and evaluates the overlap between relevant variables in Spain and those used for developing the toolkit, the international tool. Specific needs in Spain are discussed, as well as the contribution of the project for promoting the improved development of students’ social and emotional competences, improving learning outcomes and stronger social cohesion in schools and local communities, as well as the utility of the results for creating new educational policies. (shrink)

El objetivo fue realizar una reflexión analítica sobre la investigación formativa, las estrategias de enseñanza para la investigación en las aulas universitarias. Estudio descriptivo, analítico- interpretativo; utilizando el análisis documental de bases digitales, revisión bibliográfica. Conclusiones: La investigación formativa es un proceso esencial para la formación profesional, las estrategias de enseñanza de la investigación hallados son; el aprendizaje basado en problemas, el aprendizaje colaborativo con enfoque socioformativo, seguidos de la monografía investigativa, el aprendizaje por descubrimiento y semilleros de investigación. Finalmente, (...) es necesario promover una cultura investigativa donde prevalezcan los aspectos básicos para la formación de investigadores desde el pregrado. (shrink)