BackgroundThe intensive care unit entails working as a team in rescuing patients from life-threatening conditions. The care being given by the team could also be done by nurses and other health professionals through the coordinated use of all medical practices.ObjectiveTo determine the opinion of nurses on the ethical problems they experienced while working as a team in the intensive care units of a university hospital.MethodThe descriptive research was conducted on nurses working in intensive care units (n = 96). A 56-item (...) data collection form consisting of two parts developed by the researchers was used. Frequency (percent) and median were evaluated, and statistical calculations were used for group comparisons.ResultsOut of the 82 (85.4%) nurses who participated in the study, 65 (82.3%) were university graduates. About 52 (66.7%) of the participants were female with a mean age of 28.12 ± 5.84; 26 (31.6%) had intensive care certification, and 54 (65.1%) had ethical training. The internal intensive care unit nurses were less satisfied with their jobs, able to use tools, said that they had the right to refuse the patient compared to the surgical intensive care unit nurses. Discussion and conclusions: It is a positive situation for the participants to score low with ethical problems based on suggestion as the probability of meeting with their teammates. However, it is important that the problems that affect the motivation of the nurses are different according to the intensive care unit and the employees. (shrink)

Background: The developments in technology and communication channels, increasing workload, and carelessness cause problems regarding patient privacy and confidentiality in nursing services. Research objectives: The study was conducted to develop a patient privacy scale to identify whether nurses observe or violate patient privacy at workplace. Research design: This research was a methodological and descriptive study. Participants and research context: Participants were 354 nurses working at private hospitals and hospitals affiliated with the Ministry of Health in Istanbul/Turkey. Data were collected with (...) a questionnaire about the demographic characteristics of nurses and their opinions about patient privacy and with patient privacy scale. Ethical considerations: After getting permission from the top management of hospitals, information about the study was given to nurses. Those willing to participate were informed that participation was voluntary and invited to give written consent before data collection. Findings: The content validity index of scale was 0.91, Cronbach’s alpha was 0.93, Spearman–Brown and Guttman coefficients were 0.85, the upper and lower 27% test was −29.65, and item-total correlation values ranged from 0.47 to 0.71. The scale had five subscales. In addition, 49% of the nurses stated that patient privacy was always observed in their services/units. They appraised with a mean score of 4.51 ± 0.49 for the total scale, 4.39 ± 0.61 for confidentiality of personal information and private life, 4.39 ± 0.70 for sexual privacy, 4.56 ± 0.57 for the privacy of those unable to protect themselves, 4.60 ± 0.59 for physical privacy, and 4.60 ± 0.52 for ensuring a favorable environment. Discussion: The findings of this study were in contrast with the results of some international studies which determined the violation of the patient privacy. Conclusion: The patient privacy scale is a valid and reliable tool to collect data on whether nurses observe or violate patient privacy, and the nurses generally reported observing or paying attention to patient privacy in all hospitals and especially private hospitals. (shrink)

Klasik tefsir merviyatı konulu kaynaklarda En‘âm sûresinin Mekke döneminin sonlarında tek seferde topluca nazil olduğu rivayet edilmektedir. Bununla birlikte sûrenin bazı âyetlerinin farklı zamanlarda indiğine işaret eden sebeb-i nüzul rivayetleri bulunmaktadır. Aynı şekilde bazı âyetlerinin Medenî olduğu bilgisi de birçok rivayette vurgulanmaktadır. Farklılaşan rivayetler, En‘âm sûresinin tek seferde mi yoksa belirli bir zaman aralığında peyderpey mi nazil olduğu konusunda bir çelişkiyi beraberinde getirmektedir. Sûrenin nüzulünün mahiyetinin tespit edilmesi ve neticede bu çelişkili durumun giderilmesi önem taşımaktadır. Bu makalede, En‘âm sûresinin metin (...) içi ve metin dışı bağlamının değerlendirilmesi ile sûrenin nüzul sürecinin incelenmesi hedeflenmektedir. Böylece sûrenin tek seferde mi yoksa farklı zamanlarda mı nazil olduğunun tespit edilmesi amaçlanmaktadır. Metin dışı bağlam ile kastedilen, sûrenin tek seferde indiğini ya da sûrenin farklı âyetlerinin farklı zamanlarda ve muhtelif sebeplerle indiğini ifade eden rivayetler ekseninde şekillenen tarihî arka plandır. Metin içi bağlam ile kastedilen ise En‘âm sûresinin lafzî ve anlamsal yapısı ile ortaya çıkan metinsel özellikleridir. Bu şekilde sûrenin hem indirilişine dair rivayetler hem de metinsel özellikleri göz önüne alınarak incelenmekte ve özellikle müfessirlerin konu hakkında ortaya koydukları çözüm önerileri karşılaştırmalı bir analizle değerlendirilmektedir. Bu konu üzerinde son dönem müfessirlerinin çok daha fazla durduğu görülmüştür. Rivayetlerin hem teknik hem de içerik analizi, sûre hakkındaki sebeb-i nüzul rivayetlerin mahiyeti, sûrede ortaya çıkan metinsel bütünlük ilgili müfessirlerin bu mevzuda özellikle üzerinde durdukları konular olmuştur. Zira bazı müfessirler tek seferde indirildiğine yönelik rivayetleri hem sened hem de aksi yöndeki rivayetlerden dolayı sahih bulmamıştır. Birçok müfessir ise sûrenin tek seferde nüzulünün mümkün olduğunu iddia etmiştir. Bu görüşlerini delillendirirken de özellikle sebeb-i nüzul rivayetler üzerinde durmuşlardır. Bu rivayetlerin muteber hadis kaynaklarında yer almadığını ayrıca bunların sonradan âyetin anlamını beyan etmek için yapılan esbâb-ı nüzûl yorumlar olduğunu ifade etmişlerdir. Ayrıca hükmün taahhürü ve nüzul tekrarı gibi usule dair konulardan yararlanarak görüşlerini temellendirmeye çalışmışlardır. Sûredeki metinsel bütünlük de bu kapsamda değerlendirilmiştir. Zira En‘âm sûresinde, müşriklerin Hz. Peygamber’e ve onun tebliğ ettiği dinin her bir esasına karşı yaptıkları itirazların cevaplandığı ve câhiliyeye ait uygulamalarının, örf ve âdetlerinin reddedildiği görülmektedir. Sûrenin ilk âyetinden son âyetine kadar görebildiğimiz metinsel bütünlük ve bu paralelde seyreden tarihî arka plan ayrıca sûrenin “tek seferde nazil olduğunu” bildiren rivayetler hep birlikte ele alınınca En‘âm sûresinin tek seferde indirilmiş olması ihtimalinin yüksek olduğu görülmektedir. (shrink)

The aim of this study was to develop an Administrative Ethical Behaviour Scale (AEBS) and to determine whether nurses found their head nurses’ behaviours ethical and to reveal head nurses’ ethical and unethical administrative behaviour. It was conducted on 264 nurses working in five state hospitals in Trabzon, Turkey. Content validity index of the scale was 0.87, item-to-total correlations ranged from 0.50 to 0.81 and Chronbach Alpha was 0.98. The scale included five subscales, i.e. truthfulness and honesty, liabilities and supremacy (...) of laws, rights and freedom, good human relationships and humanism, justice and equality. Overall, head nurses’ behaviour was considered ethical by nurses; however, their behaviour in terms of justice and equality, good human relationships and humanism was not found ethical. Positions, satisfaction with head nurses’ behaviour and frequency of contact with them affect nurses’ opinions. (shrink)

Many Turkish people migrated to Germany between 1955 and 1975. This study was carried out in Göttingen, Germany. Fifty Turkish people (described as patients) were asked about the care they had received from German health care personnel, and 50 German nurses and 50 German physiotherapists were questioned about care they had given to Turkish patients. Significant findings were the needs of the Turkish patients for good communication, physical contact and understanding of their culture-based expressions of illness. The German nurses and (...) physiotherapists expressed the need for language barriers to be minimized and for education in the specific culture of Turkish patients. Our findings are discussed from an ethical viewpoint. The International Council of Nurses’ code of ethics is used to guide the ethical debate about the findings within the context of transcultural and multicultural care. Suggestions for better transcultural health care paradigms are made for relating to patients from different cultures when patients and care providers have little understanding of each other’s needs and expectations. (shrink)

Background The Covid-19 pandemic has impacted compassion fatigue and the mental health of health care providers, particularly midwives and nurses. Although there are studies involving health workers such as nurses and physicians affected by the pandemic’s compassion fatigue, few studies include midwives. Research objective The present study seeks to investigate the effects of compassion fatigue experienced by midwives working under intense stress during the third wave of the COVID-19 pandemic on the level of moral sensitivity. Research design This is a (...) descriptive-correlation study. Participants The statistical population consisted of all the midwives in Türkiye hospitals in 2021. This cross-sectional study was collected through a questionnaire using convenience sampling. Three hundred and ten midwives working in different units of the country participated in the study. Ethical considerations Approval from the researcher’s university Institutional Review Board for ethical review was obtained with the code of IRB 20/510. Findings The average age of the midwives is 34.29 ± 8.39. It has been noticed that 43.5% of the midwives work in public hospitals and 38.1% in family health and community health centers. Midwives’ mean MR-CS score is 67.11 ± 25.13, secondary trauma sub-dimension average 15.77 ± 6.23, and occupational burnout sub-dimension 40.69 ± 16.35. The mean moral sensitivity questionnaire score is determined as 93.86 ± 19.51. It has been observed that the working style and working time are effective on compassion fatigue. In the linear regression model, 98% of compassion fatigue was explained. Age, secondary trauma, and occupational burnout sub-dimensions affect the model. Discussion Working year, working style, second trauma, age, and occupational burnout parameters may help explain some of the links between midwives’ symptoms of compassion fatigue. Conclusion The pandemic affects the compassion fatigue of midwives. It is crucial to provide social support to midwives and health workers to prevent compassion fatigue and examine and control groups at risk in mental health. (shrink)

Sadece tarihi ilgilendiriyor gibi görünen felsefenin başlangıcı problemi, şüphesiz tarihsel bir meseledir, ama aynı zamanda felsefenin kendisine de ait bir konudur, çünkü bu probleme ilişkin değerlendirmeler zorunlu olarak felsefenin doğasını açığa vurmaktadır. Felsefeyi Miletli Thales’in başlattığına ve ilk filozof olduğuna dair yerleşik bir gelenek söz konusudur; bununla birlikte, felsefe kendine özgü belirlenimler kazanıp kendini belirlemesini sağlayan belli bir gelişme sürecinin ürünüdür ve bu bakımdan birçok filozofun emeğine gerek duymuştur. Felsefe tarihinin ilk döneminde Grek filozoflar yeni başlangıçlar yapmışlar ve böylelikle felsefenin (...) yeni yönlerinin açığa çıkmasına hizmet etmişlerdir. Bu çalışmada, felsefenin sadece bir kurucusu değil kurucuları olduğunu vurgulamak üzere Thales’ten Aristoteles’e dek Grek filozofların felsefenin oluşumuna sağladıkları katkı irdelenecektir. (shrink)

Neural tube defects (NTDs) are very serious malformations for the fetus, causing either low life expectancy or a chance of survival only with costly and difficult surgical interventions. In western countries the average prevalence is 1/1000-2000 and in Turkey it is 4/1000. The aim of the study was to characterize ethical approaches at institutional level to the fetus with an NTD and the mother, and the role of health care professionals in four major centers in Turkey. The authors chose perinatology (...) units of four university hospitals and prepared questionnaires for the responsible professionals concerning their own and their institution’s ethical approaches to the fetus with an NTD and the mother. The investigation revealed that there were no institutional ethical frameworks or ethics committees available to professional teams in the units. The roles of the health care professionals and their individual decisions and approaches based on ethical principles are described. The ethical decision-making process concerning fetuses with NTDs, examples of institutional approaches to the topic and institutional frameworks, and the role of nurses and other health care professionals are all discussed, based on a literature review. The authors suggest that institutional ethical frameworks, ethics committees, professionals’ ethics education and multidisciplinary teamwork should be established for critical situations such as fetuses with an NTD. (shrink)

Elderly people are a particularly vulnerable group in society and have special health problems. The world population of older people is increasing. People who are 65 years or older constitute 6% of the Turkish population, 90% of whom have chronic health problems. In Turkey, there is a high possibility that elderly people’s requirements are not met by today’s health care system in the way they would wish. They prefer not to be hospitalized when they have health problems. From a wider (...) perspective, various countries are still seeking how to provide the best care for elderly people. Our goal was to characterize home-based care for elderly people using an ethical approach as an area of interest for nurses and other health care professionals now and in the future, both for Turkey specifically and from a global perspective. We studied four case histories and then prepared a composite scenario and a short questionnaire for elderly people living in a specific district of Istanbul to evaluate their expectations from the health care system. We compared our findings with situations in other countries and have proposed some practical solutions. The results showed that these older people preferred to receive nursing care at home instead of in hospital in Turkey, and also in many other countries. In this article we discuss our findings, comparing them with those in the literature, and suggest that there should be nursing care at home with insurance coverage while using a proper ethical approach. (shrink)

This book explores the writings of Inis L. Claude, Jr., a preeminent scholar on international relations, to define a new approach to the study of international relations. Pragmatic liberalism, an "in-between" approach, argues that a liberal world order can be sustained and promoted by the pragmatic application of liberal principles.

Some contend that in the absence of a world state, it is nonsense to speak of the principles of distributive justice. Thomas Nagel is among those who claim that the principles of social justice can only be effectively applied after a world state is established. Nagel supports this claim on the basis of the social contract theory; namely, that a coercive collective authority is necessary to secure obedience to the principles of justice. In this essay, I argue that a world (...) state is neither necessary nor sufficient to fulfill the requirements of social justice among nations. There are good reasons for doubting the efficiency of a world state in satisfying the principles of global distributive justice. Also, there are alternative ways of executing these principles through nation-states on the basis of international agreements or through voluntary international organizations. (shrink)

Marx and Hegel on the Dialectic of the Individual and the Social is a detailed investigation of the major works of Hegel and the young Marx exploring how the concept of the individual is positioned within their ontologies and how this positioning is reflected in their related political views.

A petition signed by Turkish and Kurdish intellectuals denouncing the attacks in South East of Turkey and demanding a return to peace opens up to question how this intellectual movement can be evaluated as a political action and/or a form of resistance. Here I will try to analyze it from two different aspects: 1) the role of intellectuals leading social change; 2) the form of this movement. The first aspect is associated with the relation of theory to praxis that matters (...) most. The questions are: Is the role of intellectuals in society only educative or pedagogical? Or can they also play the role of directors, organizers, and illuminators of larger groups? Regarding the second aspect, we should ask whether or not the movement led by this petition is spontaneous or organizational, which addresses us to the form of resistance. For this purpose, firstly, I will use Antonio Gramsci's theory of intellectuals. In the Prison Notebooks, Gramsci considers the problem not only as a cultural problem but as a problem directly linked to the concept of hegemony, praxis, and ideology. I will concentrate on some paragraphs in his fourth, twelfth, and eleventh Notebooks. Secondly, I will try to analyze this movement through Luxemburg’s concept of spontaneity and her understanding of consciousness especially by use of Mass Strike and Stagnation and Progress of Marxism. (shrink)

Aristotle, who has come to the forefront with the significant contributions to the development of logic throughout the history, has been the source of different perspectives for his subsequent studies with his philosophical system and logic. Many thinkers and logicians, including Russell, have come face to face with Aristotle and his ideas, regardless of whether they are positive or negative. The aim of this study is to explain the meaning of Aristotle's syllogism theory from Russell's point of view. In accordance (...) with this aim, firstly the effects of the theory of syllogism on the development of logic and then Aristotle's own explanations are given. The study continues by examining the formal and contextual details of syllogism inferences from Russell's consideration. In the conclusion part, it is stated how studies in logic, which grew in size with the important contributions of Aristotle, reached a different point with the tradition in which Russell was involved. In the light of all these explanations, it will be seen that Aristotle and Russell look for ways to think correctly and consistently in their work, and they want to express the validity of inferences according to formal patterns. (shrink)

Background: Food is an important part of nursing care and recognized as a basic need and a human right. Nutritional care for older adults in institutions represents a particularly important area to address in nursing education and practice, as the right to food can be at risk and health personnel experience ethical challenges related to food and nutrition. Objective: The present study investigates the development of coursework on nutritional care with a human rights perspective in a nursing programme for first-year (...) nursing students and draws upon reflections and lessons learned. Research design: The study utilized educational design research. The coursework, developed through two rounds, combined on-campus learning and clinical placement in nursing homes. Nursing studentsʼ perspectives and experiences gathered through focus groups and a written assignment informed the development and evaluation of the coursework. Participants and research context: In the first round, multistage focus group interviews were conducted with 18 nursing students before, during and after placement. In the second round, four focus group interviews with 26 nursing students were conducted shortly after placement. Ethical consideration: The study was approved by the Norwegian Centre for Research Data. Findings: Three main ʽlessons learnedʼ emerged regarding introducing a human rights perspective in nursing education: 1) the contribution of the human rights perspective in changing the narrative of ʽvulnerable and malnourished patientsʼ, 2) the importance of relationships and experiences for learning about human rights and 3) the benefit of combining development of ethical competence with a human rights perspective. Conclusion: A human rights perspective enabled the students to give meaning to nutritional care beyond understanding of food as a basic physical need. Incorporating human rights in nursing education can support nursing students and nurses in recognizing and addressing ethical and structural challenges and being able to fulfil the right to food for patients. (shrink)

Rawls's view that the right is prior to the good has been criticized by various scholars from divergent points of view. Some contend that Rawls's teleological/deontological distinction based on the priority of the right is misleading while others claim that no plausible ethical theory can determine what is right prior to the good. There is no consensus on how to interpret the priority of right to the good; nor is there an agreement on the criteria of teleological/deontological distinction. In this (...) article, I argue that the critics' interpretations of the principle of the priority of right to the good as well as their conceptions of the teleological/deontological distinction have serious shortcomings to the extent that they ignore rich theoretical resources we find in Kant's moral and political philosophy. Kant's conception of human dignity and his division of the doctrine of virtue and the doctrine of right supply powerful arguments to clarify and sustain the idea of the priority of right to the good and the teleological/deontological division. (shrink)

New applications in medicine, science and technology are changing our lives. The delicate border between clinical trials and conventional diagnostic / treatment methods is becoming more evident. At this border new questions arise that need both rational and humanistic answers and that affect humankind‘s understanding of self: What are our responsibilities towards human subjects in clinical trials? What are our responsibilities towards patients and decisionally impaired psychiatry patients? What are rules about the routine techniques on decisionally incompetent psychiatry patients? What (...) are the economic parameters‘ affecting decisions?Many current research projects are concerned with the ethical problems of clinical trials of newly used medication, clinical trials of newly used measurement techniques, clinical trials proposed as conventional treatment methods, new measuring methods or conventional measuring methods on irrelevant patient groups; all being concerned with clinical trials of EEG and neuroscience. In 2009, the Ministry of Health of Turkey implemented new legislation on ―clinical trials and newly established independent ethics committees ‖. These independent and multidisiplinary IRBs analyze research projects and make recommendations about them. What should be the rationale about psychiatric patients in Turkey in a global setting? (shrink)