ABSTRACTAccording to the UNICEF report entitled ‘Ending Child Marriage: Progress and Prospects’, there are 700 million women who were married as children, and 280 million girls are at risk of becoming child brides. In Turkey, according to the reports written by feminist organisations 1 in 3 marriages there is a child. These figures are alarming and signal the need for further and urgent research in the field. In 2016 I made my first ever film entitled Growing Up Married. The film (...) explores what happens after child marriage by focusing on the stories of four women from Turkey and making their experiences visible and audible, in an attempt to contribute to and advance debates around this significant, complex and emotionally charged human rights issue which has often been discursively silenced. Working on a documentary film on forced marriage in Turkey poses challenges to me as a UK-trained and based academic, who focuses on theories around feminism and media rather than filmmaking practice. In this article, I critically reflect upon the process of making a documentary film, and theories around interviewing women to examine the tensions inherent within representing forced marriage on screen. (shrink)

Festschrift for Maḍiniyavela Śrī Mēdhaṅkara, Sri Lankan Buddhist monk; contributed articles chiefly on economic and ethical aspects of Buddhism.

Yüzyılın başından itibaren, kıta felsefesi ve analitik felsefe arasındaki tartışmalı ayrımın ötesine geçmeye çalışan ve özellikle fenomenolojinin birleştirici bir rol oynadığı girişimlere daha çok rastlamaya başladık. İki gelenek arasındaki köprünün fenomenoloji üzerinden kurulması, fenomenoloji ve analitik felsefenin kökende ortak sorulardan yola çıkmış olmalarına, tarihsel gelişimleri boyunca yollarının çeşitli şekillerde tekrar tekrar kesişmesine ve kısmen de felsefeden beklentilerin benzerliğine bağlanabilir. Makale iki felsefe arasındaki gelgitli ilişkiyi “anlam” sorusu üzerinden ele alıyor ve son yıllarda özellikle zihin felsefesi alanında ortaya çıkan işbirliğinin arka (...) planını açık kılmaya çalışıyor. İlk bölüm doğuşlarında aynı sorundan yola çıkan, ama biri dilsel anlamı ve dilsel analizi merkeze alan, diğeri dilsel anlamın içinde ortaya çıktığı dilsel bilinç yaşantılarının analizine dayanan iki felsefeyi karşı karşıya koyuyor. İkinci bölüm fenomenolojide anlamın, sadece ifade yaşantılarına özgü olarak değil de tüm bilinç yaşantılarına içkin bir şey olarak kavrandığını; anlam kavramının bu şekilde genişlemesinin, analitik felsefeden gelen bir ilhamla nasıl bir yönelimsellik yorumuna yol açtığını açıklıyor. Üçüncü ve son bölüm ise fenomenolojinin, dilsel anlam ile dolaysız deneyimde kurulan dilöncesi anlam arasında varolduğunu ileri sürdüğü genetik ilişkiyi ele alıyor. Ayrıca sadece dilsel anlamı açık kılmayı amaçlayan dilsel bir analizle sınırlı bir felsefenin, bir deneyim kuramıyla tamamlanması gerektiği öne sürüyor. Fenomenoloji, bilinçdünya korelasyonunun özsel yapılarını ve bunların genetik kuruluşunu betimleyen bir felsefe olmasıyla, dilsel anlam sorusunu önceleyen, dolayısıyla da olanaklı bir dil felsefesini tamamlayacak olan bir deneyim kuramını ortaya koyma görevini üstlenebilir. Analitik zihin felsefesinde yürütülen güncel tartışmalarda fenomenolojinin bu olası katkısı fark edilmiş görünmektedir. (shrink)

The “black page” in Spinoza’s Political Treatise has been much discussed and interpreted. These can be roughly divided into three groups: Approaches that see the “black page” as an extension of Spinoza’s theory of the passions and imagination; approaches that maintain that Spinoza excluded women from politics not because of their innate weaknesses but because of their social conditions; approaches that maintain that he excluded women because he saw them as weaker beings, but this contradicts his certain accounts, especially in (...) the Ethics. In this paper, I take the latter view. My contribution is to argue that this contradiction is not unique to the Ethics. I pursue my reading along two lines, one ontological and one political. In the first, I focus on the continuity between the Ethics and the Political Treatise and show that the “black page” is also inconsistent with the ontology and methodology of the Political Treatise itself. In the second, I argue that the exclusion of women also contradicts the concept of the political absolute developed in this last work, since this concept problematizes any kind of exclusion and provides for political stability the strategic principle of increasing the number of decision-makers as much as possible. (shrink)

Fenomenolojik hareket içinden fenomenolojinin transandantal niteliğine yöneltilen eleştirilerin bir örneğini yakın zamanda Claude Romano sunar. Makalede Romano’nun eleştirisinin neden isabetli olmadığı tartışılacaktır. Birinci başlık, Husserlci fenomenolojinin başlangıçtaki Kartezyen karakterinin ve transandantal dönüşümünün, şüpheciliğin ciddiye alınmasından kaynaklandığına dair iddiaya ayrılmıştır. Romano, Husserl’i transandantal fenomenolojiye götüren şeyin, felsefenin görevinin şüphecilik karşısında bilimleri temellendirmek olduğunu düşünmesi ve evrensel bir şüpheden hareketle bilinç ile gerçeklik arasında indirgenemez bir ontolojik ayrım varsayması olduğunu ileri sürer. Oysa Romano’ya göre fenomenolojiyi transandantal bir felsefe olmaya zorlayan bu gerekçeler (...) reddedilebilir. Zaten transandantal bir fenomenoloji olanaklı da değildir; çünkü transandantal kuruluş fikri, bilinç ve gerçeklik arasında varsayılan ikici ontolojik ayrımla ve fenomenolojinin gerçekliğe olduğu haliyle doğrudan erişime izin vermesiyle bağdaşmaz görünür. İkinci başlıkta, bağdaşmaz görünen bu tezlerin, korelasyonun kendisinin bilinç ve dünyaya önceliğini, bedenli bilinçle dünyanın kökendeki olgusal etkileşimini, zamansal ve çağrışımsal sentezler boyunca anlamın genetik kuruluşunu hesaba kattığımızda transandantal bir fenomenolojiyi nasıl birlikte olanaklı kıldığı gösterilecektir. Üçüncü başlık, Romano’nun transandantal fenomenoloji eleştirisinin dayandığı _sınırlı epokhe_’nin karşısına _evrensel epokhe_’yi koyacaktır. Dördüncü başlıkta Husserl’in şüpheciliğe yönelik esas ilgisinin, kökensel felsefe idesinden hareketle şüpheciliğe biçtiği tarihsel role bağlı olduğu açıklanacaktır. Son başlık ise, transandantal fenomenolojinin, şüpheciliği alt ederek felsefe idesini gerçekleştirebilecek tek sahici felsefe olduğunu ortaya çıkaracaktır. Sonuç olarak, transandantal fenomenoloji, realizm karşısındaki idealist bir konum olarak değil, her türlü nesnelcilik karşısında, nesnelerin varlığının ve bilgisinin olanak koşullarını araştıran bir konum olarak anlaşıldığı sürece, fenomenolojinin özgün bir felsefe olmasının onun transandantal niteliğine bağlı olduğu savunulacaktır. (shrink)

The current study examined youths’ and their parents’ perceptions concerning participation in an investigation of spontaneous and induced pain during recovery from laparoscopic appendectomy. Youth and their parents independently completed surveys about their study participation. On a scale from 0 to 10, both parents and youth rated their experience as positive. Among youth, experience ratings did not differ by pain severity and survey responses did not differ by age. Most youth reported that they would tell another youth to participate. Ethical (...) issues regarding instigation of pain in youth for research purposes are examined. (shrink)

Collection of published and unpublished 48 works of Śaṅkarācārya.

The complex and dynamic nature of systems pose a particular challenge to researchers and require the use of a research methodology designed to deal with such systems. The properties of fit, relevance, understandability, generality, control, workability, generalizability, and modifiability make Glaserian grounded theory and grounded action particularly well suited for studying systems. These methods are innovative, systemic, and sophisticated enough to reveal the underlying complexities of systems and plan actions that address their complex, dynamic nature while remaining grounded in what (...) is occurring within the systems as they change over time. (shrink)

The United States Patent Office of the 1850s offers a rare opportunity to analyze the early gendering of science. In its crowded rooms, would-be scientists shared a workplace with women earning equal pay for equal work. Scientific men worked as patent examiners, claiming this new occupation as scientific in opposition to those seeking to separate science and technology. At the same time, in an unprecedented and ultimately unsuccessful experiment, female clerks were hired to work alongside male clerks. This article examines (...) the controversies surrounding these workers through the lens of manners and deportment. In the unique context of a workplace combining scientific men and working ladies, office behavior revealed the deep assumption that the emerging American scientist was male and middle class. (shrink)

Bu makalede Simone de Beauvoir’ın feminist felsefesinin Maurice Merleau-Ponty’nin fenomenolojisini takip ettiğini, bu yönüyle onun bir feminist fenomenolog olduğunu göstermeye çalışacağız. Merleau-Ponty’nin fenomenolojisinde öz sabitlenemez, öznelerarası ve tarihsel bir anlama gönderme yapar; transandantal ise öznelerarasılıktan başka bir şey değildir. Onun fenomenolojisinde Kartezyen özne ve diğer tüm karşıt ikilikler aşılmaya çalışılır. Beden tüm diğer şeylerle paylaştığımız dünyaya açılmamızı sağlayan biricik anlam, eylem, varoluş aracımıza dönüşür. Beauvoir kadının ne olduğunu ve ne olabileceğini anlamaya çalışırken bu parametreleri takip eder. Mevcut kabulleri ve (...) teorileri eleştirel bir süzgeçten geçirdikten sonra, kadın deneyimlerine odaklanır. Sonuç olarak mevcut kadının ebedi, doğal ya da mutlak olmadığını, toplumsal/politik olarak inşa edilmiş bir gerçeklik olduğunu dolayısıyla değişebilir olduğunu gösterir. Beauvoir’ın kadın sorunu üzerinden gösterdiği bu fenomenolojik indirgeme ve betimleme, toplumsal eleştiri gerektiren tüm sorunlar için önemli bir felsefi zemin sağlamaktadır. (shrink)

Business ethics has become a very important concern in global business and understanding the effects of various factors on ethical judgments continues to attract research and practitioner attention. Using the Multidimensional Ethics Scale with its five generally accepted philosophical constructs, and vignettes developed by Cohen et al., current study investigates the relationship between cultural values, personality, religiosity and the ethical sensitivity of business students. We focus on a rapidly emerging country, Turkey, whose economic environment is similar to that of the (...) most Western nations but with a significantly different background and cultural values. Data for the study is collected from a major university in the southeastern Turkey. Although some significant relationships are identified between ethical sensitivity and cultural values and personality, our study findings confirm that MES dimensions had the highest influence on ethical sensitivity levels of business students. (shrink)

Śaṅkarācārya's commentary with supercommentary on Catuḥsūtra of Brahmasūtra.

Classical verse work on the Advaita philosophy and meditation.

Introduction The provision of abortion services in the Republic of Ireland is legally restricted. Recent legislation that has been implemented allows for abortion if there is a real and substantial risk to the woman's life, but in general Irish women must travel abroad for abortion services. The aims of this study were to investigate the clinical experiences of Irish obstetric non-consultant hospital doctors that work in this environment and to assess their attitudes towards termination of pregnancy. Methods We conducted an (...) online cross-sectional descriptive survey of 184 Irish obstetric NCHDs. Quantitate and qualitative analysis was performed. Results There was a 28% response rate. 88% of respondents thought that ToP should be permitted for fatal fetal abnormality if the parents choose, 96% if the woman's health is severely affected and 86% in cases of rape and incest. Over 90% of respondents believed a woman's health suffers because of the need to travel abroad to undergo a ToP. Physical, psychological and social reasons were explored. The research also highlights that obstetric trainees are actively involved in the provision of preabortion and postabortion care. Conclusions The clinical experiences and opinions of the respondents suggest that the current legal availability of abortion in Ireland is insufficient to guide best clinical practice and does not represent the views of those that provide obstetric care. (shrink)

Exhaustive study on Pañcadaśi, verse compendium on Advaita philosophy by Madhva, 13th cent.

Background: Attention to ethical leadership in nursing has diminished over the past several decades. Objectives: The aim of our study was to investigate how frontline nurses and formal nurse leaders envision ethical nursing leadership. Research design: Meta-ethnography was used to guide our analysis and synthesis of four studies that explored the notion of ethical nursing leadership. Participants and research context: These four original studies were conducted from 1999-2008 in Canada with 601 participants. Ethical considerations: Ethical approval from the original studies (...) covered future analysis. Findings: Using the analytic strategy of lines-of-argument, we found that 1) ethical nursing leadership must be responsive to practitioners and to the contextual system in which they and formal nurse leaders work, and 2) ethical nursing leadership requires receiving and providing support to increase the capacity to practice and discuss ethics in the day-to-day. Discussion and conclusion: Formal nurse leaders play a critical, yet often neglected role, in providing ethical leadership and supporting ethical nursing practice at the point of patient care. (shrink)

Avicenna's account of causal necessity in the natural world is a key part of his metaphysical system and it is also historically significant. Yet, there is little scholarly discussion of the philosophical basis of his view. This is surprising not only because the topic is important, but also because the view is challenging to interpret. Scholars frequently locate Avicenna's main defense of causal necessity in Metaphysics I.6.6 of The Book of Healing. A few look to Metaphysics II.1 of The Book (...) of Salvation, where he seems to liken causal necessity to logical necessity using the example of fire's power to burn a suitable patient. In this paper, I maintain that neither of these arguments provides a satisfactory defense of the claim that causes necessitate their effects, or the related claim that natural bodies function as necessitating causes. In this paper, I examine a different Avicennian path to these claims, spanning Metaphysics IV.1 and Physics I.13 of The Book of Healing, which I call ‘the argument from the PSR’. I maintain that, through this argument, Avicenna makes his best case for causal necessity in the natural world. (shrink)

This article analyzes the comparative history of the law and practice of abortion and assisted reproduction in the United States to consider the interplay between medical paternalism and legal paternalism. It supplements existing critiques of paternalism as harmful to women's equality with the medical perspective, as revealed through the writings of Alan F. Guttmacher, to consider when legal regulation might be warranted.

The term “principle of sufficient reason” (PSR) was coined by Leibniz, and he is often regarded as its paradigmatic proponent. But as Leibniz himself often insisted, he was by no means the first philosopher to appeal to the idea that everything must have a reason. Histories of the principle attribute versions of it to various ancient authors. A few of these studies include—or at least do not exclude—medieval philosophers; one finds the PSR in Abelard, another finds it in Aquinas. And (...) while Leibniz retains pride of place in these histories, Spinoza is sometimes said to precede him “in appreciating the importance of the Principle and placing it at the center of his philosophical system.” In this paper, the author argues that the same should be said of the Islamic philosopher Avicenna. Writing 600 years before his early modern counterparts, Avicenna routinely and consistently appeals to the PSR in generating his metaphysical system. The paper aims first to establish that Avicenna deserves a position of prominence in histories of the PSR, and then to consider how he addresses certain challenges to the PSR, especially the threat posed by necessitarianism. (shrink)

John Searle e Maurizio Ferraris, due tra i più influenti pensatori in ontologia sociale, a dispetto delle radicali differenze tra le loro teorie circa il fondamento del mondo sociale, sono concordi su un punto: gli oggetti sociali sono fortemente dipendenti dai soggetti ma non sono soggettivi. Tuttavia, tale dipendenza non può essere spiegata a fondo attraverso la logica soggetto/oggetto. In questo senso, il presente contributo offre una visione più dinamica, che prende l’avvio dalla specificità del nostro essere-nel-mondo e dalla relazione, (...) complessa e circolare, tra la mente umana e l’ambiente socionaturale. (shrink)

This article confronts the challenges and opportunities presented by medical-legal partnerships (MLPs) representing families impacted by the family regulation system. Based on the authors’ experience developing a collaboration between a medical-legal partnership, interdisciplinary law school clinic and nurse home visiting program focused on clients impacted by the family regulation system, the article challenges traditional conceptions of the MLP model and proposes an expanded vision for MLPs to address systemic injustice and improve outcomes for families.