Most discussions of the reproducibility crisis focus on its epistemic aspect: the fact that the scientific community fails to follow some norms of scientific investigation, which leads to high rates of irreproducibility via a high rate of false positive findings. The purpose of this paper is to argue that there is a heretofore underappreciated and understudied dimension to the reproducibility crisis in experimental psychology and neuroscience that may prove to be at least as important as the epistemic dimension. This is (...) the communication dimension. The link between communication and reproducibility is immediate: independent investigators would not be able to recreate an experiment whose design or implementation were inadequately described. I exploit evidence of a replicability and reproducibility crisis in computational science, as well as research into quality of reporting to support the claim that a widespread failure to adhere to reporting standards, especially the norm of descriptive completeness, is an important contributing factor in the current reproducibility crisis in experimental psychology and neuroscience. (shrink)

It is commonly understood that over-arching transcendental values (TVs) play a major role in directly influencing individual and group behaviours, including those relating to the environment. This paper challenges this approach, by arguing that there is good evidence to indicate that personal contexts – rather than TVs – inform many decisions that individuals need to make. As such, the paper argues that individuals use their TVs as a guide to forming contextual values, in a way that TVs only influence daily (...) behaviours indirectly. In order to review the potential utility of these arguments, we offer a secondary analysis of the International Social Survey Programme. The results indicate that contexts can influence behaviours independently of the set of (transcendental) values that people may hold. (shrink)

A bold new approach to combatting the inherent corruption of representative democracy This provocative book reveals how the majority of modern liberal democracies have become increasingly oligarchic, suffering from a form of structural political decay first conceptualized by ancient philosophers. Systemic Corruption argues that the problem cannot be blamed on the actions of corrupt politicians but is built into the very fabric of our representative systems. Camila Vergara provides a compelling and original genealogy of political corruption from ancient to (...) modern thought, and shows how representative democracy was designed to protect the interests of the already rich and powerful to the detriment of the majority. Unable to contain the unrelenting force of oligarchy, especially after experimenting with neoliberal policies, most democracies have been corrupted into oligarchic democracies. Vergara explains how to reverse this corrupting trajectory by establishing a new counterpower strong enough to control the ruling elites. Building on the anti-oligarchic institutional innovations proposed by plebeian philosophers, she rethinks the republic as a mixed order in which popular power is institutionalized to check the power of oligarchy. Vergara demonstrates how a plebeian republic would establish a network of local assemblies with the power to push for reform from the grassroots, independent of political parties and representative government. Drawing on neglected insights from Niccolò Machiavelli, Nicolas de Condorcet, Rosa Luxemburg, and Hannah Arendt, Systemic Corruption proposes to reverse the decay of democracy with the establishment of anti-oligarchic institutions through which common people can collectively resist the domination of the few. (shrink)

Journal of Political Philosophy, EarlyView.

O presente artigo debruça-se na crítica de Diderot à Helvétius. Apesar da crítica ser feita pontualmente a cada trecho comentado do livro De l’Homme de Helvétius, consideramos que ela possui um núcleo principal, que é a diferente concepção de materialismo dos autores e suas consequências para o que ambos anseiam para a sociedade. Por isso, investigamos o que há no horizonte do materialismo de Helvétius e de Diderot no que concerne à educação e como, apesar de estarem próximos no ponto (...) de partida, o materialismo, seu norte é diferente. A escolha do tema da educação justifica-se por tratar-se de algo que ultrapassa a teorização filosófica e busca inserção prática na sociedade, mostrando assim não só as consequências práticas das teses materialistas como também o ideal de sociedade proposto por cada autor. Aqui, apontamos para as principais diretrizes sobre a construção de uma educação institucional em De l’Esprit (1754) e De l’Homme (1771), de Helvétius, nas Em Reflexions sur le livre De l’Esprit (1877) e Refutations suivre l’ouvrage intitule De l’Homme (1877)1, e em outras obras de Diderot. 1 As críticas reunidas de Diderot foram publicadas apenas postumamente. Estima-se que a segunda, dedicada à De l’Homme foi redigida em um longo período, que coincide com a redação do Plan d’Université (1775) e Elements de Phisiologie (1875). (shrink)

Food for Thought seeks to enlighten people about their power as individuals to shape industry and society starting from the food they eat. The reader is invited to question who is really benefiting from our present food system through a detailed science-based analysis of food production and consumption. Perussello discusses how the production and consumption of animal products go well beyond the blatant violence against non-human animals: she posits that animal agriculture is procuring a world of disease, unhappiness, injustice, and (...) environmental depletion. Our author then presents an accessible, science-based analysis of animal food production from the perspective of Food Process Engineering. She then provides insightful discussions on the health, ecological, social, and spiritual implications of our diet. This information is supported by powerful photographs taken by Animal Equality's undercover investigators in animal farms worldwide. The author elaborates on the relationship between microbial pathogens (including Covid-19), antibiotic resistance, and the consumption of animal products, rendering Food for Thought a timely reading. The book also unveils myths on "humane" and "sustainable" animal foods, such as organic milk, grass-fed meat, and cage- free eggs, demonstrating how animal agriculture is the antithesis of compassion and sustainability, regardless of farm size, production system, and geographical region. Food for Thought is ultimately an invitation to a regenerated society. This book will help vegetarians and omnivores align their actions with their values and live a happier, more fulfilling life. The unprecedented views on food production offered by this compelling reading will also empower vegans in communicating with their non-vegan peers about the importance of following a plant-based living. (shrink)

In this paper I argue that some examples of what we label ‘algorithmic bias’ would be better understood as cases of institutional bias. Even when individual algorithms appear unobjectionable, they may produce biased outcomes given the way that they are embedded in the background structure of our social world. Therefore, the problematic outcomes associated with the use of algorithmic systems cannot be understood or accounted for without a kind of structural account. Understanding algorithmic bias as institutional bias in particular (as (...) opposed to other structural accounts) has at least two important upshots. First, I argue that the existence of bias that is intrinsic to certain institutions (whether algorithmic or not) suggests that at least in some cases, the algorithms now substituting as pieces of institutional norms or rules are not “fixable” in the relevant sense, because the institutions they help make up are not fixable. Second, I argue that in other cases, changing the algorithms being used within our institutions (rather than getting rid of them entirely) is essential to changing the background structural conditions of our society. (shrink)

RESUMEN El artículo reflexiona sobre las políticas de la memoria que deberían desarrollarse en sociedades donde han ocurrido masivas violaciones de derechos humanos, y cuyos procesos se guían por los principios normativos de la justicia transicional. Se analizan primero los conceptos de memoria e historia, y la forma como el Holocausto trans formó sus tareas en el siglo XX; luego se examinan dos modelos de responsabilidad propuestos por Iris Marion Young, y se propone cómo usarlos en la justicia transicional. Finalmente, (...) se explican las tareas de la política de la memoria en estos contextos. ABSTRACT The article carries out a reflection on the politics of memory that should be developed in societies where massive human rights violations have occurred and whose pro cesses are being guided by the normative principles of transitional justice. It starts out by analyzing the concepts of memory and history and the manner in which the Holocaust transformed their tasks in the 20th century. Ten it goes on to examine two models of responsibility proposed by Iris Marion Young, and suggests how to use them in transitional justice. Finally, the article explains the tasks of the politics of memory in these contexts. (shrink)

The development of neuropsychological assessment methods using virtual reality (VR) is a valid and promising option for the detection of cognitive impairment in the older people, focusing on activities composed of tasks of multiple demands. This study verified the association of age, schooling, and general cognitive status on the performance of neurologically healthy older adults in ECO-VR, a virtual reality task of multiple demands for neuropsychological assessment. A total of 111 older adults answered a sociodemographic questionnaire, the Mini Mental State (...) Examination, the Vocabulary subtest of the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Adults (third edition), and the ECO-VR. Correlation analyses, multiple linear regression, and comparisons between groups (effects by age and schooling groups) were used to evaluate the results. The ECO-VR total score was significantly associated with age, years of education, MMSE, and Vocabulary subtest. The linear regression models identified that age was the main predictor for total score and rule breaking of ECO-VR. According to the univariate analysis, it was identified the main effect of age group and schooling group in the total ECO-VR score, but there was no interaction effect. The results are discussed in order to understand the role of sociodemographic characteristics in the performance of older adults in a virtual reality task of multiple demands. It was also verified the possibility use of virtual reality for neuropsychological assessment of older adults. (shrink)

Throughout its great history, the feminist movement has thought the different facets of the repressive apparatus of the State, as a political problem and as part of its strategy of struggle and survival. In different contexts, antipunitivism —that is, the political response to the philosophy of punishment as the way to act to social issues— has emerged as a crucial element in the diatribes of antisystemic feminisms. However, we could not claim that there is something like a structuring and structured (...) tradition of antipunitivist feminism. Rather, what we observe is a set of concerns and political approaches of some feminisms to the strategies of punishment, in the moments in which the logics of patriarchal domination intersect with the gender-generic selectivity of the repressive apparatuses of the States. In the present work we would like to make the effort to deliberate the interaction between these approaches in order to enunciate what elements would compose an antipunitivist feminism. (shrink)

Feminisms in the second half of the twentieth century were reshaped by the efforts to end violence against women. Feminist activists in national and international settings invented concepts to refer to previously unquestioned societal practices as oppressive to women and changed the world by naming them. In this article, I engage with the concepts of femicide/feminicidio : the murder of women for gender reasons. I follow the history of this concept and its incursion into the broader political and public sphere (...) in Latin America. Focusing on the Mexican case, I show how the study of national feminist histories is relevant to the history of women’s activism in the international arena. This article contributes to the history of concepts by showing the linguistic distinctions and connections of feminist concepts in different sociocultural environments. Overall, this research argues in favor of studying feminist concepts with Latin American perspectives to articulate the complexity of the world today. (shrink)

According to the expertise defense, practitioners of the method of cases need not worry about findings that ordinary people’s philosophical intuitions depend on epistemically irrelevant factors. This is because, honed by years of training, the intuitions of professional philosophers likely surpass those of the folk. To investigate this, we conducted a controlled longitudinal study of a broad range of intuitions in undergraduate students of philosophy (n = 226), whose case judgments we sampled after each semester throughout their studies. Under the (...) assumption, made by proponents of the expertise defense, that formal training in philosophy gives rise to the kind of expertise that accounts for changes in the students’ responses to philosophically puzzling cases, our data suggest that the acquired cognitive skills only affect single case judgments at a time. There does not seem to exist either a general expertise that informs case judgments in all areas of philosophy, or an expertise specific to particular subfields. In fact, we argue that available evidence, including the results of cross-sectional research, is best explained in terms of differences in adopted beliefs about specific cases, rather than acquired cognitive skills. We also investigated whether individuals who choose to study philosophy have atypical intuitions compared to the general population and whether students whose intuitions are at odds with textbook consensus are more likely than others to drop out of the philosophy program. (shrink)

In this book, Camila Loew analyzes four women's testimonial literary writings on the Holocaust to examine and question some of the tenets of the fields of Holocaust studies, gender studies, and testimony. Through a close reading of the works of Charlotte Delbo, Margarete Buber-Neumann, Ruth Klüger, and Marguerite Duras, Loew foregrounds these authors' search for a written form to engage with their experiences of the extreme. Although each chapter contains its individual focus and features, the book possesses a unity (...) in intention, concerns, and consequences. In the theoretical introduction that unites the four chapters, Loew eschews essentialism and revises the emergence of the field of Women and Holocaust studies from the early 1980s on, and signals some of its shortcomings. In response, and in accordance with a recent turn in various disciplines of the Humanities, Loew highlights the ethical dimension of testimony and its responsible commitment to the other. In dealing with the texts as literary testimonies—a complex genre, between literature and history—, testimony is freed from the obligation to respond to the requirements of factual truth, and becomes a privileged form to voice the traumatic event, and to symbolically explore the role of excess. (shrink)

Este artículo explora la necesidad de desarrollar una ética intercultural de la información en el contexto de la cultura algorítmica. A medida que la tecnología sigue avanzando y los algoritmos desempeñan un papel cada vez más significativo en las vidas humanas, es crucial considerar las implicaciones éticas de estos sistemas desde una pluralidad de perspectivas, culturas, realidades socioeconómicas y género y raza. Basado en el método inductivo-deductivo, el enfoque metodológico es una revisión bibliográfica no sistemática. Examinando aspectos de la cultura (...) algorítmica para comprender mejor los posibles sesgos y desafíos de la toma de decisiones por parte de los sistemas algorítmicos resultantes de la extracción masiva de datos y el colonialismo de datos. Esta investigación pretende contribuir al desarrollo de un enfoque más inclusivo y equitativo de la cultura algorítmica desde la óptica de la ética intercultural de la información. Este enfoque inclusivo y equitativo de la cultura algorítmica puede ayudar a abordar los prejuicios culturales y poner de relieve los sesgos en los procesos automatizados de toma de decisiones. Al tener en cuenta diferentes perspectivas, podemos esforzarnos por crear algoritmos más justos, que promuevan la igualdad de oportunidades y resultados para las personas de diferentes orígenes. Esta investigación también pretende arrojar luz sobre la necesidad de algoritmos culturalmente sensibles que respeten y protejan la privacidad individual y los derechos de los datos en diversas culturas. Estas reflexiones críticas se hacen principalmente a partir de los problemas éticos causados por los algoritmos en la cultura algorítmica. (shrink)

The article presents a plebeian strand of republican constitutional thought that recognises the influence of inequality on political power, embraces conflict as the effective cause of free government, and channels its anti-oligarchic energy through the constitutional structure. First it engages with two modern plebeian thinkers – Niccolò Machiavelli and Nicolas de Condorcet - focusing on the institutional role of the common people to resist oppression through ordinary and extraordinary political action. Then it discusses the work of two contemporary republican thinkers (...) – Philip Pettit and John McCormick – and contrasts their models of ‘contestatory’ and ‘tribunician’ democracy. Finally, I incorporate a political economy lens and propose as part of republican constitutionalism not only contestatory and tribunician institutions but also anti-oligarchic basic rules to keep inequality and corruption under control. (shrink)

This volume examines the complex international system of the twenty first century from a variety of perspectives.

The present article inquires into the uses of Medea’s tragedy as a representation of political sedition in the XVII century, especially in Hobbes’ works who introduces the myth with few variations three times in his work. We are interested in the semantic shifts in the use of a tragedy that, for multiple reasons –to which we will later return– works as an epochal catalyzer of the political and moral dangers with which regicide is symbolically burdened. This constant role, identifiable in (...) the versions of Euripides, Seneca, and Corneille, combines differently -through history- the pairing of seduction and sedition that we try to reconstruct as a convergent element of the tragic vision of politics that runs through Hobbes work. Finally, we explore how classic tragedy is used by Bramhall in his debate with Hobbes, highlighting the connection between tragic and heretical readings of the philosopher. (shrink)

The failure of many patients with chronic conditions to correctly follow medical advice that they hope or intend to follow is a major concern, especially as effective long‐term therapies for chronic conditions materialize. Some US healthcare providers have responded with strategies that involve implementing contracts with their patients, including provisions that may deny future treatments after continued nonadherence. This is among the first articles to explicitly discuss the ethics of patient contracts.

Is it possible to provide a theory of truth that is capable of distinguishing the semantic status of paradoxical sentences from that of other ungrounded sentences without bringing meta-linguistic resources into play? We explore an account that extends Kripke's theory of truth with two primitive operators, one standing for the notion of paradoxicality and the other for the notion of hypodoxicality. Our results are mixed. While the paradoxicality operator behaves nicely, a number of restrictions need to be imposed to accommodate (...) the hypodoxicality operator. (shrink)

Tendo em vista o excesso de positividade e máximo desempenho presentes na Sociedade do Desempenho, Byung-Chul Han retoma o diálogo sobre a transição das sociedades disciplinares de Foucault e de controle de Deleuze, diagnosticando a condição de violência psicopolítica e o aprisionamento narcísico, em um cenário de catástrofe presente no atual regime de informação que configura o dataísmocomo uma das principais ferramentas do sistema neoliberal. Este artigo visa investigar outros modos de existência civilizacional, a partir dos desafios de reincorporação da (...) alteridade, propondo as inflexões que permeiam as visões do autor acerca da ética da alteridade, pautadas na dialogicidade, na experiência da negatividade do outro e nos imbricamentos entre o sujeito e o alter, bem como na alteridade das coisas, como modos de enfrentamento de tal cenário de barbárie, de maneira a reconfigurar as condições de ser e estar no mundo contemporâneo. (shrink)

Num sentido comum, o pensamento dogmático e/ou ideológico pode ser entendido como uma degeneração de formas de pensamento religioso e/ou político. Neste artigo, argumento que a filosofia tardia de Ludwig Wittgenstein permite fazer sentido desta ideia através das noções de “imagem do mundo” e de “dobradiças”, que explicam o modo como as nossas práticas racionais decorrem contra o pano de fundo de determinados compromissos não-epistémicos. Porque o valor de tais compromissos é dado pela sua capacidade de promover a agência racional, (...) o pensamento dogmático e/ou ideológico distingue-se categorialmente de outras formas de pensamento religioso e/ou político e é condenável filosoficamente. En un sentido común, el pensamiento dogmático y/o ideológico puede entenderse como una degeneración del pensamiento religioso y/o político. En este artículo, sostengo que la filosofía tardía de Ludwig Wittgenstein nos permite dar sentido a esta idea a través de las nociones de "imagen del mundo" y "goznes", que explican cómo nuestras prácticas racionales tienen lugar con el telón de fondo de ciertos compromisos no-epistémicos. Dado que el valor de tales compromisos viene dado por su capacidad de promover la agencia racional, el pensamiento dogmático y/o ideológico se distingue categorialmente de otras formas de pensamiento religioso y/o político y es filosóficamente condenable. (shrink)

El propósito de este ensayo es contribuir al debate metodológico de la historia intelectual en favor de un enfoque transnacional. Para ello, presenta los enfoques de la circulación y traducción de las ideas sociales y políticas desde diferentes ángulos, desde los primeros planteamientos de la historiografía de principios del siglo XX, en particular la italiana, basados en la analogía con el comercio internacional para pensar los procesos de difusión e intercambio de ideas, hasta los aportes más recientes de la Escuela (...) de Cambridge y la Historia de los Conceptos, centrados en el potencial de la metáfora de la traducción para pensar la naturaleza productiva del proceso de traslación de las ideas entre diferentes contextos geográficos y temporales. (shrink)

The paper presents two objections against Putnam’s Twin Earth argument, which was intended to secure semantic externalism. I first claim that Putnam’s reasoning rests on two assumptions and then try to show why these assumptions are contentious. The first objection is that, given what we know about science, it is unlikely that there are any natural-kind terms whose extension is codetermined by a small set of microstructures required by Putnam’s indexical account of extension determination. The second objection is that there (...) may not be a plausible concept of a speech community whose adoption would classify Oscar and Twin Oscar as members of different speech communities and, at the same time, render Oscar and Twin Oscar as being in the same psychological state. I contend that Putnam’s argument fails because both objections are justified. (shrink)

O objetivo deste ensaio é investigar a influência da teoria da diferença ontológica de Martin Heidegger para o desenvolvimento da filosofia política de Ernesto Laclau (1935-2014) e Chantal Mouffe. A partir do comparativo Schmitt-Heidegger será possível estabelecer uma linha de pensamento que caracteriza a formação política baseada na diferença ontológica heideggeriana e, com isso, estabelecer semelhanças e dessemelhanças no que tange ao desenvolvimento da teoria do discurso, de acordo com o terreno das práticas articulatórias, em acordo com o projeto de (...) Laclau e Mouffe. A utilização de Carl Schmitt no artigo corresponde a uma troca de cartas entre Heidegger e Schmitt, apontada por Sá (2015), na qual é possível notar uma influência mútua especialmente na teoria política de Heidegger. Do mesmo modo, apontaremos como as obras separadas de Chantal Mouffe e Ernesto Laclau se aproximam ou se distanciam do jurista alemão, dada a importância do desenvolvimento de seu conceito de “político”. (shrink)

El diálogo entre Helena y Afrodita en el canto III de la Ilíada despertó las sospechas de Aristarco de Samotracia, considerado el fundador de la filología moderna. El gramático atetizó los versos 396-418 y brindó cuatro argumentos como justificación. En este trabajo nos proponemos analizar atentamente sus razones, partiendo de la hipótesis de que estas están perfectamente direccionadas. Todas apuntan a elementos que no tienen precedente ni igual dentro del mundo homérico; aunque Aristarco no haya podido expresarlo en estos términos, (...) el pasaje en cuestión es efectivamente extraño porque se aparta de las expectativas del código cultural griego arcaico. (shrink)

The paper reconstructs the evolution of Hilary Putnam’s early, i.e. functionalist, views in the philosophy of mind. It distinguishes between the following two alternatives: weak functionalism, which asserts that traditional ontological questions about the mind are, in fact, pseudo-problems; and strong functionalism, the claim that the nature of mind can be discovered empirically if one acknowledges that mental states are defined relationally, without direct recourse to the properties of the brain. By analyzing Putnam’s reasons for rejecting weak functionalism and type (...) physicalism the author arrives at the conclusion that Putnam was wrong on both counts: weak functionalism was not an unstable position, and if one is willing to make some reasonable assumptions, strong functionalism is reducible to type physicalism. Finally, an attempt is made to isolate the causes of the premature success of strong functionalism. (shrink)

The present text is an essay on childhood and teacher education, making approximations and meetings that put in question the school, the education, the teaching, the time. Childhood is not considered a category of chronological time, but an establishing force of possibility, impossibility, questions, interruptions. Childhood is affirmed beyond an age, understood as existence, life, embodied in any body and in another temporality. It is interesting to ask about the childhoods that go through the teacher formation and, perhaps, think not (...) only how we form childhood, but how childhood forms us. How do they potencialize teachers work? Under what conditions do these childhoods arise? Is the teacher becoming a maturation of childhood, childhood or childhood? What gestures tear and explode with the ways we get used to being with the children and the ways we are used to becoming teachers? These questions have accompanied me in the challenge of devoting sensitivity, attention and listening to the senses emanating from childhood, and the childhood that emanates from the senses, in the exercise of being a teacher of Early Childhood Education. Therefore, this work is inspired by the childhoods of children of the Secondary Education of Pedro II College, in childhoods of my teaching with these subjects, in beginnings, openings and beginnings that potentiate to inhabit the school and become a teacher in a childish way. (shrink)

O presente escrito busca, a partir da sensação de luto descrita por um rapaz frente à desativação do perfil em rede social de sua companheira, esmiuçar o território das materialidades corpóreas, dos vínculos e dos comuns em jogo nas atuais comunicações mediadas digitalmente. Como é possível que nos afetemos por presenças que não mais se restringem ao toque da pele? A partir desta questão, pretende-se acompanhar cartograficamente algumas pistas que possam visibilizar dos processos de produção de afetos que perpassam as (...) contemporâneas estratégias de comunicação mediadas tecnologicamente. (shrink)

The judgement of human ability is ubiquitous, from school admissions to job performance reviews. The exact make-up of ability traits, however, is often narrowly defined and lacks a comprehensive basis. We attempt to simplify the spectrum of human ability, similar to how five personality traits are widely believed to describe most personalities. Finding such a basis for human ability would be invaluable since neuropsychiatric disease diagnoses and symptom severity are commonly related to such differences in performance. Here, we identified four (...) underlying ability traits within the National Institutes of Health Toolbox normative data (n= 1, 369): (1) Motor-endurance, (2) Emotional processing, (3) Executive and cognitive function, and (4) Social interaction. We used the Human Connectome Project young adult dataset (n= 778) to show that Motor-endurance and Executive and cognitive function were reliably associated with specific brain functional networks (r2= 0.305 ± 0.021), and the biological nature of these ability traits was also shown by calculating their heritability (31 and 49%, respectively) from twin data. (shrink)

Los modelos de atención comunitaria y de apoyo para personas mayores se centran en la colaboración y la responsabilidad compartida para proporcionar un cuidado personalizado. Este artículo destaca la importancia de integrar una perspectiva de género en estos modelos, evaluando cómo abordan los desafíos específicos de las mujeres en contextos de discriminación interseccional, invitando a una reflexión sobre cómo la cultura influye en la valoración y atención de las personas mayores, con un enfoque especial en Ruanda y su situación actual.

En este ensayo retomo las narrativas sobre el levante popular de 2013 en Brasil, considerando que tales discursos están aún presentes directa e indirectamente en la manera cómo comprendemos la actualidad, sobre todo la ascensión de la derecha y nuestras posibles resistencias a los múltiples elementos fascistas crecientes hoy en nuestra sociedad. En este sentido, analizo ciertas posiciones corrientes relacionadas con las reacciones conservadoras y punitivas a las protestas populares, que acaban por concluir que las manifestaciones generaron un “mal aún (...) mayor”. Traigo a la luz algunas premisas ocultas en esas afirmaciones que, operando tanto desde puntos de vista historiográficos como filosóficos, comprometen no solamente nuestro pasado, sino también acaban por empeñar nuestro futuro. (shrink)