An enduring concern for educational policy in many affluent countries is the endemic nature of educational inequalities that are predominately located in poor urban contexts. Given the inabilities of school reform per se to deal with these inequalities, the paper focuses on issues of scarcity and spatial processes that are implicated in the formation of young people's educational identities – identities that then mediate the conversion of educational resources into educational attainments or achievements.

El presente trabajo procura analizar brevemente el concepto de “humus” trágico que supo transmitir Ortega –conscientemente o no-, a su discipulado, durante la conocida Escuela de Madrid. Para ello, y en segundo lugar, sostenemos que se puede desvelar este “humus” orteguiano desde las ideas de Hayden White. En tercer lugar, proponemos cómo se desplegaron dichas ideas orteguianas en María Zambrano y en José Gaos, y sostenemos que lo hicieron desde sus concepciones sobre la razón poética y cierta gigantomaquia de la (...) historia –respectivamente-, las cuales no sólo reflejaron fielmente dichas ideas sino que, además, dieron un paso más allá de la propuesta orteguiana. Finamente, intentaremos poner en evidencia cuáles son las características zambranianas y gaosianas de dicha concepción trágica de la filosofía, las cuales irán mucho más allá del racionalismo europeo tradicionalista. (shrink)

Este artículo interpreta tres sueños decisivos que sacudieron a Descartes tomando como punto de partida lo que Heidegger denominó otro inicio de la filosofía en el espanto (das Erschrecken). Por un lado, se mostrará cómo las pesadillas que experimentó Descartes abrían la posibilidad de un pensar inicial. Por otro lado, se detallará cómo Descartes retrocede ante esa posibilidad. Vinculando la dimensión oculta del ser a lo demoniaco, Descartes buscó refugio en un pensamiento calculador fundamentado en un Dios veraz que garantiza (...) la disponibilidad del ser. El análisis de los sueños aquí propuesto busca llamar la atención sobre un trasfondo que ayude a comprender de qué busca refugio Descartes cuando construye el edificio de la ciencia y qué vías quedan abiertas en el subsuelo de su pensamiento. (shrink)

En el presente artículo se trata de ofrecer una visión global de la concepción husserliana del inconsciente. A tal fin se va mostrando como los análisis estáticos, genéticos y generativos van desvelando diversos estratos que actúan de espaldas a la conciencia despierta. La inatención acompaña esencialmente intención, así como la ausencia es inseparable de la presencia. Lejos de ser transparente a sí, la conciencia deviene desde un fondo inconsciente y, lejos de ser unitaria, es inseparable de una Ich-Spaltung que habilita (...) el canal de parto a partir del cual deviene la vivencia. (shrink)

Algunos autores han sostenido que es posible que en el pasaje de la mano invisible, en La teoría de los sentimientos morales, Smith esté contestando a Rousseau. Esta hipótesis se basa en una fraseología similar que usan tanto Smith como Rousseau en el Discurso sobre el origen de la desigualdad. En esta nota se mostrará que es posible realizar una distinción importante con relación al período histórico que Smith está analizando en el pasaje de la mano invisible de TSM IV: (...) 10 y el que Rousseau está analizando en el Discurso sobre el origen de la desigualdad, a pesar de la fraseología similar con relación a las rudas selvas de la naturaleza. Some authors have contended that it is possible that Smith is answering Rousseau in The Theory of Moral Sentiments. This hypothesis is based on a similar phraseology used both by Smith and by Rousseau in the Discourse on the Origin of Inequality. In this note, a clear distinction will be made. In the aforementioned works, Rousseau and Smith refer to different periods of time, in spite of the similar phraseology used in relation to "the rude forests of nature". (shrink)

This paper deals with the interpretation and distribution of universal Free Choice (FC) items, such as English FC any or Spanish cualquiera. Crosslinguistically, universal FC items can be characterized as follows. First, they have a restricted distribution. Second, they express freedom of choice: the sentence You can take any card conveys the information that the addressee is free to pick whichever card she chooses. Under standard assumptions, the truth conditions of sentences like You can take any card are taken to (...) be captured by formalizations in which a universal quantifier ranging over individuals has wide scope over the possibility modal. The crucial observation that informs the account in this paper is that this type of formalization cannot capture the freedom of choice component. I will argue that in order to derive the right interaction between possibility modals and FC items, we need to add an exclusiveness condition to the standard wide scope paraphrases. The same proposal that guarantees freedom of choice will automatically account for the distribution restrictions of FC items. The formal implementation of this proposal is cast in the Hamblin semantics proposed in Kratzer and Shimoyama (Indeterminate phrases: The view from Japanese, 2002). (shrink)

In this paper we analyze some of the major difficulties of informed consent. We consider insufficient to base IC on the principle of autonomy. We must not forget that the patient may be in a situation of extreme vulnerability and the good doctor should assume a degree of commitment and responsibility with his/her decisions. Our aim is to introduce the ethics of responsibility of Levinas in practice and theory of IC in order to generate a beneficent medical practice in which (...) the supervision and overseeing of the patient do not undermine his/her autonomy. (shrink)

RESUMEN El artículo reconstruye la concepción metodológica de Leibniz de finales del periodo parisino, que subyace al tratado Sobre la cuadratura aritmética del círculo, la elipse y la hipérbola (1676). Se muestra que Leibniz concibió un procedimiento en el cual el hallazgo de nuevos conocimientos de alguna manera coincide con su demostración, y en el que los procesos de análisis y síntesis se emplean de diversas maneras. ABSTRACT The article reconstructs Leibniz's methodological conception of the late Parisian period underlying the (...) treatise On the Arithmetical Squaring of the Circle, the Ellipse, and the Hyperbola (1676). It is shown that Leibniz conceived of a procedure where the finding of new knowledge somehow coincided with its demonstration and in which the processes of analysis and synthesis were employed in various ways. (shrink)

Introduction -- Concepts and theories -- Environment and citizenship : the basics -- Introducing citizenship theories -- Theorizing environmental citizenship -- Actions and practices -- Environmental citizenship in action -- Governing environmental citizenship -- Environmental citizenship incorporated -- Pedagogies and representations -- Learning environmental citizenship -- Conclusion : into the future.

This work is devoted to clear how the foundation of modern thought takes place as a reinforced reiteration of metaphysics which is provoked by a defensive fold of reason against the assault of transrational. We begin showing the way this asault is experimented by Descartes in a decisive moment of his life and how reagently replies to him. The article continues showing how physics and metaphysics are being moved in Descartes on the wake of a try to build seawalls against (...) the incessant return of what has been repressed. (shrink)

Nota crítica sobre PornoXplotación: la explosión de la gran adicción de nuestros tiempos, de Mabel Lozano y Pablo J. Conellie, Barcelona, Editorial Alrevés, 2020, 286 pp.

Las relaciones entre Teología y Filosofía son una cons-tante en la Historia de la Iglesia, porque esta ha buscado especial-mente el diálogo con los rastreado-res de la Verdad. Esta convicción aparece de forma concreta en todos los planes de estudio eclesiásticos desde que estos existen; en ellos siempre ha permanecido como ejemplo a seguir el trabajo filosó-fico y teológico de Santo Tomás de Aquino; se trata de una opción filo-sófica que ensancha la razón y le da un carácter sapiencial, porque (...) no descarta nunca una respuesta coherente con sus ansias de infinito. El nuevo decreto de reforma de los estudios de filosofía para los centros de formación católicos quiere recu-perar esta herencia de sabiduría, que se basa en un modelo realista de pensamiento, porque no todos los sistemas filosóficos son válidos para la reflexión teológica. (shrink)

Across languages, we find indefinites that overtly mark a speaker’s lack of knowledge: they signal that the speaker is unable to give any further information about who or what satisfies her existential claim (Becker, 1999; Haspelmath, 1997). From now on, we will refer to the marking of the speaker’s lack of knowledge as an epistemic effect and to the indefinites that induce epistemic effects as epistemic indefinites.

This study examines the relationship between cooperative business relations in small businesses and environmental protection, one of the most important policies of social responsibility in manufacturing. We reviewed the literature and carried out an empirical study of 930 small manufacturing firms in Spain. Results indicate that small businesses that maintain and improve their cooperative relations through business networking with universities, competitors, suppliers and customers spend more on environmental protection. The managerial, practical, research and policy implications of the obtained research findings (...) are discussed. (shrink)

SummaryA conception of numerical identity is introduced which, in accordance with a transcendental or imposition view of language, treats an identity predicate as having an ontologically generative function by genuinely being involved in the generation or construction of its domain of discourse. The proposed conception also allows for a plurality of identity predicates, each of which generating a domain, and it allows for the possibility that some such domains may not be unifiable with each other. All of these informal notions (...) are explicated in formal terms. Finally, a comparison to Scott and Fourman's intuitionistic conception of identity is made. (shrink)

Based on an idea of Ajdukiewiu, a method of equifunctionality is developed to provide a formal explication of the notion of sameness of use relative to some system of rules. Given this, a set‐theoretic explication of Lauener's context dependent conception of synonymy is introduced by looking at languages of ropositional logic, and compared both with Ajdukiewicz's original conception and with Carnap's explication of synonymy based on his method of extension and intention.

En el artículo se elabora una comparación sobre la libertad en Sartre y en Ricœur a partir de la lectura que ambos realizan de los textos cartesianos. En «La liberté cartésienne», Sartre sostiene que la libertad creadora que Descartes ve en Dios no es otra cosa que la auténtica libertad del hombre. En Lo voluntario y lo involuntario, Ricœur determina a partir de la generosidad cartesiana que «querer no es crear». Se argumenta que, valorado en su conjunto, el planteamiento de (...) Descartes se asemeja más a las tesis del consentimiento de Ricœur que a las del existencialismo de Sartre. (shrink)

El descubrimiento del Nuevo Mundo hace del nuestro el Viejo, metaforizándose en parejas de opuestos: nuevo/viejo, moderno/anticuado. Reivindicando invención y novedad, su modernidad contra el orden antiguo, el culto barroco de lo nuevo estriba en una nueva vivencia del tiempo. La revolución técnica del nuevo espejo plano y del más fiable reloj, hace cobrar mayor o mejor conciencia de sí, pasando de un tiempo sin cuenta a un tiempo contado y atestiguado en reflejo y edad. Moda del autorretrato: comparación angustiosa (...) o consoladora con el otro, cuidado de sí y cuidándose de los demás. Visión y aversión de los ancianos que denunciara Rousseau al final del Barroco: el sentimiento del tiempo hace sentir la injusticia de una sociedad patriarcal al joven, socialmente subyugado al mayor todopoderoso, que controla hasta su casamiento con abusivas leyes civiles que desvían y desvirtúan las libertades canónicas. Conflicto generacional, pues, arqueología de la modernidad. (shrink)

Food citizenship is considered a helpful tool for extending the debate about the rights and duties of citizens to the field of food, and for fomenting participation of all actors in the governance of agri-food systems. Despite its generalized use, this concept has still to be systematically defined. The objective of this article is to apply the analytical framework of citizenship to the food dimension in order to identify the features which, from an analytical perspective, characterise food citizenship. By reviewing (...) the available literature, we identify which are the constituent elements associated with the current concept of citizenship and we explore the treatment that different food theory approaches give to them. We also analyze what are the characteristics attributed to food citizenship by scholars and food movement practitioners. In addition, we propose a theoretical model of food citizenship structured into eight propositions. These propositions have as core ideas an extended concept of the right to food, the assumption of obligations, the combination of public and private behavior, the individual and collective participation, the empowerment of all actors of the agri-food system, the promotion of justice, fairness and sustainability in food systems, and a cosmopolitan character of food citizenship. The theoretical model of food citizenship we propose is a framework under construction, but we believe it to be a useful tool to stimulate theoretical debate about the concept, guide empirical research and foment citizen awareness about food issues. (shrink)

In line with its institutional commitments and in order to strengthen the relevance of its business education program in addressing the persistent social challenges facing the Philippines, Mission University revised its Master of Business Administration curriculum in 2012. A core change in the curriculum was the incorporation of action research training and the requirement for graduation of implementing and defending an action research project. The introduction of action research, which is based on critical realist philosophy of science, was intended to (...) enable the university’s MBA graduates to become reflexive and humanistic agents of change in their work contexts through the application of observation, critical reflection, collaborative analysis and action and scholarly skills. The implementation of the action research requirement is beginning to yield positive results based on the types of projects implemented by the students and their resulting sense of efficacy in the workplace. Challenges in implementation include the need to further hone student skills in pursuing more emancipatory projects and the need to further orient faculty in the critical realist philosophy underlying action research, as distinct from traditional positivism. (shrink)

Dentro do programa curricular da Base Nacional Comum para o Ensino Médio, a promoção da ética e dos direitos humanos é uma categoria constitutiva do programa das Ciências Humanas, no geral, e da Filosofia, em particular. Com base neste pressuposto, o artigo relata uma experiência de abordagem sobre questões de etnia, gênero e sexualidade em turmas do 2º ano do Ensino Médio do IFPR, campus Colombo, a partir de uma leitura de elementos selecionados da Ética e do Tratado Teológico-Político de (...) Espinosa. O fundamento teórico para a abordagem temática a partir do espinosismo consistiria em uma interpretação dos conceitos de Modo, Atributo e Substância, esta entendida como perfeitíssima. Se, para o autor, a Substância se mostra em diversos modos e com diversos atributos, e cada ser é modo diverso da mesma Substância, ou seja, Deus, logo: a) se o ser humano é modo da Substância e esta é perfeitíssima, não se pode dizer que aquele incorra em falta perante Deus por ser como é, e; b) se a ordem da Natureza também é perfeitíssima (pois Deus, sive Natura), diferenças de gênero, etnias, corpos e sexualidades são apenas modos do atributo extensão: afirmá-las como pecados ou falhas é dizer que a Substância não é Perfeita. (shrink)

Busca-se avaliar o impacto da difusão da filosofia de Hegel na França até os anos 1950, assim como a ruptura efetuada pela geração de filósofos que ganha espaço no debate da segunda metade do século XX, com ecos na filosofia brasileira a partir deste período. Nomes como Althusser, Lacan, Foucault e Deleuze estabelecem relações próprias com a herança do filósofo suábio, oscilando da influência profunda à completa ojeriza, impactando mundialmente a discussão sobre o hegelianismo: ou tábua de salvação ou alvo (...) preferencial num debate externo à filosofia do autor. Por fim, apresentar-se-ão alternativas a algumas críticas feitas pela geração de Maio/68, notadamente Deleuze, contra o edifício conceitual hegeliano. (shrink)

Logical localism is a thesis within philosophy of logic according to which the correct logic is dependent on the topic, domain or subject matter of its application. There is a very straightforward problem for anyone defending a localist thesis, a problem that follows from the fact that we reason across domains. This challenge is known as the problem of mixed inferences. The problem is, very roughly, the following: suppose that there are at least two components, within the premises or conclusion (...) of an argument, belonging to domains governed by different logics. Then, which is the criterion of validity for the mixed argument? Our aim is to offer an answer to this question and, more concretely, a way out to the dilemma that Chase Wrenn has raised in his analysis of the problem of mixed inferences. We will use Joshua Schechter’s method of combining logics, juxtaposition, as the criterion of validity for mixed inferences. After exploring its virtues and possible shortcomings, we argue that juxtaposition is a first step towards a fully-fledged solution, but already a promising way out of the dilemma posed by Wrenn. (shrink)

A partir de uma leitura do conceito de revolução molecular, apresentado por Deleuze e Guattari, busca-se analisar de que forma este pode indicar uma maneira inovadora de enfrentamento das formas de opressão que caracterizam a contemporaneidade como também entender a duplicidade contida em seu interior e o risco de seu funcionamento como caminho para reconfigurações mais opressivas ainda por parte do sistema capitalista, descrito como uma forma de vida que ultrapassa a questão da propriedade dos meios de produção para imiscuir-se (...) em todas as instâncias do tecido social. Se a rota da uma grande revolução, que porá fim aos problemas e criará uma nova realidade estaria bloqueada, o caminho seria o de pequenas revoluções permanentes, que vão produzindo novos fluxos de desejo e de ações, novas possibilidades de ser, de sentir, de pensar, de agir? Qual a eficácia de lutas ditas moleculares? A partir de que momento uma luta de libertação social tenderia a transformar-se em seu oposto? Os populismos modernos seriam tão moleculares quanto as lutas e o ativismo das minorias? (shrink)

En este trabajo consideraremos la relación entre el monismo de la sustancia divina y el pluralismo de las partes del continuo en sus escritos metafísicos de 1675-76. Este es otro punto de vista de la relación general entre monismo-pluralismo considerada por Andreas Blank, aunque compatible con el suyo. Para mostrar esta relación, primero consideraremos el tratamiento acerca de lo máximo en el continuo, distinguiendo dos tipos y mostrando que uno de ellos no fue tratado con anterioridad. Segundo, analizaremos el estatus (...) ontológico de la materia, como una cosa existente actualmente –aunque no sustancial. Tercero, consideraremos la teoría acerca de las partes del continuo como infinitas y resultantes de una división sin fin. (shrink)