Este artículo presenta una alternativa a la dicotomía entre razones motivacionales y razones normativas. En Practical Reality, Dancy mantiene que ambas razones se identifican con estados externos al agente--"tesis de la identidad" --. Hay dos argumentos en PR a favor de la TI: El primero se basa en una interpretación externista del significado de "tener una razón". El segundo presenta una vía indirecta, defendiendo que las adscripciones de razones según estados psicológicos internos no son casos centrales en las explicaciones normativas. (...) Estas dos críticas ignorarían una fuerte intuición normativa: el "acceso epistémico". Si ésta es persuasiva, los estados internos no pueden ser eliminables. /// This paper presents an alternative account to the dichotomy between normative and motivating reasons. In Practical Reality, Dancy argues that both types of reasons should be identified with external states of the agent--"identity thesis". There are two arguments in PR for the IT: one is based on an externalist interpretation of expressions like "A has a reason to x". The other is an indirect argument that claims that the ascription of reasons grounded on internal states cannot be central instances in normative explanations. Both arguments ignore a strong intuition: the "epistemic access". If this is a persuasive intuition, internal psychological states cannot be eliminated. (shrink)

Que los grandes sistemas filosóficos gozan de una vigorosa mala salud es algo tan aceptado que constituye casi un tópico constatar que nos encontramos lejos de las grandes propuestas que caracterizaron otra época. Quizás tampoco nuestra sensibilidad como lectores nos predisponga a mantener una opinión contraria. Si alguien nos adelanta su intención de desarrollar una teoría general acerca de cualquier fenómeno nuestra reacción más comprensible, según esa peculiar sensibilidad, será reprochar de modo inmediato lo arrogante de ese proceder disponiéndonos, con (...) más escepticismo que otra cosa, a constatar con satisfacción nuestro prejuicio inicial. El libro que comentaré es doblemente ambicioso en relación a lo que señalo. En ese añejo sentido al que aludo arriba, el filósofo americano Robert Audi presenta un amplio acercamiento al fenómeno de la racionalidad, mostrando los paralelismos existentes entre el ámbito epistémico y el práctico. En otro sentido menos evidente, de un calado quizás metafilosófico, Audi nos invita a ser un poco menos escépticos sobre el propio alcance de la indagación que tiene por objeto las grandes preguntas filosóficas. Aunque el libro de Audi muestre muchos problemas controvertidos, presentando con esmero y claridad una enorme variedad de temas, sus páginas sobre todo demuestran, con un proceder paciente, que no siempre es imposible comunicar una concepción sobre un asunto tan general como nuestra razón y su estructura. El éxito de esa quimérica empresa se apoyará, más que en la fuerza de argumentos explícitos, en la habilidad que tengamos para dibujar un mapa general que perfile y delimite algunos contornos en ese vasto territorio. En los dos sentidos en los que me refiero a este libro como ambicioso su intento es fructífero y merece ser discutido. (shrink)

This commentary focuses on the notion of ‘epistemic community’ and its role in underpinning the general argument that Karen Frost-Arnold presents in Who Should You Be Online? (OUP, 2023). The first section presents the general argument of WSYBO, outlining the general structure of the book and its central concepts. In the second section, three possible senses of ‘epistemic community’ are distinguished – systemic, aggregate and group-oriented. The third section explores tensions around a variety of group-oriented epistemic community. It will address (...) two ways in which certain closed epistemic communities organized around a shared identity can deviate from the epistemic ideals that guide Frost-Arnold's project. Some enclosed epistemic communities can be organized around exclusionary dynamics. Other enclosed epistemic communities may organize and grant membership around debates or controversies, affecting the deliberative quality of those debates. The epistemic potential of closed epistemic communities organized around a shared identity depends largely on avoiding these two deviations. En este artículo se analliza el concepto de 'comunidad epistémica' usado por Karen Frost-Arnold en Who Should You Be Online? (OUP, 2023). La primera sección sitúa este concepto en el argumento general del libro. La segunda sección separa tres posibles sentidos de 'comunidad epistémica' - sistémico, agregativo y grupal - e integra esos sentidos en el argumento general desarrollado en WSYBO. La tercera sección se centra en el sentido que considero más problemático, el sentido grupal. Se argumenta que, aunque algunos grupos cerrados contribuyen a generar conocimiento dentro de una comunidad epistémica, esas ventaja opera dentro de un abánico de posibilidades bastante estrecho, limitado tanto por la posibilidad de estructurarse como un grupo excluyentes como por la possibilidad de conformar grupos que vician debates desde dinámicas de pertenencia grupal. This commentary focuses on the notion of ‘epistemic community’ and its role in underpinning the general argument that Karen Frost-Arnold presents in Who Should You Be Online? (OUP, 2023). The first section presents the general argument of WSYBO, outlining the general structure of the book and its central concepts. In the second section, three possible senses of ‘epistemic community’ are distinguished – systemic, aggregate and group-oriented. The third section explores tensions around a variety of group-oriented epistemic community. It will address two ways in which certain closed epistemic communities organized around a shared identity can deviate from the epistemic ideals that guide Frost-Arnold's project. Some enclosed epistemic communities can be organized around exclusionary dynamics. Other enclosed epistemic communities may organize and grant membership around debates or controversies, affecting the deliberative quality of those debates. The epistemic potential of closed epistemic communities organized around a shared identity depends largely on avoiding these two deviations. (shrink)

Introducción de los editores al número monográfico "Diversidad y deliberación en entornos digitales".

Responding to recent concerns about the reliability of the published literature in psychology and other disciplines, we formed the X-Phi Replicability Project to estimate the reproducibility of experimental philosophy. Drawing on a representative sample of 40 x-phi studies published between 2003 and 2015, we enlisted 20 research teams across 8 countries to conduct a high-quality replication of each study in order to compare the results to the original published findings. We found that x-phi studies – as represented in our sample (...) – successfully replicated about 70% of the time. We discuss possible reasons for this relatively high replication rate in the field of experimental philosophy and offer suggestions for best research practices going forward. (shrink)

Appendix 1 was incomplete in the initial online publication. The original article has been corrected.

Bernard Williams proposed his relativism of distance based on the recognition “that others are at varying distances from us”. Recent work in moral psychology and experimental philosophy highlights the prevalence of folk relativism in relation to spatial and temporal distance. However, Williams’ relativism of distance as well as recent empirical findings which seem to support some of Williams’ main ideas on this issue have received scant attention. In this article, we would like to focus on the phenomenon of moral relativism (...) regarding spatiotemporal distance as an entry point to the nature of folk moral relativism and the methodology of meta-ethics. To do so, we first introduce Williams’ relativism of distance. Then we compare Williams’ approach on this matter to recent experimental approaches on folk relativism. On this score the main result is that Williams’ proposal is consistent with several well-established insights on the experimental study of folk relativism. Williams’ relativism of distance is not only empirically plausible, but it is also of relevance for shaping the methodology of an empirically informed meta-ethics. We close this paper by stressing this methodological contribution. (shrink)

This introduction presents the field of experimental moral and political philosophy as a confluence between different disciplines and research traditions. This chapter begins by highlighting the importance of several historical currents and presenting the scope and nature of a diverse and rich research agenda within the contours of a broad research area. The development of behavioural economics, the revisiting of John Rawls’ psychological assumptions in his Theory of Justice, the framework of bounded ethicality, the rebirth of philosophical naturalism, and the (...) burgeoning movement of experimental philosophy are given credit in the convergence leading to the current state of the field. This chapter ends by presenting a few active subfields that, in addition to their social relevance, may strengthen the hybrid enterprise of experimental moral and political philosophy by producing new and interesting results in the coming years. (shrink)

En el terreno de la moral, el contraste entre lo ¿que el filósofo Wilfrid Sellars denominó «la ¿imagen manifiesta» y la «imagen científica» es enorme y tiene unas consecuencias prácticas ineludibles. Este libro reduce la distancia entre esa imagen manifiesta y la imagen científica, dotando al lector de referencias fundamentales, enfoques diversos y un amplio abanico de temáticas a partir de investigaciones experimentales sobre nuestra conducta moral.

En este artículo presentamos las principales corrientes de la Filosofía Experimental y atendemos a una de las críticas más severas a la que se ha sometido este reciente programa de renovación metodológica. Según Antti Kauppinen la Filosofía Experimental está condenada al fracaso porque no puede obtener mediante sus métodos el tipo de intuiciones que interesan a los filósofos –las intuiciones robustas del hablante competente. Aun aceptando parte de las críticas de Kauppinen, en este artículo sostenemos, en primer lugar, que la (...) supuesta incapacidad de la Filosofía Experimental para acceder a las intuiciones robustas de los hablantes tiene que ver en gran medida con los métodos experimentales empleados hasta ahora por los filósofos experimentales. En segundo lugar, defendemos que el proyecto de reforma llevado a cabo desde la Filosofía Experimental resultará viable solo si se adoptan una serie de consejos metodológicos procedentes de la economía experimental. Únicamente entonces podrán los experimentalistas responder con éxito a la objeción de Kauppinen. (shrink)

This volume presents new research on the use of experimental methodologies in moral and social philosophy. The contributions reflect the growing plurality of methodologies and strategies for implementing experimental work on morality to new domains, problems, and topics. Philosophers are exploring the ways in which empirical approaches can transform our idea of the good, our understanding of the social nature of norms and morality, as well as our methods of fulfilling ethical goals. The chapters in this volume extend experimental work (...) on morality to previously underexplored areas. The contributions in Part 1 explore the methods and foundations of experimental work in areas such as folk moral judgments, metaethical beliefs, moral explanations, and reflective equilibrium. Part 2 focuses on issues in normative ethics, legal, and political philosophy such as virtue ethics, utilitarianism, theories of justice, and criminal responsibility. Finally, the chapters in Part 3 tackle various applied ethical issues including feminist X-Phi, animal welfare, experimental bioethics, and self-driving cars. Experiments in Moral and Political Philosophy will be of interest to scholars and advanced students working in ethics, applied ethics, experimental philosophy, social and political philosophy, and philosophy of law. (shrink)

Antonio Gaitán y Hugo Viciana Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, España Institut d’Histoire et de Philosophie des Sciences et des … Read More →.

A mística é um fenômeno presente em quase todas as grandes religiõesdo mundo. No cristianismo, esta manifestação pode ser notada já nos textosSagrados do Novo Testamento: desde os relatos que envolveram os eventos da vidade Jesus às visões escatológicas de João no livro do Apocalipse. Posteriormente,podemos en contrar registros de misticidade no grande movimento dos Pais da Igrejaconhecido como Patrística, se estendendo por toda Idade Média, até alcançar osdias de hoje. Todavia, alguns pesquisadores da antiguidade tardia, procuraramenquadrar o grande nome (...) da Patrística, Santo Agostinho, como o pai da místicacatólica. Outrossim, Agostinho é sumamente conhecido como um grande teólogo,filósofo ou mesmo como um gênio intelectual platônico cristão investigador daVerdade; sendo, porém, bastante diminuto, o número de pesquisadores que sepropõe a verificar se, de fato, há ou não razões, para que ele seja contado entre osgrandes místicos da Igreja. O presente ensaio traz à tona esta polêmica discussão,com o intuito de elucidar o problema que ora se levanta: podemo s considerar SantoAgostinho um místico ou apenas um grande nome da filosofia/teologia cristã? Istoposto, para responder a referida questão problema, nos propomos investigar osprincipais acontecimentos da vida de Agostinho, bem como, os principais textos desua obra, a fim de comprovar algum resquício de misticidade, seja em sua vida oumesmo em suas investigações acerca da Verdade. (shrink)

San Isidoro de Sevilla destaca por poseer un saber universal. Esta universalidad de su saber también es expresada en su reflexión sobre el ministerio sacerdotal. A través de una triple aproximación «teológica», «pastoral» y «espiritual», invita a los obispos y presbíteros a vivir su ministerio de una forma «eclesial», «virtuosa» y «santa».

The study of Buddhist texts can inform us of the way scriptures were composed, as well as illuminate the reasons behind their production. This study examines the phenomenon of borrowing and reusing portions of texts without attributing them to their ‘legitimate authors’ within the Buddhist world of contemporary Tibet. It shows that not only is such a practice not at all infrequent and is often socially accepted, but that it is used in this case as a platform to advance specific (...) claims and promote an explicit agenda. Therefore, rather than considering these as instances of plagiarism, this essay looks at the practice of copying and borrowing as an exercise in intertextuality, intended as the faithful retransmission of ancient truths, and as an indication of the public domain of texts in Tibet. (shrink)

Heidegger has often been considered as the proponent of the end of metaphysics in the post-Hegelian philosophy, due to his persistent attempts to overcome the onto-theological framework of traditional metaphysics. Yet, this dismissal of metaphysical, theological, and religious motives is deeply ambiguous since new forms of metaphysical and religious experience re-emerge in his philosophical works. Heidegger shares this ambiguous relation to the notions of faith and religion with authors such as Nietzsche and Wittgenstein whose works are also marked by a (...) critique of metaphysics and by a characteristic rethinking of the role of faith and religion. In fact, all three still remain, among other things, reference points for contemporary philosophical debates relating to the phenomenon of religion and faith. Rethinking Faith explores how the phenomena of religion and faith are present in the works of Heidegger, Nietzsche, and Wittgenstein, and how these phenomena are brought into play in their discussion of the classical metaphysical motives they criticize. (shrink)

The article pretends to situate basic patterns in order to think the nature of “the epistemological revolution”, having in mind criteria that allow to distinguish and meaning fully take into consideration the place from where one stares and speaks. This supposes to think “the epistemological revolut..

O presente ensaio apresenta, inicialmente, uma sondagem acerca da compreensão do Brasil contemporâneo pelo pensamento de seus intérpretes mais expressivos. Em seguida, analisa o último balanço da cultura brasileira operado pela Tropicália, um movimento que revolveu os traumas residuais da cultura brasileira ao inventar um padrão de compreensão sob novas chaves estéticas e políticas — em particular, a produção musical do movimento. Por fim, o ensaio analisa o disco Tropicália lixo lógico de Tom Zé, lançado em 2012, perseguindo a linha (...) de discos experimentais e de tese do músico. Nele, o artista retoma criticamente aspectos da cultura brasileira atual, conjugados com os temas culturais dissecados pela Tropicália desde 1967. Como a maioria dos ensaios, este se move por indícios e análises tópicas do disco em questão, a contextualizar e a problematizar a construção da identidade nacional. (shrink)

This article shows the close relationship that exists between two fundamental concepts in the theological doctrine of Origen of Alexandria: “fullness” and“participation”. These two concepts have been the subject of many earlier studies. However, they treated the topic in a more restricted sense, exploring very specific aspects of Origenian theology. The originality of this study lies in demonstrating how both concepts recur frequently in his theological thinking, give it a framework and hold his thought together. They consequently systematize and make (...) possible a perfect synthesis of all his thinking. (shrink)

El presente artículo plantea algunas consideraciones antropológicas sobre la biotecnología y su caracterización en esta era de incertidumbres. Se introduce el concepto de “ética de la emergencia” de Arturo Roig en un esfuerzo por avanzar en el análisis de la tecnobiología.