Results for ' Statistics'

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  1.  5
    I will abbreviate the causal law, C causes E by C—> E. Notice that C and E are to be filled in by general terms, and not names of particulars; for example, Force causes motion or Aspinn relieves hendache. The generic law C causes E is not to be understood as a universally quantified law about particulars, even about.Ii Statistical Analyses Of Causation - 1999 - In Michael Tooley, Laws of nature, causation, and supervenience. New York: Garland. pp. 246.
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  2. Trial by Statistics: Is a High Probability of Guilt Enough to Convict?Marcello Di Bello - 2019 - Mind 128 (512):1045-1084.
    Suppose one hundred prisoners are in a yard under the supervision of a guard, and at some point, ninety-nine of them collectively kill the guard. If, after the fact, a prisoner is picked at random and tried, the probability of his guilt is 99%. But despite the high probability, the statistical chances, by themselves, seem insufficient to justify a conviction. The question is why. Two arguments are offered. The first, decision-theoretic argument shows that a conviction solely based on the (...) in the prisoner scenario is unacceptable so long as the goal of expected utility maximization is combined with fairness constraints. The second, risk-based argument shows that a conviction solely based on the statistics in the prisoner scenario lets the risk of mistaken conviction surge potentially too high. The same, by contrast, cannot be said of convictions solely based on DNA evidence or eyewitness testimony. A noteworthy feature of the two arguments in the paper is that they are not confined to criminal trials and can in fact be extended to civil trials. (shrink)
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  3. The Foundations of Statistics.Leonard Savage - 1954 - Wiley Publications in Statistics.
    Classic analysis of the subject and the development of personal probability; one of the greatest controversies in modern statistcal thought.
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  4. Why do we need to employ Bayesian statistics and how can we employ it in studies of moral education?: With practical guidelines to use JASP for educators and researchers.Hyemin Han - 2018 - Journal of Moral Education 47 (4):519-537.
    ABSTRACTIn this article, we discuss the benefits of Bayesian statistics and how to utilize them in studies of moral education. To demonstrate concrete examples of the applications of Bayesian statistics to studies of moral education, we reanalyzed two data sets previously collected: one small data set collected from a moral educational intervention experiment, and one big data set from a large-scale Defining Issues Test-2 survey. The results suggest that Bayesian analysis of data sets collected from moral educational studies (...)
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  5. Rethinking the Foundations of Statistics.Joseph B. Kadane, Mark J. Schervish & Teddy Seidenfeld - 1999 - Cambridge University Press.
    This important collection of essays is a synthesis of foundational studies in Bayesian decision theory and statistics. An overarching topic of the collection is understanding how the norms for Bayesian decision making should apply in settings with more than one rational decision maker and then tracing out some of the consequences of this turn for Bayesian statistics. There are four principal themes to the collection: cooperative, non-sequential decisions; the representation and measurement of 'partially ordered' preferences; non-cooperative, sequential decisions; (...)
     
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  6. (1 other version)The Foundations of Statistics.Leonard J. Savage - 1954 - Synthese 11 (1):86-89.
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  7.  43
    What Are the “True” Statistics of the Environment?Jacob Feldman - 2017 - Cognitive Science 41 (7):1871-1903.
    A widespread assumption in the contemporary discussion of probabilistic models of cognition, often attributed to the Bayesian program, is that inference is optimal when the observer's priors match the true priors in the world—the actual “statistics of the environment.” But in fact the idea of a “true” prior plays no role in traditional Bayesian philosophy, which regards probability as a quantification of belief, not an objective characteristic of the world. In this paper I discuss the significance of the traditional (...)
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  8. Intelligent design and mathematical statistics: A troubled alliance.Peter Olofsson - 2008 - Biology and Philosophy 23 (4):545-553.
    The explanatory filter is a proposed method to detect design in nature with the aim of refuting Darwinian evolution. The explanatory filter borrows its logical structure from the theory of statistical hypothesis testing but we argue that, when viewed within this context, the filter runs into serious trouble in any interesting biological application. Although the explanatory filter has been extensively criticized from many angles, we present the first rigorous criticism based on the theory of mathematical statistics.
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  9. Probability, Induction and Statistics: The Art of Guessing.Bruno De Finetti - 1972 - New York: John Wiley.
  10. CPT Invariance, the Spin-Statistics Connection, and the Ontology of Relativistic Quantum Field Theories.Jonathan Bain - 2013 - Erkenntnis 78 (4):797-821.
    CPT invariance and the spin-statistics connection are typically taken to be essential properties in relativistic quantum field theories (RQFTs), insofar as the CPT and Spin-Statistics theorems entail that any state of a physical system characterized by an RQFT must possess these properties. Moreover, in the physics literature, they are typically taken to be properties of particles. But there is a Received View among philosophers that RQFTs cannot fundamentally be about particles. This essay considers what proofs of the CPT (...)
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  11.  32
    Simple Co‐Occurrence Statistics Reproducibly Predict Association Ratings.Markus J. Hofmann, Chris Biemann, Chris Westbury, Mariam Murusidze, Markus Conrad & Arthur M. Jacobs - 2018 - Cognitive Science 42 (7):2287-2312.
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  12. Spencer-Brown vs. Probability and Statistics: Entropy’s Testimony on Subjective and Objective Randomness.Julio Michael Stern - 2011 - Information 2 (2):277-301.
    This article analyzes the role of entropy in Bayesian statistics, focusing on its use as a tool for detection, recognition and validation of eigen-solutions. “Objects as eigen-solutions” is a key metaphor of the cognitive constructivism epistemological framework developed by the philosopher Heinz von Foerster. Special attention is given to some objections to the concepts of probability, statistics and randomization posed by George Spencer-Brown, a figure of great influence in the field of radical constructivism.
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  13.  10
    Índice de autores/as y estadísticas del número | List of authors and issue statistics.Gestión Editorial Cefd - 2018 - Cuadernos Electrónicos de Filosofía Del Derecho 37.
    Índice de autores/as y estadísticas del número | List of authors and issue statistics.
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  14.  66
    Physical probability and bayesian statistics.Stephen Spielman - 1977 - Synthese 36 (2):235 - 269.
  15.  33
    Homeostasis and Gauss statistics: barriers to understanding natural variability.Bruce J. West - 2010 - Journal of Evaluation in Clinical Practice 16 (3):403-408.
  16. Other issues in statistics I (missing data, intention-to-treat analysis and covariate adjustment).Tamara Jorquiera & Hang Lee - 2018 - In Felipe Fregni & Ben M. W. Illigens, Critical thinking in clinical research: applied theory and practice using case studies. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
     
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  17. Some issues in the foundation of statistics.David Freedman - 1995 - Foundations of Science 1 (1):19-39.
    After sketching the conflict between objectivists and subjectivists on the foundations of statistics, this paper discusses an issue facing statisticians of both schools, namely, model validation. Statistical models originate in the study of games of chance, and have been successfully applied in the physical and life sciences. However, there are basic problems in applying the models to social phenomena; some of the difficulties will be pointed out. Hooke's law will be contrasted with regression models for salary discrimination, the latter (...)
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  18.  47
    The Mismatch of Intrinsic Fluctuations and the Static Assumptions of Linear Statistics.Mary Jean Amon & John G. Holden - 2019 - Review of Philosophy and Psychology 12 (1):149-173.
    The social and cognitive science replication crisis is partly due to the limitations of commonly used statistical tools. Inferential statistics require that unsystematic measurement variation is independent of system history, and weak relative to systematic or causal sources of variation. However, contemporary systems research underscores the dynamic, adaptive nature of social, cognitive, and behavioral systems. Variation in human activity includes the influences of intrinsic dynamics intertwined with changing contextual circumstances. Conventional inferential techniques presume milder forms of variability, such as (...)
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  19.  24
    On the Frontier of The Empire of Chance : Statistics, Accidents, and Risk in Industrializing America.Arwen Mohun - 2005 - Science in Context 18 (3):337-357.
    In The Empire of Chance, historians of science Gigerenzer et al. argue that statistical thinking has been “second to no other area of scientific endeavor” in its influence on “modern life and thought”. This article describes how quantitative descriptions of risk associated with industrialization and technological change became part of the mentality of ordinary Americans. It explains why Americans began counting accidents, tells what kinds of accidents they counted and how they counted them, and shows how statistical representations of risk (...)
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  20.  48
    Nonreinforced trials in concept identification: Presolution statistics and local consistency.Leona S. Aiken, John L. Santa & Alan B. Ruskin - 1972 - Journal of Experimental Psychology 93 (1):100.
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  21. Quantum-mechanical Statistics and the Inclusivist Approach to the Nature of Particulars.Francesco Orilia - 2006 - Synthese 148 (1):57-77.
    There have been attempts to derive anti-haeccetistic conclusions from the fact that quantum mechanics (QM) appeals to non-standard statistics. Since in fact QM acknowledges two kinds of such statistics, Bose-Einstein and Fermi-Dirac, I argue that we could in the same vein derive the sharper anti-haeccetistic conclusion that bosons are bundles of tropes and fermions are bundles of universals. Moreover, since standard statistics is still appropriate at the macrolevel, we could also venture to say that no anti-haecceitistic conclusion (...)
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  22.  18
    Beyond Bare Statistics.Michael J. Reiss - 2019 - In Berry Billingsley, Keith Chappell & Michael J. Reiss, Science and Religion in Education. Springer Verlag. pp. 119-121.
    Much of the science and religion debate has focussed on statistics. The chapters in this section go beyond bare statistics by examining more nuanced studies of science, religion and education with the aim of developing a deeper understanding of the issues at play when attempting to deal with the issues of science and religion in the classroom.
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  23.  29
    Proof of the Spin Statistics Connection 2: Relativistic Theory.Enrico Santamato & Francesco De Martini - 2017 - Foundations of Physics 47 (12):1609-1625.
    The traditional standard theory of quantum mechanics is unable to solve the spin–statistics problem, i.e. to justify the utterly important “Pauli Exclusion Principle” but by the adoption of the complex standard relativistic quantum field theory. In a recent paper :858–873, 2015) we presented a proof of the spin–statistics problem in the nonrelativistic approximation on the basis of the “Conformal Quantum Geometrodynamics”. In the present paper, by the same theory the proof of the spin–statistics theorem is extended to (...)
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  24. Semantics, Hermenutics, Statistics: Some Reflections on the Semantic Web.Graham White - forthcoming - Proceedings of HCI2011.
    We start with the ambition -- dating back to the early days of the semantic web -- of assembling a significant portion human knowledge into a contradiction-free form using semantic web technology. We argue that this would not be desirable, because there are concepts, known as essentially contested concepts, whose definitions are contentious due to deep-seated ethical disagreements. Further, we argue that the ninetenth century hermeneutical tradition has a great deal to say, both about the ambition, and about why it (...)
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  25.  47
    The foundations of statistics.P. C. Mahalanobis - 1954 - Dialectica 8 (2):95-111.
  26.  31
    Quantum Bose–Einstein Statistics for Indistinguishable Concepts in Human Language.Lester Beltran - 2021 - Foundations of Science 28 (1):43-55.
    We investigate the hypothesis that within a combination of a ‘number concept’ plus a ‘substantive concept’, such as ‘eleven animals’, the identity and indistinguishability present on the level of the concepts, i.e., all eleven animals are identical and indistinguishable, gives rise to a statistical structure of the Bose–Einstein type similar to how Bose–Einstein statistics is present for identical and indistinguishable quantum particles. We proceed by identifying evidence for this hypothesis by extracting the statistical data from the World-Wide-Web utilizing the (...)
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  27.  40
    The lure of statistics for educational researchers.David F. Labaree - 2011 - Educational Theory 61 (6):621-632.
    In this essay David Labaree explores the historical and sociological elements that have made educational researchers dependent on statistics. He shows that educational research as a domain, with its focus on a radically soft and thoroughly applied form of knowledge and with its low academic standing, fits the pattern in which weak professions have been most likely to adopt quantification. One problem with educational researchers' seduction by the quantitative turn is that it deflects attention away from many of the (...)
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  28.  40
    More is Better: English Language Statistics are Biased Toward Addition.Bodo Winter, Martin H. Fischer, Christoph Scheepers & Andriy Myachykov - 2023 - Cognitive Science 47 (4):e13254.
    We have evolved to become who we are, at least in part, due to our general drive to create new things and ideas. When seeking to improve our creations, ideas, or situations, we systematically overlook opportunities to perform subtractive changes. For example, when tasked with giving feedback on an academic paper, reviewers will tend to suggest additional explanations and analyses rather than delete existing ones. Here, we show that this addition bias is systematically reflected in English language statistics along (...)
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  29.  70
    Thoughts on Jun Otsuka’s Thinking about Statistics – the Philosphical Foundations.Elliott Sober - 2024 - Asian Journal of Philosophy 3 (1):1-11.
    Jun Otsuka’s excellent book, Thinking about Statistics - the Philosophical Foundations (Otsuka 2023) is mostly organized around the idea that different statistical approaches can be illuminated by linking them to different ideas in general epistemology. Otsuka connects Bayesianism to internalism and foundationalism, frequentism to reliabilism, and the Akaike Information Criterion in model selection theory to instrumentalism. This useful mapping doesn’t cover all the interesting ideas he presents. His discussions of causal inference and machine learning are philosophically insightful, as is (...)
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  30. Galton's Blinding Glasses. Modern Statistics Hiding Causal Structure in Early Theories of Inheritance.Bert Leuridan - 2007 - In Federica Russo & Jon Williamson, Causality and Probability in the Sciences. College Publications. pp. 243--262.
    ABSTRACT. Probability and statistics play an important role in contemporary -philosophy of causality. They are viewed as glasses through which we can see or detect causal relations. However, they may sometimes act as blinding glasses, as I will argue in this paper. In the 19th century, Francis Galton tried to statistically analyze hereditary phenomena. Although he was a far better statistician than Gregor Mendel, his biological theory turned out to be less fruitful. This was no sheer accident. His knowledge (...)
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  31.  24
    A transformation of Bayesian statistics:Computation, prediction, and rationality.Johannes Lenhard - 2022 - Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Part A 92 (C):144-151.
  32.  26
    There is no psychology without inferential statistics.Shilaan Alzahawi & Benoît Monin - 2022 - Behavioral and Brain Sciences 45.
    Quantification has been constitutive of psychology since its inception and is core to its scientific status. The adoption of qualitative methods eschewing inferential statistics is therefore unlikely to obtain. Rather than discarding useful tools because of improper use, we recommend highlighting how inferential statistics can be more thoughtfully applied.
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  33.  15
    Reflections on the Foundations of Probability and Statistics: Essays in Honor of Teddy Seidenfeld.Thomas Augustin, Fabio Gagliardi Cozman & Gregory Wheeler (eds.) - 2022 - Springer.
    This festschrift for Teddy Seidenfeld is a collection of newly commissioned essays on imprecise probability by leading experts in the field. Each contribution touches on Teddy’s seminal contributions to the field of imprecise probability, and gives an up-to-date state of the field that cannot be found elsewhere. The title, “a reflection on the foundations of probability and statistics”, calls back to Teddy’s seminal book, “Rethinking the Foundations of Probability and Statistics”, bookends to a career that has made fundamental (...)
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  34.  35
    Tocqueville's interest in the social: Or how statistics informed his ‘new science of politics’.Michael Drolet - 2005 - History of European Ideas 31 (4):451-471.
    This essay examines Tocqueville's interest in statistics, and how it informed his analysis of democracy. It explores his early engagement with the discipline and shows how this proved critical to his and Beaumont's 1833 study of the American penitentiary system. It shows that Tocqueville's interest in statistics was long lasting. And it pays particular attention to his links with the British Association for the Advancement of Science, examining his attendance at the statistical section meetings of the BAAS conference (...)
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  35. Consciousness without Report: Insights from Summary Statistics and Inattention ‘Blindness’.Marius Usher, Zohar Bronfman, Shiri Talmor, Hilla Jacobson & Baruch Eitam - 2018 - Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 373 (1755).
    We contrast two theoretical positions on the relation between phenomenal and access consciousness. First, we discuss previous data supporting a mild Overflow position, according to which transient visual awareness can overflow report. These data are open to two interpretations: (i) observers transiently experience specific visual elements outside attentional focus without encoding them into working memory; (ii) no specific visual elements but only statistical summaries are experienced in such conditions. We present new data showing that under data-limited conditions observers cannot discriminate (...)
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  36. Précis of Thinking About Statistics.Jun Otsuka - 2025 - Asian Journal of Philosophy 4 (1):1-6.
    This article provides a concise summary of Thinking About Statistics: The Philosophical Foundations (Routledge, 2023), with a focus on the book’s exploration of ontological and epistemological topics.
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  37.  66
    Collectivist Foundations for Bayesian Statistics.Conor Mayo-Wilson & Aditya Saraf - unknown
    What justifies the use of Bayesian statistics in science? The traditional answer is that Bayesian statistics is simply an instance of orthodox expected utility theory. Thus, Bayesian statistical methods, like principles of utility theory, are justified by norms of individual rationality. In particular, most Bayesians argue that a scientist's credences must satisfy the probability axioms if she adheres to norms of practical and epistemic rationality. We argue that, to justify Bayesian statistics as a tool for science, it (...)
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  38.  33
    The law's Aversion to Naked Statistics and Other Mistakes.Ronald J. Allen & Christopher K. Smiciklas - 2022 - Legal Theory 28 (3):179-209.
    A vast literature has developed probing the law's aversion to statistical/probability evidence in general and its rejection of naked statistical evidence in particular. This literature rests on false premises. At least so far as US law is concerned, there is no general aversion to statistical forms of proof and even naked statistics are admissible and sufficient for a verdict when the evidentiary proffer meets the normal standards of admissibility, the most important of which is reliability. The belief to the (...)
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  39.  20
    Looking for Image Statistics: Active Vision With Avatars in a Naturalistic Virtual Environment.Dominik Straub & Constantin A. Rothkopf - 2021 - Frontiers in Psychology 12.
    The efficient coding hypothesis posits that sensory systems are tuned to the regularities of their natural input. The statistics of natural image databases have been the topic of many studies, which have revealed biases in the distribution of orientations that are related to neural representations as well as behavior in psychophysical tasks. However, commonly used natural image databases contain images taken with a camera with a planar image sensor and limited field of view. Thus, these images do not incorporate (...)
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  40.  64
    Bayeswatch: an overview of Bayesian statistics.Peter C. Austin, Lawrence J. Brunner & S. M. Janet E. Hux Md - 2002 - Journal of Evaluation in Clinical Practice 8 (2):277-286.
    Increasingly, clinical research is evaluated on the quality of its statistical analysis. Traditionally, statistical analyses in clinical research have been carried out from a ‘frequentist’ perspective. The presence of an alternative paradigm – the Bayesian paradigm – has been relatively unknown in clinical research until recently. There is currently a growing interest in the use of Bayesian statistics in health care research. This is due both to a growing realization of the limitations of frequentist methods and to the ability (...)
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  41. Philosophy and Suicide-Statistics in Austria-Hungary: Variation on a Theme of Masaryk.J. C. Nyiri - 1988 - In On Masaryk. Amsterdam: Rodopi. pp. 291-316.
    In his book The Austrian Mind (1972) W. M. Johnston observes that between 1861 and 1938 a striking number of Austrian intellectuals committed uicide. He also remarks that prior to 1920 suicide was relatively rare among Hungarian intellectuals, and as a possible explanation he refers to their more intensive political activity. The present paper investigates relations between a society's intellectual life and its general suicidal tendencies. In so doing it takes up a central theme of T. G. Masaryk's Suicide as (...)
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  42. Foundation of Appurtenance and Inclusion Equations for Constructing the Operations of Neutrosophic Numbers Needed in Neutrosophic Statistics Foundation of Appurtenance and Inclusion Equations for Constructing the Operations of Neutrosophic Numbers Needed in Neutrosophic Statistics.Florentin Smarandache - 2024 - Neutrosophic Systems with Applications 15.
    We introduce for the first time the appurtenance equation and inclusion equation, which help in understanding the operations with neutrosophic numbers within the frame of neutrosophic statistics. The way of solving them resembles the equations whose coefficients are sets (not single numbers).
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  43. Lies, damned lies, and statistics: An empirical investigation of the concept of lying.Adam J. Arico & Don Fallis - 2013 - Philosophical Psychology 26 (6):790 - 816.
    There are many philosophical questions surrounding the notion of lying. Is it ever morally acceptable to lie? Can we acquire knowledge from people who might be lying to us? More fundamental, however, is the question of what, exactly, constitutes the concept of lying. According to one traditional definition, lying requires intending to deceive (Augustine. (1952). Lying (M. Muldowney, Trans.). In R. Deferrari (Ed.), Treatises on various subjects (pp. 53?120). New York, NY: Catholic University of America). More recently, Thomas Carson (2006. (...)
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  44.  57
    Perception of ensemble statistics requires attention.Molly Jackson-Nielsen, Michael A. Cohen & Michael A. Pitts - 2017 - Consciousness and Cognition 48:149-160.
  45.  32
    When learning goes beyond statistics: Infants represent visual sequences in terms of chunks.Lauren K. Slone & Scott P. Johnson - 2018 - Cognition 178 (C):92-102.
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  46.  19
    Making a Paradigmatic Convention Normal: Entrenching Means and Variances as Statistics.Martin H. Krieger - 1996 - Science in Context 9 (4):487-509.
    The ArgumentMost lay users of statistics think in terms of means (averages), variances or the square of the standard deviation, and Gaussians or bell-shaped curves. Such conventions are entrenched by statistical practice, by deep mathematical theorems from probability, and by theorizing in the various natural and social sciences. I am not claiming that the particular conventions (here, the statistics) we adopt are arbitrary. Entrenchment can be rational without its being as well categorical (excluding all other alternatives), even if (...)
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  47. Gender Justice and Statistics.Scott Wisor - 2016 - In Kim Rubenstein & Katharine G. Young, The Public Law of Gender. Cambridge University Press.
    The last two decades have seen a welcome proliferation of the collection and dissemination of data on social progress, as well as considered public debates rethinking existing standards of measuring the progress of societies. These efforts are to be welcomed. However, they are only a nascent step on a longer road to the improved measurement of social progress. In this paper, I focus on the central role that gender should take in future efforts to measure progress in securing human rights, (...)
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  48.  25
    How (not) to demonstrate unconscious priming: Overcoming issues with post-hoc data selection, low power, and frequentist statistics.Timo Stein, Simon van Gaal & Johannes J. Fahrenfort - 2024 - Consciousness and Cognition 119 (C):103669.
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  49.  36
    The summation method in statistics.H. S. Razran & M. E. Wagner - 1931 - Journal of Experimental Psychology 14 (3):270.
  50. Causal inference in statistics. An overview.Judea Pearl - 2009 - Statistics Surveys 3:96-146.
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