Abstract

As hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) continue to rise in popularity due to their potential to reduce carbon emissions and increase fuel efficiency, the efficient management of battery thermal behavior has become an essential concern. Batteries in HEVs experience substantial heat generation during operation, which can lead to performance degradation, shortened lifespan, and safety hazards such as thermal runaway. Traditional cooling methods, such as air or liquid cooling, often fail to provide sufficient heat dissipation, especially under high load conditions.