Hallucination as Theorized by Merleau-Ponty and Lacan

Chiasmi International 18:91-103 (2016)
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Abstract

Starting with Freud’s views on the differences in how reality is approached in neurosis and in psychosis, the article analyzes how Merleau-Ponty and Lacan understand hallucinatory phenomena. For Merleau-Ponty, the perceived object is an actual reality, while Lacan questions both the unity and the facticity of this object. Lacan, following Freud, highlights the fantasmatic aspect of reality, which he distinguishes from the real. Merleau-Ponty, in contrast, focuses on the interaction of subject and object in hallucinations, which he relates to ordinary perception. He views hallucination as an error of consciousness; Lacan finds in it a new reality, which is neither more nor less false than the reality of neurosis.À partir des points de vue de Freud concernant les différentes manières dont la réalité est approchée dans la névrose et dans la psychose, cet article analyse comment Merleau-Ponty et Lacan comprennent le phénomène hallucinatoire. Pour Merleau-Ponty, l’objet perçu est une réalité actuelle, tandis que Lacan questionne à la fois l’unité et la facticité de cet objet. Lacan, suivant Freud, souligne l’aspect fantasmatique de la réalité, qu’il distingue du réel. Merleau-Ponty en revanche, met l’accent sur l’interaction du sujet et de l’objet dans les hallucinations, qu’il rapporte à la perception ordinaire. Il conçoit l’hallucination comme une erreur de la conscience ; Lacan y trouve une nouvelle réalité, qui n’est ni plus ni moins fausse que la réalité de la névrose. A partire dalla distinzione delineata da Freud riguardo al modo in cui la realtà è affrontata nella nevrosi e nella psicosi, il presente articolo prende in esame il modo in cui Merleau-Ponty e Lacan comprendono i fenomeni allucinatori. Per Merleau-Ponty l’oggetto percepito è una realtà attuale, laddove invece Lacan pone in questione al contempo l’unicità e la fatticità di tale oggetto. Seguendo Freud, Lacan sottolinea l’aspetto fantasmatico della realtà, che egli distingue da ciò che chiama reale. Al contrario Merleau-Ponty si concentra sull’interazione tra soggetto e oggetto, nel suo esame delle allucinazioni, che collega alla percezione ordinaria. L’allucinazione è allora vista come un errore della coscienza, mentre Lacan individua in essa una nuova realtà, da considerare come né più falsa, né meno falsa della realtà della nevrosi.

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