Abstract

From the 9th to the 12th century A.D. the local people residing in the Transoxiana and Khorasan increased their efforts for liberating themselves from the dependence on the Arab caliph and for establishing independent governments. This era led to positive developments, and important achievements in the cultural life of the mentioned people. Prominent scholars were trained during this period, including: Esmail Bokhari, Abu Nasr Farabi, Abu Bakr Kharazmi, Abu Reyhan Biruni, Rudaki, Abu Ali Sina, Zamakhshari, and Marghinani. Moreover, during this period great achievements were also gained in both the worldly and religious fields, such as mathematics, astronomy, medicine, jurisprudence, The science of hadith, and history. This period can be described as the First Renaissance in the history of the mentioned regions, due to its achievements,development trend, and progress in various aspects. In the philosophical realm, in this era, various treatises have been compiled on concepts including being, beings, stages and states of being, as well as the secrets of human being's thinking, logic and its importance in other sciences. Acquiring knowledge about the perfection of man, achievement of spiritual perfection, establishment of utopia, through the light of knowledge and the importance of Islam in the social and philosophical domains, possessed special features.