This paper aims to identify the conventional methods of determining validity. Then, analyze the methods from the Islamic perspective. The methods of determining validity here refer to methods that can ensure the instrument’s validity or measurement and data validity. Instrument’s validity or measurement and data validity leads to results and findings which are true. The question is what are the methods of determining validity contained in conventional research? Are these methods appropriate for research related to the affairs of Islam and (...) the Muslims? This paper aims to answer both of these questions through a textual analysis on a few literatures. For the first question, this paper discusses the identified six conventional methods of determining validity. Such methods include methods for determining validity of the instrument or measurement and methods of determining data validity. As for the second question, this paper concludes that the conventional methods of determining validity is inappropriate as the method of determining validity for research related to the affairs of Islam and the Muslims. (shrink)

This paper explores some theoretical reflections on the connection between C. S. Lewis’s thoughts on the purpose and process of education and his understanding of supernatural human nature which has been relatively little explored. An introduction about Lewis’s career as a college teacher blends into the background of this paper. It is followed by Lewis’ argument on the purpose of education which is: To produce a ‘‘good man’’ who pursues knowledge for the sake of learning and makes the right emotional (...) and behavioural responses, affirming truly objective and universal values. Intertwined with this argument is the dual reality of the human condition straddling this world and the other one with the latter taking precedence over the former. In order to produce educated men and women, Lewis argues for making the most of literary experiences and liberal studies as a main avenue toward the transformation of the inner self of each student. These literary experiences need to be combined with a healthy dose of the right action and behaviour because deliberate action with a purpose can create a reality in our character through the process of gaining momentum as a real interest or attitude in that direction takes hold. Lastly, some of the implications of these reflections for those who work with the young in schools and in liberal education are drawn out. (shrink)

In Indian tradition religious development of a person is complete when he experiences the world within himself.The realization of the existence of the omnipresent Brahman --- the Great Spirit is the goal of the spiritual venture. Gradually traditional Hinduism developed negative elements born out of age-old superstitious practices. During the nineteenth century changes occurred in the socio-cultural sphere of colonial India. Challenges from Christianity and Brahmoism led the orthodox Hindus becoming defensive of their practices.Towards the end of the century the (...) nationalist forces identified with traditional Hinduism.Sri Ramakrishna, a Bengali temple-priest propagated a new interpretation of the Hindu scriptures.Without formal education he could interpret the essence of the scriptures with an unprecedented simplicity.With a deep insight into the rapidly changing social scenario he realized the necessity of a humanist religious practice. He preached the message to serve the people as the representative of God.In an age of religious debates he practiced all the religions and attained at the same Truth.Swami Vivekananda, his closest disciple carried the message to the Western world.In the Conference of World religions held at Chicago he won the heart of the audience by a simple speech which reflected his deep belief in the humanist message of the Upanishads.Later on he was successful to establish the Ramakrishna Mission at Belur, West Bengal. He initiated a religious movement with the sole aim and objective being the dedicated service to the humanity.At present the Ramakrishna Mission with its branches all over the world serves the cause of humanity, contribute to the dissemination of the man-making mission propagated by Swamiji and represent the spirit of Indian culture in the world. The paper will address how Swamiji inaugurated a humanist movement amidst numerous challenges and was successful to leave a progeny of saffron-clad monks dedicated to the well being of the mankind. (shrink)

The millennium old world civilization has come across a plethora of clashes among different communities. Protective mechanisms in order to prevent those conflicts and clashes are scarce enough which ultimately led to heavy casualties across different phases of world society.There were a great amount of philosophers and statesman who tried to prevent these clashes.But still it persists. In the contemporary world, super national organisations and regional organisations to a large extent plays a quintessential role in order establish conflict less world.However (...) the human community is suffering a lot due to the scour ages of war.War starts not in the battlefield, but it starts from the minds of the people stated by UNESCO.Individuals and their emancipation is the need of the hour in the contemporary world order. Individuals and nation states conflicts with one another on the bases viz., religion, ethnic, colour, and caste so on so forth.These bases are known for its sentimental composition which provokes the fellow humans to contradict with each other.Eastern philosophers and western bolsters various remedial steps in order to have ideal global order.Gandhism in India played pivotal role in shaping India and as well as Indians.Likewise each and every country has its own great social philosophers who fought for ideal order of human living. This piece of descriptive paper endeavours to scrutinize appropriate philosophical ideals in order to carve out ideal global order. (shrink)