This chapter provides summaries for each of the 24 substantive chapters of Robert W. McGee and Serkan Benk (Eds.) (2023). The Ethics of Bribery: Theoretical and Empirical Studies. Switzerland: Springer. It also provides citations to additional summaries of more studies on the ethics of bribery.

This chapter introduces the reader to the chapters in the book, The Ethics of Bribery: Theoretical and Empirical Studies, and also briefly discusses the other publications in the ethics of bribery and ethics of tax evasion series.

The present study is part of a much larger study that examined the ethics of bribery and the ethics of tax evasion from a variety of perspectives. In this study, data were taken from the most recent World Values Survey. Seventy-six countries were included in the survey. Of the 76 countries included in the survey, 49 (64.4%) of the urban and rural populations did not differ significantly in their view of bribe taking. Rural populations considered taking a bribe to be (...) significantly more serious in 15 countries (19.7%). Urban populations considered taking a bribe to be significantly more serious in 12 countries (15.8%). (shrink)

At the outset, and for virtually all people, bribery appears to be a crime per se. That is, there are no exceptions. You bribe someone or accept a bribe from another person, you are a criminal. Our claim, in sharp contrast, is that matters are quite a bit more complicated than that. Let us see, gentle reader, if we can bribe you into reading this material with an open mind on the basis of this hopefully interesting and challenging introduction to (...) the subject. (shrink)

The present study is part of a much larger study that examined the ethics of bribery and the ethics of tax evasion from a variety of perspectives. Data were taken from the most recent Wave of the World Values Survey. Data were collected in 56 countries. Participants were asked how risky is it to give or receive a bribe, where 1 = no risk at all and 10 = very high risk. Countries were then ranked. The countries where the rank (...) was the lowest were Peru (1), Ukraine (2), Chile (3), Andorra (4), and New Zealand/Venezuela (tied for fifth place). The countries with the highest risk were Ethiopia (56), Jordan (55), Puerto Rico (54), Iraq (53), and Egypt (52). In the aggregate, male and female mean scores did not differ significantly. Females felt significantly more comfortable giving or receiving bribes in two countries: Greece and Mongolia. Men felt significantly more comfortable giving or receiving a bribe in five countries – Malaysia, Mexico, Morocco, the United States, and Zimbabwe. (shrink)

The present study is part of a much larger study that examined the ethics of bribery and the ethics of tax evasion from a variety of perspectives. Data were taken from the most recent Wave of the World Values Survey. Data were collected in 82 countries. Participants were asked how frequently voters were bribed. The options were 1 = very often, 2 = fairly often, 3 = not often, and 4 = not at all often. Weighted averages were calculated, and (...) countries were ranked from most frequent to least frequent. The five countries where voters were bribed the most were Albania (1), Colombia (2), Nigeria (3), Puerto Rico (4), and Mexico (5). The five countries where voters were bribed least often were Sweden (82), Germany (81), Denmark (80), Singapore (79), and Tajikistan (78). Perhaps the reason Tajikistan was ranked so high was that the President of Tajikistan has never had any serious opposition, with the result that bribery is not necessary. (shrink)

The present study is part of a much larger study that examined the ethics of bribery and the ethics of tax evasion from a variety of perspectives. In this study, a survey was distributed to 64 students at a university in Mexico City. They were asked to place a number from 1 to 100 in the appropriate space to reflect their view on the seriousness of 75 acts, where 1 = not serious and 100 = extremely serious. The four bribery (...) scenarios were ranked about in the middle. Paying a bribe when pressured to do so was significantly less serious than the other categories of bribery – offering to pay a bribe, accepting an unsolicited bribe, and soliciting a bribe. The other three categories of bribe were found to be equally serious (p > 0.05). (shrink)

While most people assume that all bribery is unethical, the literature provides examples and philosophical arguments to support the proposition that some bribery may actually be ethical, based on utilitarian grounds. This book provides a theoretical and empirical examination of bribery from an ethical perspective. It examines empirical data from over 80 countries and reports on attitudes toward bribery examining demographic variables such as gender, age, ethnicity, education, income level, religion and social class. Multi-country comparisons are provided to determine whether (...) views toward bribery differ by geographic location. (shrink)

The present study is part of a much larger study that examined the ethics of bribery and the ethics of tax evasion from a variety of perspectives. In this study, data were taken from the most recent World Values Survey. Forty-eight countries were included in the study. Social class was often a significant demographic variable. However, no clear pattern emerged regarding which social class was most or least opposed to bribe taking.

This chapter summarizes the results of ten studies that were conducted on the relationship between size of town and attitude toward bribery. Additional summaries will be published in the second volume of this series, The Ethics of Bribery: Country Studies.

This chapter summarizes the results of 14 studies that were conducted on the relationship between sector of employment and attitude toward bribery. Additional summaries will be published in the second volume of this series, The Ethics of Bribery: Country Studies.

This chapter summarizes the results of 19 studies that were conducted on the relationship between religious denomination and attitude toward bribery. Additional summaries will be published in the second volume of this series, The Ethics of Bribery: Country Studies.

The present study is part of a much larger study that examines the ethics of bribery and the ethics of tax evasion from a variety of perspectives. In this study, data were taken from the most recent World Values Survey. The main demographic variable examined was religion. Overall, nearly 70% believed that accepting a bribe could never be justified. Attitudes toward bribery were ranked on the basis of religion. The Jewish respondents were least opposed to accepting a bribe, while the (...) Muslim respondents were most opposed. Religion was a significant demographic variable. Overall, women were slightly more opposed to accepting a bribe. Christian women were significantly more opposed to taking a bribe than were Christian men. Other male-female comparisons of mean scores by religion were not significant. (shrink)

This chapter summarizes the results of 12 studies that were conducted on the relationship between religiosity and attitude toward bribery. Additional summaries will be published in the second volume of this series, The Ethics of Bribery: Country Studies.

This chapter summarizes the results of 20 studies that were conducted on the relationship between marital status and attitude toward bribery. Additional summaries will be published in the second volume of this series, The Ethics of Bribery: Country Studies.

The present study is part of a much larger study that examined the ethics of bribery and the ethics of tax evasion from a variety of perspectives. In this study, data were taken from the most recent World Values Survey. Forty-eight countries were included in the study.?n some cases, income level was a significant demographic variable, while in other cases it was not. There was no clear pattern concerning the correlation of income level to attitude toward taking a bribe.

This chapter summarizes the results of 11 studies that were conducted on the relationship between health and attitude toward bribery. Additional summaries will be published in the second volume of this series, The Ethics of Bribery: Country Studies.

This chapter summarizes the results of 19 studies that were conducted on the relationship between happiness and attitude toward bribery. Additional summaries will be published in the second volume of this series, The Ethics of Bribery: Country Studies.

The present study is part of a much larger study that examined the ethics of bribery and the ethics of tax evasion from a variety of perspectives. In this study, data were taken from the most recent World Values Survey. This study included 83 countries. Women were either significantly more opposed to bribe taking or were somewhat more opposed to bribe taking in about 80% of all cases. Men were significantly more opposed to bribe taking in only five countries.

This chapter summarizes the results of eight studies that were conducted on the relationship between ethnicity and attitude toward bribery. Additional summaries will be published in the second volume of this series, The Ethics of Bribery: Country Studies.

This chapter summarizes the results of 17 studies that were conducted on the relationship between employment status and attitude toward bribery. Additional summaries will be published in the second volume of this series, The Ethics of Bribery: Country Studies.

The present study is part of a much larger study that examined the ethics of bribery and the ethics of tax evasion from a variety of perspectives. In this study, data were taken from the most recent World Values Survey. Forty-seven countries were included in the study. In some cases, education was a significant demographic variable, while in other cases it was not. The correlation between education level and attitude toward receiving a bribe was not clear. Several different patterns were (...) found. The findings in the present study confirm the findings in several other studies. (shrink)

This chapter summarizes the results of seven studies that were conducted on the relationship between confidence in the police and attitude toward bribery. Additional summaries will be published in the second volume of this series, The Ethics of Bribery: Country Studies.

This chapter summarizes the results of six studies that were conducted on the relationship between confidence in the justice system and attitude toward bribery. Additional summaries will be published in the second volume of this series, The Ethics of Bribery: Country Studies.

This chapter summarizes the results of 15 studies that were conducted on the relationship between confidence in government and attitude toward bribery. Additional summaries will be published in the second volume of this series, The Ethics of Bribery: Country Studies.

The present study is part of a much larger study that examines the ethics of bribery and the ethics of tax evasion from a variety of perspectives. In this study, data were taken from the most recent World Values Survey. Overall, opposition to taking a bribe was strong. All demographic variable tested were significant. Women were significantly more opposed to bribe taking than were men. Opposition to bribe taking increased with age. With regard to marital status, the least opposition to (...) bribe taking was among the group who were living together as married; the divorced group showed the strongest opposition. Opposition increased with the level of education. Those at the highest income level showed the least opposition to bribe taking. The retired/pensioned group showed the strongest opposition to bribe taking. Those in the upper class were least opposed to bring taking. The very happy group had the strongest tolerance to bribe taking. The relationship between degree of happiness and acceptance of bribe taking was curvilinear. Those on the right side of the political spectrum showed the least opposition to bribe taking. Those who worked in the private, nonprofit sector were the least opposed to bribe taking, while those who worked for government institutions had the strongest opposition. The group that had a great deal of confidence in the government showed the lowest opposition to bribe taking, while the group that had no confidence at all in the government had the strongest opposition. (shrink)

The present study is part of a much larger study that examined the ethics of bribery and the ethics of tax evasion from a variety of perspectives. In this study, data were taken from the most recent World Values Survey. It focuses on atheist views on the ethics of accepting a bribe. Overall, 64.7% of the atheist sample thought that accepting a bribe could never be justified. The relationship between age and the acceptability of taking a bribe was linear. The (...) youngest age group (16–29) was least opposed, while the oldest age group (50+) showed the strongest opposition. Married people were significantly more opposed to bribe taking than were single people. The unemployed group showed the weakest opposition to bribe taking; the retired/pensioned group showed the strongest opposition. The low-income group was significantly more opposed to bribe taking than was the medium-income group. Those in the not happy at all group showed the weakest opposition to bribe taking, while the very happy group showed the strongest opposition. Those on the left side of the political spectrum were significantly more opposed to bribe taking than were those in the right and center groups. Those who worked in the private nonprofit sector were significantly less opposed to bribe taking than were those in the government and business groups. Those who had a great deal of confidence in government were significantly more opposed to bribe taking than were those who had either quite a lot or not very much confidence in government. Gender, education level, and social class were not significant variables. (shrink)

The present study is part of a much larger study that examined the ethics of bribery and the ethics of tax evasion from a variety of perspectives. In this study, data were taken from the most recent World Values Survey. Forty-eight countries were included in the study. Age was found to be a significant demographic variable in slightly less than half of the countries surveyed. In most cases where there was a significant difference in mean scores, the oldest age group (...) had the strongest opposition to bribe taking. Three exceptions were Indonesia, Iran, and Tajikistan, where the oldest age group had the least opposition to bribe taking. (shrink)

The present study is part of a much larger study that examined the ethics of bribery and the ethics of tax evasion from a variety of perspectives. Data were taken from the most recent wave of the World Values Survey. The survey asked individuals in 52 countries how frequently ordinary people pay a bribe or a gift or do a favor to local officials/service providers in order to get services. The options were 1 = never, 2 = rarely, 3 = (...) frequently, and 4 = always. Weighted averages were calculated, and countries were ranked from most frequent to least frequent. The countries where bribery was least prevalent were Singapore (1), Germany (2), Turkey (3), New Zealand (4), and Indonesia (5). The five countries where bribery was most prevalent were China (52), Zimbabwe (51), Kenya (50), Bolivia (49), and Bangladesh (48). The views of men and women differed somewhat. In 36 countries, men believed that bribery was more prevalent than did the women. In 16 cases, women believed bribery was more prevalent. (shrink)

In their inaugural lectures, Omolewa and Adesina emphasized the importance of history in studying the changes that have occurred over the years across all aspects of humanity, particularly in education. This paper aims to examine the contributions of Omolewa and Adesina, delving into their arguments and insights. While this paper may adopt a critical approach, it also acknowledges the value of their work. It presents a dissenting view from Omolewa's perspective on historical education, particularly regarding his analogy of history as (...) a rearview mirror and the objectivity of historians. The paper contends that historians must be aware of historical texts' inherent limitations, biases, strengths, and weaknesses and should employ rigorous validation methods, including internal and external criticism, in evaluating sources. (shrink)

This chapter summarizes the results of 16 studies that were conducted on the relationship between political viewpoint and attitude toward bribery. Additional summaries will be published in the second volume of this series, The Ethics of Bribery: Country Studies.

Beyond striving to ensure that students learn the fundamental content of the courses, the objectives as any professor should be: to foster critical thinking skills; to facilitate the acquisition of lifelong learning skills; and to prepare students to function as highly skilled and competent communicators across the scope of their career. Furthermore, my overall teaching philosophy is based on two principles, which are supported extensively in the literature, constructivist, and social cognitive theory.